- In the mid-19th century, European and American traders sought new markets in East Asia and put pressure on China and Japan. Due to military imbalances, the Asian countries had to accept the demands of Western interests.
- Japan began rapidly modernizing after the Meiji Restoration in 1867, adopting Western technology, education systems, and industrializing. This allowed Japan to defeat China and Russia militarily, expanding its sphere of influence.
- However, Western powers sought to contain Japan's rise through policies like immigration restrictions and naval limitations. Rising tensions over competing colonial ambitions in Asia eroded cooperation between Japan and the West in the early 20th century.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The document summarizes key events in the Second World War in Europe from 1939-1945. It describes Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 which marked the beginning of WWII. It then details Germany's swift conquest of Poland and the Soviet Union's invasion from the east. The "Phony War" period and Germany's invasions of Denmark, Norway, France, and low countries are summarized. The document also provides an overview of the Battle of Britain, Germany's failed plans to invade Britain, and the shift of the war to North Africa and the Eastern Front with Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
The document summarizes the origins and early events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It discusses how tensions grew between the former World War 2 allies over the fate of liberated countries in Europe. This led to the USSR tightening control over Eastern Europe and installing communist governments, while the US sought to contain the spread of communism and support democratic states. The document outlines several early flashpoints like Iran, Turkey, and Greece, which demonstrated the emerging geopolitical rivalry that became the Cold War.
The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
2.4 can millitary involvment_front_and_home_websitejkoryan
Canada automatically entered World War 1 when Britain declared war in 1914, as Canada was still a British dominion. Over 600,000 Canadian soldiers fought in battles like Ypres, the Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Passchendaele against Germany and its allies. While many non-white Canadians were not initially permitted to enlist, some segregated units were later formed. The Canadian military made significant contributions and sacrifices during World War 1 under British command, gaining more independence and developing their national identity through key victories.
The document discusses the geopolitical landscape following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It describes how the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower and took on an interventionist foreign policy. It also discusses the formation of international organizations like NATO, the European Union, and the International Criminal Court that have shaped global politics. The challenges of securing Russia's stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction after the fall of the USSR are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Holocaust, including that it resulted in the systematic slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews as well as millions of others such as Roma, Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals. It describes how Hitler outlined his racist beliefs and genocidal plans in Mein Kampf before rising to power in Germany. Once in power, the Nazis implemented severe anti-Semitic laws and policies that isolated, concentrated, and stole property from Jews, culminating in the mass murder of Jews and others in concentration camps across Europe.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries and its global dominance prior to World War I. Key points:
1) Powerful European nations established overseas colonies, viewing their cultures as superior and exploiting resources through expansionism.
2) Concepts like the "White Man's Burden" and "Manifest Destiny" justified controlling satellite countries and expanding spheres of influence globally.
3) Competition between European powers and rising nations like Germany, Japan, and the U.S. led to conflicts over resources and territories in Africa, China, and elsewhere, increasing tensions that ultimately contributed to World War I.
The document summarizes key events in the Second World War in Europe from 1939-1945. It describes Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 which marked the beginning of WWII. It then details Germany's swift conquest of Poland and the Soviet Union's invasion from the east. The "Phony War" period and Germany's invasions of Denmark, Norway, France, and low countries are summarized. The document also provides an overview of the Battle of Britain, Germany's failed plans to invade Britain, and the shift of the war to North Africa and the Eastern Front with Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
The document summarizes the origins and early events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It discusses how tensions grew between the former World War 2 allies over the fate of liberated countries in Europe. This led to the USSR tightening control over Eastern Europe and installing communist governments, while the US sought to contain the spread of communism and support democratic states. The document outlines several early flashpoints like Iran, Turkey, and Greece, which demonstrated the emerging geopolitical rivalry that became the Cold War.
The document provides an overview of key events and causes leading up to World War 2, including Hitler gaining power in Germany, ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, and invading Poland. When Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of WWII in September 1939. The two main opposing sides were the Allies (Britain, France, USSR, US, Canada and others) versus the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Several major battles are described such as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic involving Canadian merchant sailors, and Canadian involvement in campaigns in Europe, including Dieppe and later Italy.
2.4 can millitary involvment_front_and_home_websitejkoryan
Canada automatically entered World War 1 when Britain declared war in 1914, as Canada was still a British dominion. Over 600,000 Canadian soldiers fought in battles like Ypres, the Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Passchendaele against Germany and its allies. While many non-white Canadians were not initially permitted to enlist, some segregated units were later formed. The Canadian military made significant contributions and sacrifices during World War 1 under British command, gaining more independence and developing their national identity through key victories.
The document discusses the geopolitical landscape following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It describes how the United States emerged as the world's sole superpower and took on an interventionist foreign policy. It also discusses the formation of international organizations like NATO, the European Union, and the International Criminal Court that have shaped global politics. The challenges of securing Russia's stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction after the fall of the USSR are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Holocaust, including that it resulted in the systematic slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews as well as millions of others such as Roma, Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals. It describes how Hitler outlined his racist beliefs and genocidal plans in Mein Kampf before rising to power in Germany. Once in power, the Nazis implemented severe anti-Semitic laws and policies that isolated, concentrated, and stole property from Jews, culminating in the mass murder of Jews and others in concentration camps across Europe.
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
2.7 WW1 Battlesand Events, Russia and the USAjkoryan
The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to quickly defeat France before turning east to face Russia. Germany pushed through Belgium in 1914 but could not defeat France fast enough. By late 1914, the Western Front was locked in trench warfare that lasted for years. Russia initially had successes against Austria-Hungary and Germany but faced devastating losses. Turkey joining the war in late 1914 further strained Russia. The Russian Revolution in 1917 took Russia out of the war. The US entry into the war in 1917 helped balance Russia's exit and provided resources that aided the Allied powers. After years of brutal trench warfare, the Hundred Days Offensive in late 1918 pushed the Germans back and led to the armistice ending the war.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...Serena Sephora
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communismWan Farida Hamimi
The document provides background information on the Korean War and the UN's involvement. It describes the key stages of the war, from North Korea's initial invasion of South Korea, to the UN's reaction in calling for forces to be used to push North Korea back, to the drawn out battles along the 38th parallel border. It discusses debates around how successful the UN was, with arguments that it was largely a puppet of the US but also that it acted quickly to prevent the fall of South Korea.
Lecture 8 - World War II, Captain America, and the Final SolutionLACCD
The document provides an overview of key events and outcomes of WWII:
1) WWII started in Asia in 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and escalated globally over the next decade as Germany, Italy and Japan expanded their territories aggressively through military force.
2) The war resulted in 60-70 million deaths, the majority being civilians in the USSR, China, Germany and Poland. It also led to the Holocaust and genocide of 6 million Jews.
3) While bringing unprecedented peace to Europe through organizations like the UN, WWII also set the stage for the Cold War between Western allies and the Soviet Union that persisted globally after the war.
Political changes in the late 20th century led to the end of the Cold War and collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. This was accompanied by economic challenges and social changes like the growth of women's rights movements. New technologies also transformed society and culture, while issues like terrorism and conflicts in Yugoslavia and Kosovo emerged. The late 20th century was defined by major geopolitical shifts with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, German reunification, and the rise of the European Union.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War II from 1939 to 1945. It discusses the six main causes, including dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles in Germany, the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy under Hitler and Mussolini, the policy of appeasement by European nations, Japan's invasion of China, the failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939. It then outlines the major military campaigns and battles between the Allied and Axis powers, culminating in the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that led to Japan's surrender, ending WWII.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower addressed troops preparing to invade France in June 1944. The document provides an overview of World War II from 1939 to 1945, covering major events such as Hitler's lightning conquest of Europe, Japan's attacks in the Pacific, the Holocaust, key Allied victories, and the devastation left in Europe and Japan at the war's conclusion. It uses sections, charts, maps and images to summarize the major military campaigns and turning points on both the Eastern and Western Fronts over the course of the six-year global conflict.
The Grand Alliance between the USSR, UK, and USA broke down following disagreements over postwar arrangements in Germany, Poland, and Eastern Europe. At conferences in Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the allies disagreed over the governance of occupied territories, borders, and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe against the wishes of the Western allies. Ultimately, Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Poland and Eastern Europe, as agreed, combined with growing Western fears over the spread of Soviet influence, led to the final breakdown of trust and cooperation between the former allies, marking the start of the Cold War.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
Tema 7. La Primera Guerra Mundial y el periodo de entreguerras.
4º ESO BILINGUAL. IES Santa Catalina. Burgo de Osma. Soria
Unit 7. The First World War
IES Santa Catalina. Burgo de Osma. Soria
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
Trenches during WWI were unsanitary places that exposed soldiers to rats, lice, trench foot, and shell shock. New weapons in 1914 like machine guns, airplanes, and tanks were developed, but commanders failed to understand how to effectively use this new technology. As a result, battles involved attrition strategies that led to massive casualties. Poison gases, larger artillery, tanks, planes, and submarines increasingly inflicted death on a larger scale and changed the nature of warfare.
The document provides an overview of events leading up to and during World War 2 in Europe, including:
- The impact of the Treaty of Versailles which imposed harsh terms on Germany after WWI and contributed to German bitterness.
- Hitler's rise to power and aggressive foreign policy actions like remilitarizing the Rhineland and demanding the Sudetenland, which the UK initially appeased.
- The invasion of Poland in September 1939 after Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the start of WWII.
- The impact on the British home front through measures like evacuation of children, rationing, and blackouts
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
After World War II, tensions grew between the United States and Soviet Union as their wartime alliance broke down. They became rivals known as superpowers during the Cold War, an era of hostility without direct military conflict. The document discusses several events that contributed to the start of the Cold War, including disagreements over Poland's borders at Yalta, the USSR establishing a "buffer zone" of communist nations in Eastern Europe, and differing economic ideologies between capitalism and communism.
The Cold War divided the world into two opposing blocs - the Western bloc led by the US and NATO, and the Eastern bloc led by the USSR and the Warsaw Pact. This period saw increased tensions and conflicts between the two superpowers, including the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War, though full-scale war was avoided. Both sides also intervened in regional conflicts like the Suez Crisis. The two blocs engaged in arms races and proxy wars, establishing a bipolar system until tensions began to thaw in the late 1960s through a policy of peaceful coexistence.
1) After WWII, the US emerged as the strongest economic and military power but feared isolationism. It took on a leading role in the Western world to counter Soviet influence.
2) Europe was left devastated by the war while Britain was bankrupt but still wanted to act as a great power.
3) At Yalta, Stalin pushed for control of Eastern Europe which the US could not prevent given the Soviet military presence. This set the stage for tensions of the Cold War.
The History of the Second World War - WW IIJerry Daperro
The document provides a summary of key events leading up to World War 2. It describes how Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and bombed Shanghai, marking the first terror bombing of civilians. In 1935-36, Italy attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and occupied it, while Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles after World War 1, shifting the balance of power in Europe to Germany. Racial ideologies in Japan and Nazi Germany led them to believe in their own racial superiority over others. The rise of dictators like Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler contributed to the path towards war.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
The document provides background information on Russia/Soviet Union and their interests in Asia from the late 19th century through World War I. It discusses Russia's desire to control Manchuria and Korea for resources and strategic ports. The Russo-Japanese War from 1904-1905 resulted in a Japanese victory, humiliating Russia. Unrest in Russia grew through this period, culminating in the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks then seized power in October 1917, establishing the Soviet Union.
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
2.7 WW1 Battlesand Events, Russia and the USAjkoryan
The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to quickly defeat France before turning east to face Russia. Germany pushed through Belgium in 1914 but could not defeat France fast enough. By late 1914, the Western Front was locked in trench warfare that lasted for years. Russia initially had successes against Austria-Hungary and Germany but faced devastating losses. Turkey joining the war in late 1914 further strained Russia. The Russian Revolution in 1917 took Russia out of the war. The US entry into the war in 1917 helped balance Russia's exit and provided resources that aided the Allied powers. After years of brutal trench warfare, the Hundred Days Offensive in late 1918 pushed the Germans back and led to the armistice ending the war.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...Serena Sephora
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communismWan Farida Hamimi
The document provides background information on the Korean War and the UN's involvement. It describes the key stages of the war, from North Korea's initial invasion of South Korea, to the UN's reaction in calling for forces to be used to push North Korea back, to the drawn out battles along the 38th parallel border. It discusses debates around how successful the UN was, with arguments that it was largely a puppet of the US but also that it acted quickly to prevent the fall of South Korea.
Lecture 8 - World War II, Captain America, and the Final SolutionLACCD
The document provides an overview of key events and outcomes of WWII:
1) WWII started in Asia in 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and escalated globally over the next decade as Germany, Italy and Japan expanded their territories aggressively through military force.
2) The war resulted in 60-70 million deaths, the majority being civilians in the USSR, China, Germany and Poland. It also led to the Holocaust and genocide of 6 million Jews.
3) While bringing unprecedented peace to Europe through organizations like the UN, WWII also set the stage for the Cold War between Western allies and the Soviet Union that persisted globally after the war.
Political changes in the late 20th century led to the end of the Cold War and collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. This was accompanied by economic challenges and social changes like the growth of women's rights movements. New technologies also transformed society and culture, while issues like terrorism and conflicts in Yugoslavia and Kosovo emerged. The late 20th century was defined by major geopolitical shifts with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, German reunification, and the rise of the European Union.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War II from 1939 to 1945. It discusses the six main causes, including dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles in Germany, the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy under Hitler and Mussolini, the policy of appeasement by European nations, Japan's invasion of China, the failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression, and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939. It then outlines the major military campaigns and battles between the Allied and Axis powers, culminating in the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that led to Japan's surrender, ending WWII.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower addressed troops preparing to invade France in June 1944. The document provides an overview of World War II from 1939 to 1945, covering major events such as Hitler's lightning conquest of Europe, Japan's attacks in the Pacific, the Holocaust, key Allied victories, and the devastation left in Europe and Japan at the war's conclusion. It uses sections, charts, maps and images to summarize the major military campaigns and turning points on both the Eastern and Western Fronts over the course of the six-year global conflict.
The Grand Alliance between the USSR, UK, and USA broke down following disagreements over postwar arrangements in Germany, Poland, and Eastern Europe. At conferences in Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the allies disagreed over the governance of occupied territories, borders, and the establishment of communist governments in Eastern Europe against the wishes of the Western allies. Ultimately, Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Poland and Eastern Europe, as agreed, combined with growing Western fears over the spread of Soviet influence, led to the final breakdown of trust and cooperation between the former allies, marking the start of the Cold War.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
Tema 7. La Primera Guerra Mundial y el periodo de entreguerras.
4º ESO BILINGUAL. IES Santa Catalina. Burgo de Osma. Soria
Unit 7. The First World War
IES Santa Catalina. Burgo de Osma. Soria
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
Trenches during WWI were unsanitary places that exposed soldiers to rats, lice, trench foot, and shell shock. New weapons in 1914 like machine guns, airplanes, and tanks were developed, but commanders failed to understand how to effectively use this new technology. As a result, battles involved attrition strategies that led to massive casualties. Poison gases, larger artillery, tanks, planes, and submarines increasingly inflicted death on a larger scale and changed the nature of warfare.
The document provides an overview of events leading up to and during World War 2 in Europe, including:
- The impact of the Treaty of Versailles which imposed harsh terms on Germany after WWI and contributed to German bitterness.
- Hitler's rise to power and aggressive foreign policy actions like remilitarizing the Rhineland and demanding the Sudetenland, which the UK initially appeased.
- The invasion of Poland in September 1939 after Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact, which led Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the start of WWII.
- The impact on the British home front through measures like evacuation of children, rationing, and blackouts
The document provides an overview of the development of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses how Eastern Europe fell under Soviet control after World War 2 and the establishment of rival military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It also summarizes economic recovery and social changes in Western Europe and North America during this period, as well as challenges to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe and escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
After World War II, tensions grew between the United States and Soviet Union as their wartime alliance broke down. They became rivals known as superpowers during the Cold War, an era of hostility without direct military conflict. The document discusses several events that contributed to the start of the Cold War, including disagreements over Poland's borders at Yalta, the USSR establishing a "buffer zone" of communist nations in Eastern Europe, and differing economic ideologies between capitalism and communism.
The Cold War divided the world into two opposing blocs - the Western bloc led by the US and NATO, and the Eastern bloc led by the USSR and the Warsaw Pact. This period saw increased tensions and conflicts between the two superpowers, including the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War, though full-scale war was avoided. Both sides also intervened in regional conflicts like the Suez Crisis. The two blocs engaged in arms races and proxy wars, establishing a bipolar system until tensions began to thaw in the late 1960s through a policy of peaceful coexistence.
1) After WWII, the US emerged as the strongest economic and military power but feared isolationism. It took on a leading role in the Western world to counter Soviet influence.
2) Europe was left devastated by the war while Britain was bankrupt but still wanted to act as a great power.
3) At Yalta, Stalin pushed for control of Eastern Europe which the US could not prevent given the Soviet military presence. This set the stage for tensions of the Cold War.
The History of the Second World War - WW IIJerry Daperro
The document provides a summary of key events leading up to World War 2. It describes how Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and bombed Shanghai, marking the first terror bombing of civilians. In 1935-36, Italy attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and occupied it, while Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles after World War 1, shifting the balance of power in Europe to Germany. Racial ideologies in Japan and Nazi Germany led them to believe in their own racial superiority over others. The rise of dictators like Mussolini, Stalin, and Hitler contributed to the path towards war.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
The document provides background information on Russia/Soviet Union and their interests in Asia from the late 19th century through World War I. It discusses Russia's desire to control Manchuria and Korea for resources and strategic ports. The Russo-Japanese War from 1904-1905 resulted in a Japanese victory, humiliating Russia. Unrest in Russia grew through this period, culminating in the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks then seized power in October 1917, establishing the Soviet Union.
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
Hitler's goal was to expand Germany's territory through conquest to gain Lebensraum or living space for the German people, who he believed were racially superior. His plans included annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, as well as removing populations deemed inferior like Slavs and Jews. The Nazi government passed the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to strip citizenship from Jews and classify people by racial categories. Kristallnacht in 1938 saw the destruction of Jewish homes and synagogues across Germany as Nazi persecution of Jews intensified. Other countries hesitated to interfere due to a policy of appeasement, hoping Hitler's territorial ambitions could be satisfied through diplomatic concessions.
The document summarizes key events and strategies of the Pacific War between Japan and the Allied forces. It describes Japan's initial success in driving out colonial powers from Asia and plans to create a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." However, brutal treatment of occupied peoples undermined this goal. The Battle of Midway in 1942 marked a turning point as the US sank four Japanese aircraft carriers. Allied forces then went on the offensive across the Pacific, while firebombing campaigns against Japanese cities failed to break civilian morale before the atomic bombs ended the war.
economic relation between Bangladesh and Japanalam9229
Bangladesh-Japan relation was established in February 1972. The Government of Bangladesh reciprocated positively by establishing her embassy in Tokyo in July 1972. Exchange of High-level visits: After establishment of diplomatic relations the bilateral relations between the two countries began to grow steadily. There have been successive high level visits from both sides at political and official levels. Japan is a one of the richest and industrially developed countries of the world. On the contrary, Bangladesh is a developing country with backward economy. Since independence, Bangladesh has been struggling hard to over- come her crisis of development. She has been dependent on the industrially developed countries for aid and assistance to meet her challenging socio-economic problems. Of the industrially developed countries, Japan has become the major source of foreign aid for Bangladesh.
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impacts. It discusses how globalization encompasses many factors including politics, economics, culture and technology that combine to create interdependence between countries. It also examines some of the debates around globalization, including arguments that it increases standards of living but also widens inequality and can negatively impact local cultures and environments. Specific topics covered include the Asian economic miracle, impacts of organizations like the WTO and IMF, and issues related to trade, intellectual property and the environment.
This document provides an overview of trade relations between Bangladesh and China. It discusses the history of diplomatic relations between the two countries, which have been allies for over 35 years. Trade is a major area of cooperation, though Bangladesh suffers from a large trade deficit with China. Other potential areas of cooperation include water resource management, renewable energy, connectivity, foreign direct investment, maritime security, and port development. Strengthening economic and trading cooperation could help reduce tensions and serve as a model for regional collaboration.
The document discusses the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which links Gwadar Port in Pakistan to China's Xinjiang region. It provides background on Gwadar Port and the history of Pakistan-China relations. CPEC was proposed in 2013 and includes several infrastructure projects, such as the upgrading of the Karakoram Highway, energy projects, and the Gwadar Port. CPEC will benefit both countries by shortening trade routes for China and boosting Pakistan's economy and infrastructure development.
Pakistan and China established diplomatic relations in 1947 after Pakistan gained independence. However, they could not become strong allies initially due to Pakistan's alliance with the US and China being a communist state. Relations strengthened in the 1960s as China supported Pakistan in its territorial disputes with India and provided economic assistance. China also aided Pakistan militarily during its wars with India in 1965 and 1971. Cooperation between the two countries continued to grow in subsequent decades, including the building of the Karakoram Highway connecting them and increased nuclear cooperation.
Imperialism and industrialization in japan and chinamgdean
1) In the early 1800s, China resisted Western influence and trade, but internal problems like famine and opium addiction grew. The Opium Wars weakened China's control.
2) Japan ended its isolation in the 1850s and began modernizing under Emperor Meiji. It industrialized, built railroads, and developed new industries.
3) By defeating China in 1895 and Russia in 1905, Japan gained control over Taiwan, Manchuria, and Korea and became an imperial power in East Asia.
China faced increasing foreign imperialism in the 19th century, particularly from Britain due to the opium trade. This led to the Opium Wars in 1839-1842 and the Treaty of Nanking, which granted European powers extraterritorial rights in China and opened more ports to foreign trade. Meanwhile, Japan modernized under the Meiji Restoration to avoid foreign domination, developing a strong military and industrial economy to defeat China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, allowing Japan to exert control over Korea and Manchuria.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
Bmc hist unit 2.2_rise of japanese_militaristsAdrian Peeris
Just as in Europe, Fascism began to spread its influence in the Asia Pacific region. With a foothold in Japan in the late 20s and 30s - Japan's militarists were able to slowly gain political power in a political system that was losing support due to mishandling of economic and social policies. The new politicians from the far Right had all the solutions as they planned the take over of the political system. Their ultimate goal - to see an Imperial Japan with an Empire that would match those of the Western powers. This lecture dwells into how this group of "ultras" slowly gained influence and power.
The document provides an overview of American imperialism from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It discusses the Spanish-American War and the US acquisition of territories like Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It also covers the US expansion in places like Hawaii, Samoa, Alaska, and involvement in China. The document outlines the justifications for imperialism from figures like Mahan, Lodge, and Fiske. It discusses the Philippine-American War and anti-imperialist sentiment. Finally, it mentions the Panama Canal and Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine regarding US intervention in the Caribbean and Latin America.
The document provides background information on several key events leading up to and during World War II. It discusses the rise of dictators like Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in the 1930s. It also outlines America's initial isolationist policies after WWI and its gradual movement towards supporting the Allies through measures like Lend-Lease and sanctions against Japan. The document summarizes major military campaigns in both the European and Pacific theaters, including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the island hopping strategy against Japan. It also addresses the Holocaust and internment of Japanese Americans during the war.
Were they effective in their expansion? What were the results?
- Japan was very effective in its early imperial expansion. It defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95, gaining control of Taiwan and influence in Korea. It then shocked the world by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, gaining additional territory in Korea and Manchuria. These victories established Japan as a major world power within just a few decades of modernizing.
This document provides an overview of American imperialism from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It discusses the Spanish-American War and the US acquisition of territories like Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It also covers US expansion in the Pacific like Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa. Additionally, it summarizes the US role in China during the Boxer Rebellion and the construction of the Panama Canal. The document aims to contextualize the rise of American imperialism during this time period through military conflicts, economic interests, and the application of social Darwinism to justify the dominance of Anglo-Saxon peoples over other races.
1312 15 WWII European Front and HolocaustDrew Burks
The document provides background information on the early years of World War 2 from 1939-1941. It discusses the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact that divided Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union, Germany's invasion of Poland, and the neutrality acts passed in the US. It also covers the Japanese expansion in Asia, life in America during the early war years, and events in Europe like the Battle of Britain and the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
After World War I, the United States adopted a policy of isolationism. However, the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and the Japanese military's control of Japan led to World War II. The League of Nations failed to prevent German and Italian aggression. Appeasement of Hitler by giving into his demands for Czechoslovakian territory also failed. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, beginning World War II in Europe.
Sec 4N Hist (Elec) Chapter 6: War in the Asia-Pacific (Japan)Weng Lun Ho
Japan felt compelled to wage war in the Asia-Pacific region for several reasons. It had long-held ambitions of establishing itself as a powerful empire with colonies across Asia. Additionally, Japan was experiencing economic and population crises at home. The militarists in power saw expansion across Asia as a solution. When the League of Nations failed to check Japan's aggression in Manchuria, it emboldened further expansion. As European powers focused on war in Europe, Japan saw an opportunity to replace their colonies in the region. Trade sanctions by the US pushed Japan towards war to secure resources. In 1941, Japan launched attacks across the Asia-Pacific in an attempt to establish greater colonial control and deter US interference.
The document provides biographical information on several key World War II leaders such as Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler. It also summarizes important events and battles of World War II, including the Munich Conference, the Battle of Stalingrad, Operation Torch, the Manhattan Project which developed the atomic bomb, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that led to Japan's surrender, bringing the war to an end.
The document discusses America's emergence as an imperial power between 1890-1920. It outlines three factors that fueled American imperialism: the desire for military strength, the thirst for new markets, and the belief in cultural superiority. Key events discussed include the Spanish-American War, which resulted in America gaining colonies like Puerto Rico and the Philippines, as well as playing a larger role in Latin America and establishing policies like the Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy. The construction of the Panama Canal further extended America's global economic and military reach during this time period.
The document summarizes the modernization of Japan from the Tokugawa Shogunate period to the Meiji Restoration. It discusses how the Tokugawa Shogunate ruled from 1600 to 1868 and isolated Japan. In 1853, Commodore Perry forced Japan to open trade with the US. This led to the end of the Shogunate in 1867 and the Meiji Restoration period from 1868 to 1912, where Japanese officials modernized the nation by adopting Western technology, science, politics, and economics. They industrialized Japan and established a modern government, military, education system, and infrastructure. This period of modernization and westernization allowed Japan to become an imperial power and begin seizing territory.
The document summarizes key developments in nationalism and independence movements in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America between 1919 and 1939. It discusses the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of Turkish nationalism under Ataturk; the establishment of nation-states in the Middle East and conflicts over Palestine; independence movements in India led by Gandhi and growing tensions between Hindus and Muslims; the rise of militarism in Japan in the 1930s; communist and nationalist revolutions in China led by Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek; and the growth of nationalist sentiments in Latin America against foreign imperialism.
Japan ended its isolationist policy in the 1850s when Commodore Perry arrived with American warships demanding Japan open trade. This led Japan to rapidly modernize and industrialize according to Western models in order to counter foreign influence. By the 1890s, Japan had a strong military and defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War, gaining control of Taiwan and influence in Korea. Japan continued expanding by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, eliminating their influence in Korea and Manchuria. Japan then occupied Korea from 1905-1910 before formally annexing it, ruling harshly and suppressing Korean culture.
Why Did Japan Attack the Pearl Harbor.pdfDomobran7
https://historyandwar.org/2021/12/05/pacific-war-2-attack-on-pearl-harbor/
https://historyandwar.org/2022/12/07/why-did-japan-attack-pearl-harbor/
While this was understood only by a few people, by 1941. Japan and the United States had been on a collision course for a whole decade. Slide towards the conflict started arguably in 1902., with the signing of the Anglo-Japanese alliance between the Great Britain and Japan. But that the two countries were on a collision course only became clear in 1931., when Japan conquered Manchuria. In 1937., Japan also invaded northern China, and two years later its attention turned southwards with the conquest of island of Hainan. After it, Japan turned its attention onto Malaya, Phillipines and the Dutch East Indies. United States, by contrast, were supporting the Japan-hostile government of Chang Kai Shek, and also European colonial efforts in Asia. This was happening right at the time when Japan was repeating the parole of “Asia to Asians”. Japanese kept talking about the great eastern sphere of common progress, while they were in fact searching for the natural resources their islands did not have.
Fall of France in June 1940. gave Japan a good excuse to send troops to French Indochina, and on 27th September it signed a Tripartite Pact with the Axis powers. As US sympathies were clearly with the Allies, President Roosevelt introduced an embargo on all key materials except for oil. Japanese called this confrontation of two powers Taihei-yono-go: “Cancer of the Pacific”. Attempting to find a diplomatic solution, Japanese government recalled a retired admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, assigning him as a Japanese ambassador to United States in January 1941. But plans were already being made for war, and the US sanctions only increased Japanese determination to fight. US ambassador to Japan, Joseph Grew, correctly predicted that Japan will “rather carry out a national harakiri than bow under foreign pressure”.
While United States government wanted to avoid war so as to have free hands to help Allies in Europe, it was clear the war was unavoidable due to actions of both sides. And Japan was heading for war. Thus, US government decided to adopt “wait-and-see” approach, avoiding any kind of preemtive strike so as to reveal the Japan as true aggressor.
The document summarizes British imperialism in India and Asia between the 1800s-1900s. It discusses how the British East India Company initially treated India as a private colony, but then direct British government rule was established after 1857. Under the British, order was kept and infrastructure like roads, railroads, schools and hospitals were built. However, the British believed in their own racial and cultural superiority over Indians, which helped spark the rise of Indian nationalism by the late 1800s. Some Indians sought independence while others wanted to remove all Western influence from India. The document also summarizes European imperialism in Southeast Asia and Japan responding to Western imperialism by modernizing its government and military and industrializing, which allowed it to defeat China in
The early 1800s, Americans sought places in Japan for resupplying ships. Commodore Matthew Perry was sent in 1853 to open trade with Japan. The 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa established diplomatic relations and protections for shipwrecked sailors. Further treaties in 1858 opened more ports to foreign trade. Unlike China, Japan realized it had to adapt Western ways to survive. This began the Meiji Era, where Japan rapidly modernized its government, military, education and industrial capacity to become a world power by 1900. Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 demonstrated it had become the first Asian nation to defeat a European power militarily.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th century onward and some of the conflicts that arose from competition between powerful nation states leading up to World War I. It describes how European powers established colonies overseas in pursuit of resources to fuel their industrial growth in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between nation states like Germany, Britain, and Russia contributed to conflicts such as the Franco-Prussian War, Boer Wars, and Russo-Japanese War. Ethnocentric views of cultural and racial superiority also justified colonial expansion. These global rivalries and displays of nationalism set the stage for World War I.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes Canada's involvement in World War 2 on the home front. It discusses how Canada mobilized its military and economy for the war effort. Key points include:
- Canada's military was small at the start of the war but expanded greatly through programs like the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
- The Canadian economy was transformed to support the war, with industries producing weapons, ships, and planes. Price controls and rationing were introduced to manage shortages.
- Over a million women entered the paid workforce during the war, taking jobs in factories and other industries. Propaganda encouraged civilians to contribute through activities like salvage drives and victory bond purchases.
- The issue of conscription divided French and English
- The Middle East region has been a strategic area due to its large oil resources, fueling tensions between various powers seeking influence in the region. Britain and France previously dominated the area prior to World War 2 through a mandate system.
- The creation of Israel as a Jewish state in 1948 and the displacement of Palestinian Arabs led to ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict over claims to the territory. Subsequent wars in 1956, 1967, 1973, and conflicts between Israel and Palestinian groups intensified tensions.
- Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 in an attempt to control more of the Persian Gulf's oil resources, leading to the Gulf War international coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in 1991. Regional conflicts and competition for influence
The document discusses several key events at the end of World War II and establishment of the United Nations:
1) In early 1945, Soviet troops pushed into Germany from the east while the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and ending the war.
2) World leaders met at Yalta in 1945 to discuss postwar plans, agreeing Poland would have free elections though the Soviets did not follow through.
3) The U.N. was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars, with goals of maintaining peace and protecting human rights.
The document discusses the political and military buildup to World War II in Europe and Asia in the 1930s. It describes the rise of fascist regimes in Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, and increasing militarism and aggression by Japan. Hitler consolidated power in Germany and systematically stripped rights from Jews. Germany began violating the Treaty of Versailles through military buildup and annexing territories. The Western allies pursued a policy of appeasement, allowing the German annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. War began in Asia in 1937 with Japan's invasion of China and in Europe in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland.
At the turn of the 20th century, industrialization led to rapid urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities. As the population grew and life expectancy increased, mass production developed through new techniques like the assembly line. This enabled the production of goods for a growing mass society. However, workers began organizing unions to advocate for better conditions in factories where they had little control. Tensions rose between workers and employers as well as between nations competing for resources, contributing to the outbreak of World War I.
1) After World War 1, Canada began moving towards independence from Britain by signing its own international agreements, such as the 1923 Halibut Treaty with the United States.
2) In the 1920s Canada experienced prosperity due to trade with the US, but was heavily dependent on exporting natural resources, leaving it vulnerable when the global economy declined.
3) The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, as world commodity prices fell, hurting Canada's export-reliant economy.
By 1933, the Great Depression had reached its worst point in Canada, with 25% unemployment. The government, led by R.B. Bennett and the Conservatives, had failed to deliver on promises to end unemployment. Provinces were bankrupt and looking for solutions. In 1935, Mackenzie King and the Liberals returned to power after implementing policies inspired by Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, including unemployment insurance and increased government intervention in the economy. The economy began recovering in 1938 under the Liberals' policies.
The Schlieffen Plan aimed to quickly defeat France before focusing on Russia, but it failed as the Western Front descended into trench warfare by late 1914. Russia's entry helped the Allies at first, but the nation withdrew from the war in 1917 after the Communist Revolution. The United States entry in 1917 boosted the Allies and compensated for Russia's exit, helping turn the tide of the war.
The document contains blank lines where questions, main ideas, summaries and notes could be written but are not. It appears to be a template for organizing information but contains no actual content to summarize.
The document contains repetitive sections with blank lines for questions, main ideas, summaries, and notes. However, no substantive information is provided to summarize.
The document contains repetitive blank sections for questions/main ideas, summaries, and notes but no substantive information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is due to the absence of details.
The document is blank and contains no information to summarize. It consists of section headings for "Questions/Main ideas" and "Summary" with blank lines underneath. There is no content in the document to summarize.
The document contains repetitive sections with blank lines for questions, main ideas, summaries, and notes. However, no substantive information is provided to summarize.
The document discusses Aboriginal issues in Canada, including their origins and population size prior to European arrival. It notes that Aboriginal traditions hold they have always existed in North America. It also describes the damaging effects of the residential school system, including high rates of substance abuse, suicide, and family problems among Aboriginal communities. The document further examines the Allied Tribes of BC and their opposition to the reduction of reserve sizes as recommended by the McKenna-McBride Commission on Indian Affairs.
The document contains blank sections for questions, main ideas, summaries and notes but no substantive information is provided. It appears to be a template for organizing notes on a topic but no topic or details are included.
The document contains repetitive sections with blank fields for questions, main ideas, summaries, and notes but no substantive information. There are no clear topics, ideas or conclusions that can be summarized from the document.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. Japan’s Ascendancy in Asia
• In the mid 19th Century European and American
traders were looking for new markets in East Asia
and began to put increasing pressure on both
China and Japan.
• Because of an imbalance in military power the
Asian countries were forced to come to terms
with the desires of the European and American
interests.
2. Background to Modern Asia:
Western Imperialism
• After the British invasion of China (1837-1842) the Chinese
were forced to give up the island of Hong Kong and grant
the British exclusive trading concessions in 5 port cities.
Opium War CNN
• The British were given extraterritorial rights in these
regions which made them immune to Chinese civil
authority.
• Inside these enclaves or “Treaty Ports” the British were
protected by British military forces and lived under their
own laws.
• This success by the British engendered a desire in the other
imperialist nations to gain similar concessions in Asia.
3.
4. Western Imperialism - the
Missionaries’ role
• The expansion of the economic powers of the western
Empires was not the only force behind the desire to spread
European influence into Asia.
• There was a huge feeling that it was the responsibility of the
“Western” world to spread their culture and the Christian
religion to the Asian world.
• This movement was not sponsored by any one government, it
was born of the spontaneous desire to impose the political,
economic, cultural and religious systems of the west on the
“less fortunate” nations of the world.
• This was meant to provide the “advantages” of Western
industrialized society to the “less developed” parts of the
world
5. Still more Western Imperialism
• The Chinese government attempted to stop the expansion
of western influence into their country.
• In response British and French forces occupy Guangzhou
(Canton) and later capture Beijing (Peking) and burn down
the summer palace.
• Every time the European forces succeed in defeating the
Chinese they force the Chinese to accept more concessions
to western influence.
• The Europeans never destabilize the Chinese government
to the point of civil war against the imperial family, as that
would negatively affect their profits (See Chapter one and
two notes for more detail on China and European
imperialism)
6. European Influence in Japan: The
early years
• Unlike China, Japan had remained largely isolated from the
outside world since 1642 When the dominant Tokugawa family
largely cut off contact with the outside world.
• This changed when Commodore Matthew Perry led an American
squadron into Edo (Tokyo) Bay in 1853. Perry was ordered to
establish a trade relationship (concession) between Japan and the
USA.
• Later senator William Seward announced the American policy
toward Japan would be “reforming their laws, customs and
constitution in order to civilize the island people whose land
greets the rising sun.”
• The American Civil War interfered with the American’s ability to
consolidate their position inside of Japan and allowed Britain and
France the opportunity to wring their own concessions from the
Japanese.
9. The Impact of European involvement
in Japan
• The impact of European influence combined with internal
tensions, led to revolution in Japan.
• In 1867 the last of the Tokugawa shoguns was replaced by Meiji
Mutsuhito a boy emperor supported by a council of samurai.
• Under this leadership Japan began a rapid modernization
initiative
• They bought Warships and technology from the British and
acquired German, Russian and French officers to modernize
their military.
• They also embarked on a series of economic and social changes.
Small farms were consolidated and feudal privileges were
abolished
• Industry was expanded and a host of young students were sent
abroad to become educated in the west, and return with the
skills necessary to allow Japan to compete as an industrialized
nation.
11. Japanese Imperialism
• As Japan grew into an industrial nation its need for resources also
expanded.
• Japan began to cast an eye to the Chinese mainland.
• The First war between China and Japan (began in 1894) ended in
victory for Japan (it captured the islands of Formosa and the
Pescadores, and some economic interest in Korea.)
• Japan’s desire for expansion on the Asian mainland would be a
continued source of conflict well into the next century.
12. European influence on China: the Boxer
Rebellion and the Open Door Policy
• As we learned in earlier power points European influence in China
led to the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
• In the aftermath of the conflict the Americans proposed adopting
the “Open Door Policy” regarding trade in China. This policy
adopted the idea that no nation would have a sphere of influence
in China.
• This idea was not well received by the other nations interested in
the vast wealth of China and with existing and well established
interests already their.
• As a result the British and the Japanese signed a treaty in 1902
agreeing to recognise and support each other’s interests in China.
• This resulted in Britain pulling most of her fleet out of Asia and
back to Europe and left the Japanese to expand both their military
strength and their position on the Chinese mainland
13. The Russo-Japanese War
• The most immediate threat to Japanese interests in
Asia was the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Russians.
• This expanded Russia’s interests south from Harbin to
Lushun (Port Arthur on the Huang Hai (Yellow Sea)
• At the same time the Russian interests in timber
concessions along the Yalu River were viewed with
suspicion by Japan.
• While in the middle of negotiations the Japanese
attacked and destroyed the Russian Far East Squadron
in Lushun (1904)
• This was followed by an outright invasion.
17. The Russo-Japanese War Continued
• This was followed by more Japanese victories (Admiral Tojo
sank the Russian Baltic fleet in the Straits of Tsushima, the
Japanese captured Shenyang)
• The Japanese were quite successful in the Russo-Japanese
war.
• In the end when both parties agreed to American mediation,
the Japanese had acquired, under the Treaty of Portsmouth
in 1905, Lushun, half of Sakhalin Island and economic
interests in the southern Manchurian railway system.
• The Japanese victories in the Russo-Japanese war proved to
Japan that they could successfully compete with the western
powers in a military capacity Japan in Manchuria
• Think/Pair/Share: Pay close attention to the nature of the film
clip here. Be prepared to compare and contrast it with latter
impressions of Japan in Manchuria.
18. Japan in World War I
• Japan was allied with Britain during WWI and occupied Germany’s
colonies in Asia.
• Most of these colonies remained with Japan when the war ended
as mandates under the League of Nations.
• The possession of the Carolina, Marianna and Marshal island
chains, left control of the sea lanes between North America and
Australia and the Philippines in Japanese hands.
• When the Revolution in Russia pulled it from WWI, in 1917, the
Japanese took the opportunity to expand it’s military forces further
into Russian territory and pushed into Siberia (in a military action
apparently intended to support the Tsarist regime and with the
support of 13 other nations.)
• The Japanese forces remained in the region until 1922.
19. Japan in the Inter War Years
• During the inter-war years their was an attempt by the world powers
to maintain a balance of power by limiting military expansion
• The worlds major powers met in Washington in 1921 to attempt to
disarm and stabilize the Pacific region.
• Both the Americans and the British wanted to limit naval expansion
by the world powers, by limiting the size and tonnage of the world’s
battleships.
• The Japanese were forced to accept a fleet size of 60% of that
allowed to the US and Britain, in exchange for an agreement that
those nations not fortify their possessions in the Pacific excepting
Singapore (British) and Hawaii (US)
• This 5:3 ration left Japan the dominant naval power in the Pacific as
both the US and Britain had to protect their interests outside of Asia
and Japan did not
• Further attempts were made to limit naval expansion .
• However limiting Japan’s expansion failed when the Japanese walked
out of international negotiations in 1934.
20. American involvement in Asia
• The American’s attempted to stabilize the situation in Asia by
looking to China.
• They spearheaded the Nine Power Treaty that ended “Treaty
Ports,” implemented a modified Open Door policy and
guaranteed China’s borders (effectively halting Japanese
expansion into China.)
• However they stopped short of enforcing China’s possession
of Manchuria, and so avoided directly challenging Japan’s
existing position on the Asian mainland.
• Both sides continued to mass military forces, Britain and the
US in gunboats on Chinese rivers and the Japanese by
reinforcing its army in Manchuria
21. Immigration laws and worsening relations between
Japan and the Western world
• Due to increasing immigration to North America from Asia, the Anglo-
Japanese alliance of 1902 was allowed to lapse.
• The US followed this by passing the Exclusion Act designed to severely limit
Asian immigration. Canada also passed immigration laws in 1923 almost
halting Asian immigration to Canada.
• This was done as a result of racial tensions and prejudice on the part of N.
Americans and was a grave insult to the peoples of Asia.
• The Anglo-Japanese alliance was replaced with the Four Power Pact in
which Japan, Britain, the US and France agreed to respect each other’s
interests in the Pacific.
• The Washington Treaties of 1921 were the final in a series of insults to the
Japanese.
• Japan felt that the US and the Europeans would never view them as equal
partners on the world stage and turned their attention to consolidating
their power in Asia.
• Japan became determined to force Western imperialism out of the Pacific
and thereby assure its own power
• This left the rising nationalist movement in China the only real threat to
Japanese dominance in the Pacific
22. The Guomindang
• The Manchu Dynasty ruled China from 1644 until 1911. When
it collapsed China fell into civil War.
• Military leaders fought over power and territory in an
attempt to set up their own power bases.
• Of these competing military interests the Guomindang
(Chinese Nationalist Party) became dominant
• The Guomindang was founded in 1912 and grew out of an
earlier movement started in 1905 by Dr. Sun Yixian, (Sun Yat-
sen) which was based on the principles of socialism,
democracy, and nationalism.
• By 1927, the Guomindang (or nationalists) proclaimed
themselves the Republic of China
24. Communism in China: the early years
• The Communist party of China (founded in 1921) was included
in the new Republic’s government.
• There was a good relationship between the USSR and China,
particularly because the USSR had returned all claims and
concessions that tsarist Russia had controlled in China before
the Bolshevik revolution.
• There appeared to be a spirit of co-operation between the
new USSR and the new Chinese republic
• Any resurgence of a Nationalist China presented a huge threat
to Japan’s interest in Manchuria
• Although the budding relationship with the USSR would
change upon the death of Sun Yixian in 1925, the threat to
Japan’s interest in Manchuria would be far from removed with
the take over of the movement by Generalissimo Jiang Jieshi
(Chiang-Kai-shek)
26. Jiang Jieshi tries to purge
Communism from the Guomindang
• Jiang Jieshi expanded the Nationalist’s control over the military in the
center and north of the country.
• Under Jiang Jieshi the Guomindang became dominated by generals and
landowners.
• There is much supposition regarding why (many think Jiang Jieshi was
bankrolled by businesspeople and bankers on the understanding that he
wipe out the communist elements in the Guomindang.) however, after the
Nationalist forces captured Shanghai in 1927 Jiang began a vicious purge of
the communists in the Guomindang.
• The communists who learned of the purge early enough fled to take refuge
with the peasants in the countryside.
• The Communist party would be taken over and led by Mao Zedong (Mao
Tse-tung) who drew in the masses of poor in China with promises of equal
rights, land reforms and a better life.
• Through out this period Jiang pursued Mao and the communists. He
recognized the threat they posed to his power. In the end however Jiang
badly misjudged the popular mood of the majority of the Chinese people.
• The Long March and related events
28. Japan in China: Manchuria
• As nationalist China grew in strength the Japanese attempted to gain
recognition of their claim to Manchuria before the Guomindang became
more powerful.
• In order to achieve this Japan went to war in 1931.
• After the 1911 revolution the 3 provinces in Manchuria north of the wall
were given to a Japanese controlled military leader named Chan Tso-lin.
• Chan Tso-lin agreed to turn the lands he controlled to the south of the
wall over to the Guomindang in 1927.
• In 1928 Chang Tso-lin was killed when his train was blown up. He was
succeeded by his son Chang Hsueh-liang.
• Unlike his father Chang Hsueh-liang was a nationalist who supported
the Guomindang by agreeing to surrender all of Manchuria to
Guomindang control.
• Japan could not afford to lose Manchuria. They used a bomb blast on
the railway near Shenyang as an excuse to occupy all of Manchuria
29. Japan and the Manchurian incident
• Japan’s economy had been hit hard by the Great Depression.
• Tariff barriers had devastated their foreign trade revenues and the silk trade with
Britain and the US was very vulnerable
• The collapse of world markets left Japanese industry in danger of complete
collapse. They needed Manchuria’s resources.
• By 1932 Manchuria was completely under Japanese control and called
Manchukuo.
• Jiang was too busy trying to wipe out Mao’s forces in the interior to start fighting
with the Japanese over Manchuria so he appealed to the League of Nations to take
action against Japan.
• The League responded with the Lytton commission, which recognised Japan’s
interest in Manchuria, however they did label Japan as the aggressor in the
incident.
• Japan responded by leaving the League.
• The American’s response was the Stimson Doctrine (refusing to acknowledge
boarder changes achieved by force of arms) However a lack of Congressional
support left the Americans with little opportunity for military involvement
• No one really did anything of consequence to halt the Japanese presence on the
mainland The Manchurian Incident
30. Communism in China: The Long
March
• During this time, Jiang massed a million troops against
Mao’s Communist forces trying to force a decisive battle.
• In 1934 Mao broke free of Jiang’s forces and took 90 000
followers westward toward the Himalayas on what would
become known as the the Long March.
• This was to become an epic feat of endurance and
entrenched in the Chinese Communist history as a great
victory for Communism among the common people
32. The Long March
• During the Long March Mao’s forces were constantly
battling Nationalists.
• Against the odds they fought their way across to the
cold plateaus of Tibet and then north to Yan’an.
• In Yan’an Mao regrouped his forces and refined his
overall strategy
• Mao began a civil war using the disaffected landless
peasants at the bottom of China’s system Mao began a
protracted Guerrilla war beginning in the Rural areas.
• Mao also fiercely opposed the presence of the
Japanese and called for them to be driven from China.
33. The War in the Pacific 1937
• In 1937 the Japanese invaded northern China and began the War in the
Pacific.
• It started on July 1, when a Japanese patrol fired upon Nationalist
soldiers . The soldiers thought that a missing comrade (who was really
going to the bathroom) had been captured by the Japanese and shot
back .
• This event was used to justify a full scale invasion by the Japanese.
• This action was taken out by the Army, against orders from the
government, it showed how the government of Japan was losing
control of it’s armed forces. It was a huge military successes
• The Japanese Army moved up costal China , to Beijing and began to
besiege Shanghai
• By December the capital (Nanjing) was under siege.
• Jiang responded by moving his capital up the Yangzi River to
Chungking, where he pleaded for help Japan invades China
34. The China Lobby
• The West did not intervene directly in the initial
phases of the Sino-Japanese war.
• Jiang was however able to raise a significant amount
of money from Britain and the USA through the
China Lobby.
• The US also donated war materials to aid Jiang’s
government in exile at this time. Japan in Asia
leading up to WWII The Burma Road and the Flying
Tigers
35. The Rape of Nanjing
• In an attempt to force Jiang to surrender and recognise
Manchuria as a Japanese possession. General Matsui
led the Japanese army into Nanjing.
• While the Japanese were in Nanjing (with the support
of the armies officers) the Japanese soldiers embarked
on one of the worst war crimes of WWII, this became
known as the Rape of Nanjing.
• The Japanese army took part in the systematic murder
of the civilian population.
• This did not demoralize the Chinese population as
Matsui had intended.
• Instead it created a rage in the Chinese population that
still echoes today.
37. The Rape of Nanjing continued
• The Nanjing Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanjing, was committed
by the Japanese military in Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of
China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army
• The duration of the massacre lasted approximately four to six weeks
• Japanese officials still refuse to be completely clear about civilian deaths.
• During the occupation of Nanking, the Japanese army committed numerous
atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and
civilians including children
• The executions began under the pretext of eliminating Chinese soldiers disguised
as civilians,
• It is claimed that a large number of innocent men were intentionally misidentified
as enemy combatants and executed as the massacre gathered momentum.
• A large number of women and children were also killed, as rape and murder
became more widespread. Some estimates of civilian deaths top 300,000 people.
• The Japanese government has given numbers as low as a couple of hundred
deaths. The Japanese Invasion
38. One of articles on the "Contest to kill 100 people using a sword" published in the
Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun. The headline reads, “ 'Incredible Record' (in the Contest to
Cut Down 100 People) —Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra
Innings".
39. Sword used in the "contest" on display at the Republic
of China Armed Forces Museum in Taipei, Taiwan
40. Jiang’s response to Japanese aggression
• In an attempt to slow the Japanese armies advance,
Jiang ordered the dykes along the Yangzi cut.
• This resulted in the flooding of the low lying plains
regions and resulted in the deaths of over one
million peasants.
• This destruction only slowed the Japanese for a few
days
41. Stalemate on the Asian Mainland
• The war was halted when the Japanese came to the
Yangtze gorges where the river comes out of the
mountains and into a series of narrow canyons.
• The passage was too heavily defended and out of range of
the Japanese aircraft.
• This resulted in a six-year undeclared truce.
• Significant conflict would not resume on the Chinese
mainland until 1944.
• Jiang felt secure in his mountainous retreat, and continued
to receive aid from Soviet, American and British sources.
Consequently Jiang felt that he could concentrate on the
threat of Mao’s communist forces, which were gaining
power and popularity
42. War with the West
• By 1939 Japan controlled most of eastern China. Japan in the 1930's
• Think/Pair Share: Compare the rest of the clips we have examined with the clip
on slide 10. How do they differ? In what ways are they similar? What does this
suggest about the study of history?
• If they could have exploited the resources and labour that this represented they
could have consolidated their power base in Asia
• However the Japanese were never able to force the Guomindang to surrender and
Mao’s Communists also remained firmly against Japanese involvement in China.
• In order to consolidate their power the Japanese planned to cut off supply links t
Chongquing, by capturing the caravan routes in the north through Xinjiang and the
Burma Road.
• There was some question of which direction this attack should take.
• The Army wanted to pursue a land strategy of striking the USSR.
• The Army took maters into its own hands by attacking the Soviets guarding
Vladivostok.
• They counted on German support promised to them in the 1936 Anti-Comintern
Pact and Soviet forces being weak and unprepared.
• This however was not to be as the Soviets were prepared and their counterattack
drove the Japanese forces back.
• A few months later the Japanese were again defeated in Mongolia. After a loss of
over 20 000 men the Japanese decided not to push North.
43. Soviet Japanese non-aggression pact
• The Japanese navy supported a plan in which it would strike south
across the Pacific Islands to capture the mineral wealth of
Southeast Asia.
• Hitler expressed a desire to see Japanese armies attack the USSR
in Siberia at the same time as Germans would attack from the
west.
• The prize of the wealth of the northern colossus called Siberia was
tempting but Japan declined to make any firm commitments.
• Japan’s foreign minister, Matsuoko Yosuke, visited both Germany
and the Soviet Union in the spring of 1941. While visiting Stalin,
Matsuoko became convinced that in a prolonged war with
Germany, the Soviets would win.
• Matsuoko then agreed to a non-aggression pact with the Soviet
Union.
• Stalin considered this pact one of his master moves as he was now
able to move his Siberian armies to fight against Germany in the
West.
45. Japan’s worsening relations with the
Western world
• The British and Americans were alarmed at Japans
warlike intentions and increased their military presence
in the Pacific to try and dissuade Japan from aggression.
• With war in Europe, neither country could afford to open
another battlefront in Asia
• British and Americans then enacted economic sanctions
against Japan, cutting off shipments of metal, aviation
fuel, and crude oil
46. Japan and the start of the war in the
Pacific
• With the sanctions, Japan would have to attack to seize oil resources
in Southeast Asia.
• After the fall of France in 1940, Japan had taken over most of the
French air bases in Indo-China from which they could attack American
and British bases.
• The US demanded that Japan respect the territorial integrity of China
and withdraw from their occupation zones.
• The USA refused to recognize Japan’s right to large parts of China
• On November 25th 1941, President Roosevelt sent a final ultimatum
to the Japanese demanding their withdrawal from the Asian mainland.
• The president had learned that the Japanese invasion fleets had been
put to sea.
• Little could be done now to avert a war in the Pacific.
• American bases in the Pacific were put on high alert but little did
anyone suspect that the Japanese were going to attack all the major
cities in the Pacific including Pearl Harbour itself.