This document discusses a study on the effect of Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA) on the compaction characteristics of weak subgrade soils. The study revealed that adding LBPA to three different soil samples reduced their maximum dry density but increased their optimum moisture content, improving the soils' compaction properties. Considering compaction characteristics and cost, the study found that 6-10% LBPA by weight of soil was the optimal amount for satisfactory soil stabilization. The conversion of Locust Bean Pod waste into a pozzolanic stabilizing agent provided benefits of pollution control, waste recycling, and remediation of exhausted borrow pits for road construction materials.
Index properties of alkalis treated expansive and non expansive soil contamin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In recent years attention has been given to the acidification and alkalization of the soils to
understand physico-chemical and Engineering properties. The effect of Sulphuric acid and Orthophosphoric
acid with Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate treated soils is studied. The Optimum percentages of
CaCO3 and MgCO3 mix were found for Black Cotton soil and Red Earth based on compaction test. Liquid limit
is decreased with CaCO3.and increased with MgCO3. Plastic limit is increased with CaCO3 and decreased with.
MgCO3. Shrinkage limit is increased with CaCO3 and decreased with MgCO3. Acidification of alkalis treated
soils by one normal Sulphuric acid and one normal Ortho Phosphoric acid showed alteration and impairment in
index properties. However, the effect of 1N H3PO4 on the alkali treated soils has less negative effect than with
1N H2SO4 on the index properties. It is evident that the index properties of soils are altered when compared with
their initial characteristics. The reasons for the observed behavior of soils are addressed.
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Index properties of alkalis treated expansive and non expansive soil contamin...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In recent years attention has been given to the acidification and alkalization of the soils to
understand physico-chemical and Engineering properties. The effect of Sulphuric acid and Orthophosphoric
acid with Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate treated soils is studied. The Optimum percentages of
CaCO3 and MgCO3 mix were found for Black Cotton soil and Red Earth based on compaction test. Liquid limit
is decreased with CaCO3.and increased with MgCO3. Plastic limit is increased with CaCO3 and decreased with.
MgCO3. Shrinkage limit is increased with CaCO3 and decreased with MgCO3. Acidification of alkalis treated
soils by one normal Sulphuric acid and one normal Ortho Phosphoric acid showed alteration and impairment in
index properties. However, the effect of 1N H3PO4 on the alkali treated soils has less negative effect than with
1N H2SO4 on the index properties. It is evident that the index properties of soils are altered when compared with
their initial characteristics. The reasons for the observed behavior of soils are addressed.
Using rbi grade 81 a comparative study of black cotton soil and lateritic soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Strengthening Of Subgrade by Using RBI Grade-81 A Case StudyIOSR Journals
Road infrastructure in India is developing at a very fast pace. A good pavement is needed for the
safe, comfortable and economical movement of traffic. If the in situ soil has no adequate strength, either soil
from other sites are to be used or the available soil has to be stabilized so that it attains sufficient strength to
carry the traffic load. Soil can be stabilized with RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Sub grade and also as
Sub base and base Layers. The whole Pavement can be constructed by using RBI grade 81 thus reducing energy
consumed and placing of unbound granular material (WBM/WMM) without compromising on Strength and
durability. Various samples have been made by taking soil with 0% RBI Grade-81 content; 2% RBI Grade-81
content; 4% RBI Grade-81 content; 6% RBI Grade-81 content; 8% RBI Grade-81. The CBR sample is prepared
by 7 days curing and 4 days soaked period. The comparison of the strength results with or without RBI Grade 81 has been done. It has been found that RBI Grade 81 is a unique and innovative material which results in
saving the extra cost of the pavement
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
Study Of Strenth Charataristic Of Black Cotton Stablizing With Fly Ash And Ri...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Strengthening Of Subgrade by Using RBI Grade-81 A Case StudyIOSR Journals
Road infrastructure in India is developing at a very fast pace. A good pavement is needed for the
safe, comfortable and economical movement of traffic. If the in situ soil has no adequate strength, either soil
from other sites are to be used or the available soil has to be stabilized so that it attains sufficient strength to
carry the traffic load. Soil can be stabilized with RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Sub grade and also as
Sub base and base Layers. The whole Pavement can be constructed by using RBI grade 81 thus reducing energy
consumed and placing of unbound granular material (WBM/WMM) without compromising on Strength and
durability. Various samples have been made by taking soil with 0% RBI Grade-81 content; 2% RBI Grade-81
content; 4% RBI Grade-81 content; 6% RBI Grade-81 content; 8% RBI Grade-81. The CBR sample is prepared
by 7 days curing and 4 days soaked period. The comparison of the strength results with or without RBI Grade 81 has been done. It has been found that RBI Grade 81 is a unique and innovative material which results in
saving the extra cost of the pavement
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effects on p h behaviour of expansive and non expansive soils contaminated wi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
Study Of Strenth Charataristic Of Black Cotton Stablizing With Fly Ash And Ri...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL TREATED WITH CORN STRAW ASHEditorIJAERD
Black cotton soils (BCS) are found in extensive quantities in the North – East region of Nigeria specifically in
the northern parts of Adamawa State and southern parts of Borno State. This soil expands while it gets wet and shrinks as the
water dries out. On account of this high volumetric changes they are not directly suitable for construction. The excessive
swelling and shrinkage are sequel to the presence of fine particles of clay. Swelling and shrinkage of soil often results in
differential settlement of the structure. Black cotton soils must therefore be treated by using suitable admixtures to stabilize it
for use in civil engineering works. In this research work, stabilization of black cotton soil is done by using Corn Straw Ash
(CSA) as an admixture. The CSA reacts with clay particles from the black cotton soil to form a material of higher strength.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil were obtained. Other tests such Atterberg’s limits, California Bearing
Ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) were carried out at different percentage contents of CSA: at 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10%. From the test results, it is observed that optimum value of CBR and UCS are at 8% of the ash. At this
percentage of the additive the following improvement occurred in the black cotton soil; CBR improved from 4.5% to 11.3%,
UCS 107.5KN/m2
to 140.5KN/m2
and plasticity index decreased from 24% to 11.2%. It is concluded that CSA has a great
potential in the improvement of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
Ameliorative potential of rice hull and straw in the ecological restoration o...Open Access Research Paper
Rice hull and straw are renewable wastes contain 28-30% of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds. Its ameliorative potential in enhancing the physicochemical properties of mine degraded soils was investigated. Soils collected from Backfill Material/Overburden (BM) and desilted materials (DM) from settling ponds of Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) were used following six treatments. BM and DM from settling ponds were treated with rice hull and rice straw with 2:1 ratio by weight, respectively. After ameliorating soils from overburden and silted materials from CNC with rice straw and rice hull, observations showed that there are no significant differences in pH, % Organic Matter (OM) and phosphorous (P) between treatments; there is high significant difference (p<0.01) in potassium (K) between treatments except between treatment 3 (soil 1 with rice straw) and treatment 6 (soil 2 with rice hull) where there is no significant difference noted; and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, S and Zn in soils with rice hull did not differ with soils before amelioration, but differed to soils with rice straw, while results in soil texture exhibited otherwise. Therefore, rice straw and rice hull have ameliorative properties that will improve the physico-chemical characteristics of mine degraded soils. It is recommended that rice straw and rice hull will be allowed to decompose in mine degraded soils to enhance its physico-chemical properties. It is also recommended to conduct studies on the response of different crops to mine degrade soils ameliorated with rice straw and rice hull.
Stabilisation of Black cotton Soils by Using Groundnut Shell AshIJSRD
Due to rapid increase in the world’s population there is increased demand for food, and this has resulted in the production of different types of crops and consequently large amounts of agricultural wastes are generated. Hence it is necessary to dispose these agricultural wastes safely on to the environment. On other hand BC soils expands and contracts due to changes in the moisture content of the soil, causing structural problems through differential movement of the structure. This isolated movement of sections of the structure can cause damage to building foundations and cracking in the exterior or interior wall covering leads to uneven floors etc. Also cause severe cracking in pavements, swimming pools, pipelines, sidewalks, highways etc. Hence there is need to stabilize expansive soil. From these discussion we should find out the solution for the above two problems. After studying several research papers it is concluded that agricultural wastes can be used effectively in stabilization of BC soils. This project presents stabilization of BC soils using groundnut shell ash since its production increased to large extent. On addition of groundnut shell ash in increment of 15% from 0to 60% to BC soils different experiments on plasticity characteristics, compaction characteristics, shear strength characteristics are conducted .And found gradual improvement in geotechnical properties of black cotton soils.
Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical...ijtsrd
A huge amount of ash pond is being generated by the thermal power plants and other such processes involving the combustion of coal in developed and developing countries. It has a hazardous effect on the environment and human beings. Some of the largest coal reserves are there in India hence, it is one of the largest producers of coal and coal based thermal power plant installations. The current rate of deposition of Pond ash in India has reached 160 million tons per annum. Around 90 sq km acres of precious land is used for the storage of abandoned Pond ash. But the current utilization rate of ash is only around one third of its total production. The fly ash is disposed of in the ash ponds. This practice leads to an ever increasing ponding area for storing ash and causes environmental issues for the people living around the industrial area including thermal power plants. The developmental projects like the construction of highways and roads have taken a boost in recent years. This requires a huge amount of natural soil and aggregates to be either excavated or deposited. The opportunity cost for such development is an environmental and economic issue. These issues need to be addressed by adopting some alternative methods. Pond ash is one such by product that can be used as material for filling in some of the geotechnical constructions. It is a non plastic and lightweight material. The present work describes the effect of moisture content, degree of compaction, synthetic fiber as reinforcement on various geotechnical properties of pond ash are studied. A series of tests including direct shear test, CBR test, light compaction as well as heavy compaction test, unconfined compression test was performed to estimate the strength characteristics of compacted pond ash using polyester as reinforced material. Physical properties of the pond ash were studied by performing tests like specific gravity test, grain size distribution test by mechanical sieve analysis. This study is helpful for the successful application of pond ash in different fields such as embankment construction, road base, and sub base construction, designing of retaining walls, etc. It also provides an eco friendly approach for the disposal of pond ash. Ummar Rashied | Nasir Ali "Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29613.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29613/reinforcement-of-pond-ash-bed-with-recron-3s-and-analysis-of-its-geotechnical-properties/ummar-rashied
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
enhancement of landfill daily cover in minimizing the migration of heavyIJAEMSJORNAL
This study emphasizes on the removal of heavy metals in landfill leachate by using natural soil mixed with agricultural wastes. The agricultural wastes used in this study werenatural soil or known as laterite soil, pressmud which is a waste from sugar refinery process and Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), one of many forms of waste fromoil palm industry. The laterite soil was mixed with these wastes at different percentages of weight ratio namely 50S:40P:10E, 50S:30P:20E, 50S:25P:25E, 50S:10P:40E and 50S:20P:30E. The terms S, P and E each refers to soil, pressmud and empty fruit bunch respectively.Removal efficiency tests were also carried out and the results showed that the mixtures of laterite soil have the ability to remove concentrationsof As2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+between a range of 86% (minimum) and 99% (maximum) compared to removal via soil per se. Ergo, the laterite soil-pressmud-EFB mixtures signify great potential to be made as a daily cover material that minimizes heavy metals migration in landfill leachate, eliminates odor issues and providesadditional protection from further infiltration.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Designing Great Products: The Power of Design and Leadership by Chief Designe...
D212530
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2013 ǁ PP.25-30
www.ijesi.org 25 | P a g e
Effect of Locust Bean Pod Ash on Compaction Characteristics of
Weak Sub Grade Soils
Andrew Y. Adama1
, Yinusa A. Jimoh 2
and Stephen S. Kolo3
1
(Chief Design Engineer, Civil Engineering Services Department, Niger State
Ministry of Works and Infrastructural Development, Minna, Nigeria)
2
(Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering and
Technology University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria)
3
(Lecturer II, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering
and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria)
ABSTRACT: Chemical stabilization of weak sub grade soils using Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA) was studied
with respect to compaction characteristics and appropriate recycle of Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB). The
soils used in this study were obtained from old borrow pits along Minna-Kataeregi-Bida road in northern
Nigeria and analyzed for their main index properties and compaction. The experimental results revealed that
Locust Bean Pod Ash reduces the maximum dry density from 1.68-1.62, 1.33-1.304 and 1.62-1.50 respectively
for the various soil samples while it increases the optimum moisture content from 10.4-11.5 %, 18.0-19.5% and
12.03-18.50 % respectively thus, improving the compaction properties. Considering compaction characteristics
and economy, 6-10 % weight of stabilizer to the soils was considered the required optimum values for
satisfactory accomplishment of the stabilization of the weak soil as road sub base. The conversion of the WAB to
a pozzolanic material for soil stabilization provided at least three significantly desirable components in modern
day total quality development of highways; environmental pollution control, recycling of waste for new useful
material and rejuvenation of an exhausted source of construction materials (borrow pits).
Keywords–– Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA), Particle size distribution, Pozzolan, stabilizing agent, Waste
Agricultural Biomass (WAB) .
I. INTRODUCTION
Unsuitable soils are often encountered in road construction across tropical regions of which Nigeria is
inclusive .In some cases even the existing sub grade soils lacks the capacity to support the design loads to be
imposed on them, also suitable borrow to fill materials to be used for the construction of the sub base and base
courses which are the main load bearing components of the road pavement are not usually available within a
given locality ;in such instances the engineer has to stabilize the unsuitable soils using either mechanical or
chemical stabilization methods as may be appropriate in the prevailing circumstances so as to improve on the
engineering properties of the soils.
Based on the foregoing this research focuses on inventing new environmentally friendly and renewable
source of chemical stabilizer and assure its potency for road works. And Locust Bean Pod Ash could be a
cheaper alternative if found to be mechanically suitable, owing to the relative abundance of the raw material
even as the locust bean tree is being cultivated over a wide area within the African sub region i.e occurs in a belt
between 5◦
N and 15◦
N, from the Atlantic coast in Senegal to Sudan and northern Uganda. The belt is widest in
West Africa (maximum 800km) and narrows to the east. About 201,000 ton of the locust bean fruit is being
produced in northern Nigeria annually [1] thus this assures of continual supply of the raw material.
Locust bean pod which is a Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) and obtained from the fruit of the
African locust bean tree (Parkia Biglobosa) is the material resource required for the production of Locust Bean
Pod Ash (LBPA). The harvested fruits are ripped open while the yellowish pulp and seeds are removed from the
pods; the empty pods are the needed raw material. The pods make up 39% by weight of the fruits while the
mealy yellowish pulp and seeds make up 61% see plate 01[2].
2. Effect Of Locust Bean Pod Ash On Compaction Characteristics Of Weak Sub Grade Soils
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Plate 01 Close up view of Locust Bean fruit.
According to [2] the results of the particle size distribution and chemical analysis of Locust Bean Pod
Ash (LBPA) confirms that it has pozzolanic properties and can be classified under class ‘’C’’ group of
Pozzolans on The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) classification system. As such, it can be
recommended for use as a chemical stabilizing agent in weak soils for road construction, the chemical
composition of Locust Bean Pod Ash is shown on Table 1 below:
Table 1: Chemical Composition of Locust Bean Pod Ash
Na2O
(%)
K2O
(%)
MgO
(%)
Pb2O5
(%)
Fe2O3
(%)
Al2O3
(%)
CaO
(%)
Sio2
(%)
L.O.I
(%)
1.21 5.62 2.01 5.82 11.51 13.05 15.71 39.01 6.00
The primary objective of this study is the evaluation of Locust Bean Pod Ash as it affects the
compaction characteristics of weak sub grade soils for road construction.
II. THEORY
2.1 Production of Ash from Waste Agricultural Biomass
Waste Agricultural Biomass (WAB) which includes rice husks, saw dust, palm kernel shells, locust
bean pod e.t.c constitutes the precious resource of recycled material and or energy to reduce pressure on natural
resources and ensures economic development and improved living standards, [3].
Silica is usually the major chemical compound contained in most ash residue after the combustion
process of Waste Agricultural Biomass and this has health issues arising because all forms of crystalline silica
represent a very serious health hazard, [4]. The forms that develop at high temperatures ie crystobalite and
tridymite are particularly harmful. Exposure to crystalline silica via inhalation can lead to a number of diseases,
the most common being silicosis, [5]. Although Amorphous ash is the form produced at lower temperatures less
than 1000o
c does not contain more harmful forms of silica, it can pose respiratory hazard particularly if finely
ground [6]. Crystalline silica is classified as carcinogenic to humans, and the International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenity of crystalline
silica, [7].
2.2 Pozzolanic Activity
Pozzolanic materials by nature usually react with soil particles to form calcium silicate cement. This
reaction is water insoluble. The cementing agents are exactly the same as for the case ordinary Portland cement.
The difference is that the calcium silicate gel is formed from the hydration of anhydrous calcium silicate
(cement), whereas with the pozzolanic materials, the gel is formed only by the removal of silica from the clay
minerals of the soil. The silicate gel proceeds immediately to coat and bind clay lumps in the soil together and to
block off the soil voids in the soil structure. In time this gel gradually crystallizes into well defined calcium
silicate hydrates and the micro crystals also interlocking .The reaction ceases on drying; as very dry soils will
not react with pozzolanic materials or cement, [8]. Fly ash is produced by burning coal and is generally high in
silica and alumina; therefore the addition of fly ash to lime stabilized soil speeds up the pozzolanic action. See
equation 1:
3. Effect Of Locust Bean Pod Ash On Compaction Characteristics Of Weak Sub Grade Soils
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Pozzolana + calcium hydroxide + water C–S–H (gel) (1)
This reaction is called the pozzolanic reaction. The characteristic of pozzolanic reaction is first slow;
with the result that heat of hydration and strength development will be accordingly slow. The reaction involves
the consumption of Ca(OH)2 and the reduction of the Ca(OH)2 improves the durability of the cement paste by
making the paste dense and impervious; [9].
2.3 Material
The Locust Bean Pods used in this research were sourced from Doko town in Niger state of Nigeria.
The material is usually available as a waste product of agricultural processing of the locust bean fruits during the
harvest season. Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA) was produced by incineration attaining 500o
c, after which the ash
was ground into fine powdery form. The weak sub grade soils were obtained from old borrow pits at chainage
6+950,22+150 and 33+200 locations along existing Minna-Kataeregi-Bida road in Niger state, Nigeria.
III. TEST RESULTS
3.1 Analysis of soil samples
The results of particle size distribution of the soil samples from the three sample locations are shown in
Figs’ 1.1-1.3(particle size distribution curves), while that of consistency limits of natural soil samples, LBPA
stabilized soil samples and AASHTO classification are shown in table 2 accordingly. Improvements can be
noticed in the values of consistency limits for the stabilized soil samples.
Figure 1.1: Particle size distribution curve Ch6+950
Figure 1.2: Particle size distribution Ch22+150
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10
Percentagefiner(N)
Particle size (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.01 0.1 1 10
Percentagefiner(N)
Particle size (mm)
4. Effect Of Locust Bean Pod Ash On Compaction Characteristics Of Weak Sub Grade Soils
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Figure 1.4: Particle size distribution
Curve of Soil Sample from Ch33+200
Table 2. Summary of Consistency Limits and Soil Classification
S/NO
LOCATIO
N
LIQUID
LIMIT (LL)
PLASTIC LIMIT
(PL)
PLASTICITY
INDEX (PI) AASHTO
A B A B A B
2 6+950 39 43 16 32.8 23 10.2 A-6(4)
5 22+150 44 46 24 28 20 18 A-7-6(5)
7 33+200 49 51 28 41 21.3 10 A-7-6(11)
*Sample A= Natural soil sample, *Sample B= Sample stabilized using
Locust bean pod (LBPA) at 10% content
3.2 Compaction Characteristics of Stabilized Soils
The compaction test gave the maximum dry density and the corresponding optimum moisture content
(OMC) of the soils at varying stabilizer content. The summary of the results is presented in table V. Comparing
the OMC and MDD of the natural soil samples with those of stabilized soil samples at different levels of
concentrations of the stabilizing agent are shown in table 3 and displayed in figs. 1.4-1.5.
Table 3. Effect of Stabilizing Agent (LBPA) on the Soil Samples.
Ch 6+950 Ch 22+150 Ch 33+200
ADDITIVE CONTENT OMC
(%)
MDD
g/cm3
OMC
(%)
MDD
g/cm3
OMC
(%)
MDD
g/cm3
LBPA 0 10.40 1.68 18.00 1.33 12.03 1.62
‘’ 2% 10.60 1.66 18.00 1.31 15.00 1.58
‘’ 4% 12.20 1.66 18.90 1.35 17.00 1.61
‘’ 8% 11.50 1.66 19.00 1.38 17.00 1.55
‘’ 12% 11.50 1.62 19.50 1.304 18.50 1.50
*LBPA=Locust Bean Pod Ash
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.01 0.1 1 10
Percentagefiner(N)
Particle size (mm)
5. Effect Of Locust Bean Pod Ash On Compaction Characteristics Of Weak Sub Grade Soils
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Figure 1.4: Variation of OMC with LBPA content
Figure 1.5: Variation of MDD with LBPA content
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The trends of the effect of LBPA on compaction characteristics of the various soil samples at varying
LBPA content are shown on figs.1.4-1.5. The optimum values of 6-10 % of LBPA will suffice considering
pattern of the output on figs. 1.4-1.5. Also there was general increase in OMC values of LBPA stabilized
samples as compared to the natural sample likewise there was general decrease in the values of MDD. The
increase in OMC values suggests that additional water was held in the soil structure resulting in LBPA
interaction with the soil particles involving ionic exchange to form calcium silicate cement. This reaction is
water insoluble. As with pozzolanic materials a gel is formed by the removal of silica from the clay minerals of
the soil to combine with calcium, alumina and silica from LBPA. The silicate gel proceeds immediately to coat
and bind clay lumps in the soil to block off the soil voids in the soil structure. In time this gel gradually
crystallizes into well defined calcium silicate hydrates. The micro crystals also interlock and the reaction ceases
on drying; as very dry soils will not react with pozzolanic materials. On the other hand the decrease in MDD
values suggests a possible effect of the LBPA on the particle size and specific gravity of the soil. The decrease
in MDD indicates that low compactive energy is needed to attain the maximum dry density; as a result, the cost
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15
OPTIMUMMOISTURECONTENT(%)
LBPA CONTENT (%)
(Ch6+950)
(Ch 22+150)
(Ch33+200)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 5 10 15
MAXIMUMDRYDENSITYg/cm3
LBPA CONTENT (%)
(Ch6+950)
(Ch22+150)
(Ch33+200)
6. Effect Of Locust Bean Pod Ash On Compaction Characteristics Of Weak Sub Grade Soils
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of compaction will be reduced thus make working with LBPA stabilized weak soils (AASHTO class A6- A7)
more economical than in the natural state.
V. CONCLUSION
The results of the compaction characteristics of LBPA stabilized soil samples and that of natural soil
samples showed that LBPA had effect on the compaction characteristics of the soils by increasing the optimum
moisture content (from 10.4-11.5 %, 18.0-19.5% and 12.03-18.50 % respectively for the various soil samples)
and reducing the maximum dry density (from 1.68-1.62, 1.33-1.304 and 1.62-1.50 respectively for the various
soil samples) thus, improving the compaction properties of the soil and making it more suitable to carry heavier
loads. As such, it can be recommended for use as a chemical stabilizing agent in weak soils for road
construction.
REFERENCES
[1]. Sina, S & Traore S.A. (2002), Parkia biglobosa (jaccq) R.Br.ex G.Don. Internet record Prota Network Office Europe,
Wageningen University, P.O.Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands.www.prota.org.
[2]. Adama, Y.A. (2010), A study of Locust Bean Pod Ash/Extract as chemical stabilizer for road works in sub tropical regions; PhD
progress report No.2, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
[3]. National cleaner production center, Sri Lanka (2010), Report II Waste Biomass Quantification and Characterization.
[4]. Ghani, K.W.A.,Abdullah, F.M.S.,Loung, C.J.,Ho, C.J.and Matori, K.A. (2008), Characterization
of Malaysian Agro waste Ashes as Potential Recycling Material Vol. 5, No. 2, 2008, pp.111-117 International Journal of
Engineering and Technology. wanaz@eng.upm.edu.my Accessed February, 2010.
[5]. Occupational Safety and health Administration, US Department of Labour (2002), Silica (crystalline).
www.osha.gov/SLTC/silicacrystalline/index.html Accessed- March, 2009.
[6]. Occupational health and Safety Administration (2002), Regulation for Mineral Dusts, Standard 1910, 1000 Table Z-3.
[7]. Etsu, U. (2003), Rice Husk Ash Market Study:00/0061/0TT/PUB UR.
[8]. Agus, S.M. and Gendut H. (2002), Influence of Rice Husk Ash and Lime on engineering properties of clayey sub
grade. http://www.ejge.com/2003/Ppr0304/Abs0304.htm Accessed-April, 2010.
[9]. Shetty, M.S. (1982), Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, S. Chand & Company Ltd. Ram Nager, new Delhi Pp 150-
161.