H1 n1 (swine flu)
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- Swine flu is caused by an influenza virus that contains genes from swine, human, and bird flu viruses. It spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Common symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, and body aches. While it can be diagnosed through nasal swab testing, the definitive diagnosis is made through lab analysis identifying the specific viral antigens. Vaccination and antiviral drugs like Tamiflu and Relenza can help prevent and treat swine flu infections.
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Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing spells that can result in a "whooping" sound when breathing in. The disease spreads through close contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person. Pertussis primarily affects pre-school aged children and causes three stages - an initial catarrhal stage with mild symptoms, a paroxymal stage with violent coughing fits and a convalescent stage where coughing subsides. Complications can include pneumonia, seizures and malnutrition from vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics and prevention relies on vaccination.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores can survive in soil for decades. The spores enter the body through wounds and produce a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, and vaccination to prevent future illness. Widespread childhood immunization programs have reduced cases in many countries.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that affects the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by a grey membrane that can grow in the throat and make it difficult to breathe. While it was once a leading cause of childhood death, diphtheria can now be prevented through a vaccine. The vaccine is typically administered in combination with tetanus and pertussis vaccines. It works by producing antibodies that neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is caused by Group A streptococcus bacteria and presents with a distinctive rash. It commonly affects children ages 4-8 and has an incubation period of 1-7 days. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, vomiting and a sandpaper-like rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to extremities. The rash is accompanied by a red tongue with enlarged papillae ("strawberry tongue"). Diagnosis involves clinical presentation plus throat or nasal culture. Treatment involves antibiotics while complications can include rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Measles (Rubeola)
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that begins with a prodromal stage of fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis followed by a maculopapular rash. It spreads through respiratory droplets. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Treatment is supportive. Prevention is through two doses of the live attenuated MMR vaccine, recommended at 12-15 months and 4-6 years of age.
Corynebacterium diphtheria clinical diagnosis
The provisional diagnosis is faucial diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae based on the 4-year old boy's symptoms of fever, sore throat, thick white tonsillar exudate and membrane in the nasopharynx. C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive rod that forms metachromatic granules and colonies on selective media. It produces a toxin that causes local tissue damage and systemic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, isolation and active immunization with DPT vaccine.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that affects the mucous membranes and skin. It is characterized by a grayish membrane that can grow on the tonsils, throat, and nose. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty breathing, and a swollen neck. It is diagnosed through clinical examination, culture of the infected area, and blood tests. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The disease can be prevented through vaccination with the routine DTP vaccine administered to children.
Diphtheria new
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that can infect the throat or skin. It releases a toxin that causes tissue damage and can affect organs. Symptoms include sore throat, low fever, and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Complications can include heart damage, nerve palsies, and airway obstruction. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Prevention is through vaccination.
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Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing spells that can result in a "whooping" sound when breathing in. The disease spreads through close contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person. Pertussis primarily affects pre-school aged children and causes three stages - an initial catarrhal stage with mild symptoms, a paroxymal stage with violent coughing fits and a convalescent stage where coughing subsides. Complications can include pneumonia, seizures and malnutrition from vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics and prevention relies on vaccination.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores can survive in soil for decades. The spores enter the body through wounds and produce a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, and vaccination to prevent future illness. Widespread childhood immunization programs have reduced cases in many countries.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that affects the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by a grey membrane that can grow in the throat and make it difficult to breathe. While it was once a leading cause of childhood death, diphtheria can now be prevented through a vaccine. The vaccine is typically administered in combination with tetanus and pertussis vaccines. It works by producing antibodies that neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is caused by Group A streptococcus bacteria and presents with a distinctive rash. It commonly affects children ages 4-8 and has an incubation period of 1-7 days. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, vomiting and a sandpaper-like rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to extremities. The rash is accompanied by a red tongue with enlarged papillae ("strawberry tongue"). Diagnosis involves clinical presentation plus throat or nasal culture. Treatment involves antibiotics while complications can include rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Measles (Rubeola)
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that begins with a prodromal stage of fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis followed by a maculopapular rash. It spreads through respiratory droplets. Complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Treatment is supportive. Prevention is through two doses of the live attenuated MMR vaccine, recommended at 12-15 months and 4-6 years of age.
Corynebacterium diphtheria clinical diagnosis
The provisional diagnosis is faucial diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae based on the 4-year old boy's symptoms of fever, sore throat, thick white tonsillar exudate and membrane in the nasopharynx. C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive rod that forms metachromatic granules and colonies on selective media. It produces a toxin that causes local tissue damage and systemic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, isolation and active immunization with DPT vaccine.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that affects the mucous membranes and skin. It is characterized by a grayish membrane that can grow on the tonsils, throat, and nose. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, difficulty breathing, and a swollen neck. It is diagnosed through clinical examination, culture of the infected area, and blood tests. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The disease can be prevented through vaccination with the routine DTP vaccine administered to children.
Diphtheria new
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that can infect the throat or skin. It releases a toxin that causes tissue damage and can affect organs. Symptoms include sore throat, low fever, and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Complications can include heart damage, nerve palsies, and airway obstruction. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Prevention is through vaccination.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Bovine herpes virus causes a highly infectious disease in cattle and buffaloes known as rhinotracheitis. Clinical signs include fever, respiratory issues like coughing and nasal discharge, eye discharge and inflammation, oral lesions, diarrhea, abortion, and neurological issues in young calves. Treatment involves antibiotics and symptom relief while vaccination uses modified live vaccines in young calves to prevent disease spread.
Diphtheria SlideShare by Syed Hamza Zaffar Bukhari
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
Scarlet Fever Made Very Simple and Easy
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection of the respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the throat and can lead to complications impacting breathing, the heart, nerves and other organs if not treated promptly with antitoxin and antibiotics. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
20180129 diphtheria
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
Diphtheria. Differential diagnostics of Acute tonsillitis
1. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is characterized by formation of a fibrinous membrane in the throat or on skin.
2. The bacteria produce a toxin that is spread through the bloodstream, affecting organs like the heart, nerves, and adrenal glands.
3. While immunization programs have largely eliminated diphtheria in developed nations, it remains endemic in some parts of the world, with outbreaks occurring when immunization levels drop.
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash caused by infection with pyrogenic exotoxin-producing group A streptococcus. The rash makes the skin have a goose-pimple appearance and the tongue appear strawberry-like. For patients with classic scarlet fever, antibiotic therapy with penicillin should be started immediately, as penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin is recommended for patients allergic to penicillin.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection that can affect the throat (respiratory diphtheria) or skin (cutaneous diphtheria). The diphtheria bacterium enters through the nose, mouth or breaks in the skin and has an incubation period of 2-5 days. Symptoms of respiratory diphtheria include sore throat, fever and difficulty breathing while cutaneous diphtheria presents as skin sores. Treatment involves antitoxin injections to neutralize toxins, antibiotics to kill the bacteria and potentially removing throat coverings if obstructing breathing. Vaccination and antibiotic treatment after exposure can help prevent the disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It has a high fatality rate but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the fatality to 10%. The disease primarily affects children and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Outbreaks often occur in crowded settings during dry, cold months. While most infections do not cause illness, cases progress rapidly from headache to coma. Treatment of cases, carriers, and contacts is important to control outbreaks. Vaccines including polysaccharide and conjugate formulations provide protection.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the nose and throat. It can cause a thick, gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications may include heart damage, nerve damage, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing. Children are most at risk of contracting diphtheria through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize toxins and antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
air borne disease by ujwal virkhare
This document discusses airborne bacterial diseases, including tuberculosis, diphtheria, and pertussis. It provides background on the history and transmission of these diseases. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the air. It affects the lungs and other organs, and symptoms include cough and weight loss. Treatment involves antibiotics taken for several months. Diptheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through droplets. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. Treatment includes antibiotics and antitoxin. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, causing severe coughing spells. Vaccines can help prevent these dangerous airborne
Allergic resp diseases
This document summarizes various allergic respiratory diseases including:
1) Allergic rhinitis characterized by sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines.
2) Allergic asthma characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficult breathing.
3) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by immune reactions to the fungus Aspergillus presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic dusts or parasites presenting with fever, dry cough, and dyspnea relieved by corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
Yellow fever presentation
Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs in tropical areas. It was first proposed to be mosquito-borne by Carlos Finlay in 1881 and proven by Walter Reed and colleagues through experiments with human volunteers. There are two transmission types - urban yellow fever spreads through infected mosquitos biting humans while sylvatic (jungle) yellow fever involves transmission between monkeys and humans bitten by infected mosquitos. Symptoms progress through mild stages with fever, headache and vomiting to a toxic third stage with jaundice, bleeding and organ failure. Diagnosis involves blood tests and treatment focuses on supportive care, rest and fever relief. A live vaccine was developed in the 1930s and is still used today.
Diptheria
This document provides information on the bacterial infections diphtheria and pertussis. It describes diphtheria as an acute infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a potent exotoxin. Clinical features include a thick gray membrane in the throat and complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits ending in a distinctive whoop. Both are highly contagious and can be prevented by vaccination.
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This document provides information about airborne viruses and their laboratory diagnosis. It discusses several viruses that are transmitted through the air, including influenza, coronaviruses, measles, rubella, and others. For laboratory diagnosis, it recommends collecting respiratory samples like nasal swabs, throat swabs, and sputum in viral transport media. It provides details on proper collection, storage, transport, and processing of samples to test for these viruses. The document also provides specific guidance on laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella viruses through virus isolation from urine or throat swabs, and serology from blood samples.
Lungworm infection
- Lungworms like Dictyocaulus filaria commonly infect the lungs of sheep and goats, especially lambs aged 4-6 months.
- The life cycle is direct, with larvae surviving in the environment and infecting lambs the following season. Symptoms include coughing and dyspnea.
- Upon examination, lungs may show patches of consolidation and fluid-filled airways. Microscopic examination reveals larvae, eggs, and inflammation in the lungs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in feces or through necropsy. Treatment includes anthelmintics like ivermectin and fenbendazole. Control relies on vaccination, deworming and reducing exposure.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERTUSSIS
This document summarizes the epidemiology of pertussis (whooping cough). It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious. It most often affects infants and young children under 5 years old. The disease has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. It is spread through droplets from coughing or sneezing. Control efforts focus on early diagnosis, treatment, and isolation of cases. Vaccination through the DPT vaccine is the most effective prevention strategy.
Scarlet fever
Streptococcal scarlet fever is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, commonly affecting children ages 4-8. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days and is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets or contact. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a diffuse rash that appears 24 hours after fever. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with throat culture, serology tests, or Dick testing. Complications can include rheumatic fever, ear infections, and kidney problems.
المحاظرة الثالثة / معدية / دكتور اسعد /Shipping fever
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H1N1 SWINE FLU
This document provides information about H1N1 Swine Flu. It defines swine flu and explains that it is caused by influenza A viruses that regularly infect pigs. It describes how genetic reassortment between human, avian and swine influenza viruses can lead to new pandemic strains. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was a quadruple reassortant containing genes from North American and Eurasian swine, avian and human influenza strains. Diagnostic testing methods like PCR, viral culture, rapid antigen tests and serology are discussed. Sample collection, handling, storage and transport procedures are also summarized.
update on Swine flu (H1N1)
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
Influenza virus
This document provides an overview of influenza virus. It discusses that influenza is caused by RNA viruses that affect birds and mammals. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and coughing. There are three types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Type A and B are responsible for epidemics and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. The virus enters through the respiratory tract. Prevention is through annual flu vaccines that target the most common strains expected that season.
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Bovine herpes virus causes a highly infectious disease in cattle and buffaloes known as rhinotracheitis. Clinical signs include fever, respiratory issues like coughing and nasal discharge, eye discharge and inflammation, oral lesions, diarrhea, abortion, and neurological issues in young calves. Treatment involves antibiotics and symptom relief while vaccination uses modified live vaccines in young calves to prevent disease spread.
Diphtheria SlideShare by Syed Hamza Zaffar Bukhari
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
Scarlet Fever Made Very Simple and Easy
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection of the respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the throat and can lead to complications impacting breathing, the heart, nerves and other organs if not treated promptly with antitoxin and antibiotics. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
20180129 diphtheria
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
Diphtheria. Differential diagnostics of Acute tonsillitis
1. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is characterized by formation of a fibrinous membrane in the throat or on skin.
2. The bacteria produce a toxin that is spread through the bloodstream, affecting organs like the heart, nerves, and adrenal glands.
3. While immunization programs have largely eliminated diphtheria in developed nations, it remains endemic in some parts of the world, with outbreaks occurring when immunization levels drop.
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash caused by infection with pyrogenic exotoxin-producing group A streptococcus. The rash makes the skin have a goose-pimple appearance and the tongue appear strawberry-like. For patients with classic scarlet fever, antibiotic therapy with penicillin should be started immediately, as penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin is recommended for patients allergic to penicillin.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection that can affect the throat (respiratory diphtheria) or skin (cutaneous diphtheria). The diphtheria bacterium enters through the nose, mouth or breaks in the skin and has an incubation period of 2-5 days. Symptoms of respiratory diphtheria include sore throat, fever and difficulty breathing while cutaneous diphtheria presents as skin sores. Treatment involves antitoxin injections to neutralize toxins, antibiotics to kill the bacteria and potentially removing throat coverings if obstructing breathing. Vaccination and antibiotic treatment after exposure can help prevent the disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It has a high fatality rate but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the fatality to 10%. The disease primarily affects children and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Outbreaks often occur in crowded settings during dry, cold months. While most infections do not cause illness, cases progress rapidly from headache to coma. Treatment of cases, carriers, and contacts is important to control outbreaks. Vaccines including polysaccharide and conjugate formulations provide protection.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the nose and throat. It can cause a thick, gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications may include heart damage, nerve damage, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing. Children are most at risk of contracting diphtheria through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize toxins and antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
air borne disease by ujwal virkhare
This document discusses airborne bacterial diseases, including tuberculosis, diphtheria, and pertussis. It provides background on the history and transmission of these diseases. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the air. It affects the lungs and other organs, and symptoms include cough and weight loss. Treatment involves antibiotics taken for several months. Diptheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through droplets. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. Treatment includes antibiotics and antitoxin. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, causing severe coughing spells. Vaccines can help prevent these dangerous airborne
Allergic resp diseases
This document summarizes various allergic respiratory diseases including:
1) Allergic rhinitis characterized by sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines.
2) Allergic asthma characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficult breathing.
3) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by immune reactions to the fungus Aspergillus presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic dusts or parasites presenting with fever, dry cough, and dyspnea relieved by corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
Yellow fever presentation
Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs in tropical areas. It was first proposed to be mosquito-borne by Carlos Finlay in 1881 and proven by Walter Reed and colleagues through experiments with human volunteers. There are two transmission types - urban yellow fever spreads through infected mosquitos biting humans while sylvatic (jungle) yellow fever involves transmission between monkeys and humans bitten by infected mosquitos. Symptoms progress through mild stages with fever, headache and vomiting to a toxic third stage with jaundice, bleeding and organ failure. Diagnosis involves blood tests and treatment focuses on supportive care, rest and fever relief. A live vaccine was developed in the 1930s and is still used today.
Diptheria
This document provides information on the bacterial infections diphtheria and pertussis. It describes diphtheria as an acute infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a potent exotoxin. Clinical features include a thick gray membrane in the throat and complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits ending in a distinctive whoop. Both are highly contagious and can be prevented by vaccination.
Airborne viruses 7.11.17
This document provides information about airborne viruses and their laboratory diagnosis. It discusses several viruses that are transmitted through the air, including influenza, coronaviruses, measles, rubella, and others. For laboratory diagnosis, it recommends collecting respiratory samples like nasal swabs, throat swabs, and sputum in viral transport media. It provides details on proper collection, storage, transport, and processing of samples to test for these viruses. The document also provides specific guidance on laboratory diagnosis of measles and rubella viruses through virus isolation from urine or throat swabs, and serology from blood samples.
Lungworm infection
- Lungworms like Dictyocaulus filaria commonly infect the lungs of sheep and goats, especially lambs aged 4-6 months.
- The life cycle is direct, with larvae surviving in the environment and infecting lambs the following season. Symptoms include coughing and dyspnea.
- Upon examination, lungs may show patches of consolidation and fluid-filled airways. Microscopic examination reveals larvae, eggs, and inflammation in the lungs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in feces or through necropsy. Treatment includes anthelmintics like ivermectin and fenbendazole. Control relies on vaccination, deworming and reducing exposure.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERTUSSIS
This document summarizes the epidemiology of pertussis (whooping cough). It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious. It most often affects infants and young children under 5 years old. The disease has three stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. It is spread through droplets from coughing or sneezing. Control efforts focus on early diagnosis, treatment, and isolation of cases. Vaccination through the DPT vaccine is the most effective prevention strategy.
Scarlet fever
Streptococcal scarlet fever is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococcal bacteria, commonly affecting children ages 4-8. It has an incubation period of 3-6 days and is highly contagious, spreading through airborne droplets or contact. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, sore throat, and a diffuse rash that appears 24 hours after fever. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with throat culture, serology tests, or Dick testing. Complications can include rheumatic fever, ear infections, and kidney problems.
المحاظرة الثالثة / معدية / دكتور اسعد /Shipping fever
Equine influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease of horses characterized by fever and persistent cough. It is caused by two influenza A viruses, H7N7 and H3N8. Major outbreaks have occurred in Europe and North America in the 1950s-1980s. The virus can be transmitted via inhalation of droplets from infected horses, ingestion of contaminated food/water, or breeding. Clinical signs include fever, dry cough that becomes moist, depression, and stiffness. Complications can include bronchitis, pneumonia, and death in young foals. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, virus isolation, serology, and necropsy findings showing bronchopneumonia. There is no specific treatment but
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Similar to H1 n1 (swine flu)
H1N1 SWINE FLU
This document provides information about H1N1 Swine Flu. It defines swine flu and explains that it is caused by influenza A viruses that regularly infect pigs. It describes how genetic reassortment between human, avian and swine influenza viruses can lead to new pandemic strains. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was a quadruple reassortant containing genes from North American and Eurasian swine, avian and human influenza strains. Diagnostic testing methods like PCR, viral culture, rapid antigen tests and serology are discussed. Sample collection, handling, storage and transport procedures are also summarized.
update on Swine flu (H1N1)
- Swine flu, also known as H1N1, is caused by the influenza A H1N1 virus and causes respiratory illness. It was first detected in Mexico in 2009 and caused a global pandemic.
- In India, it has caused periodic outbreaks since 2009, killing over 1000 people annually. The worst affected states have been Gujarat and Rajasthan.
- The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. Complications can include pneumonia.
Influenza virus
This document provides an overview of influenza virus. It discusses that influenza is caused by RNA viruses that affect birds and mammals. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and coughing. There are three types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Type A and B are responsible for epidemics and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. The virus enters through the respiratory tract. Prevention is through annual flu vaccines that target the most common strains expected that season.
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The document discusses the status of H1N1 influenza (swine flu) in Odisha, India. It provides details on:
1) The death toll from H1N1 has risen to 13 in Odisha, with over 200 reported cases in the state.
2) H1N1 is spread primarily through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. It has an incubation period of 1-4 days and infected persons can spread the virus from 1 day before symptoms to 5-7 days after.
3) Treatment includes antiviral drugs like oseltamivir administered within 48 hours of symptoms. High-risk groups should receive priority treatment and vaccination.
Pnemonia.pptx introductions of pneumonia
Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that causes inflammation in the lungs and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It is characterized by inflammation of the alveolar spaces or interstitial tissue of the lungs. Pneumonia can be classified based on its etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum cultures, and CT scans. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia, and supportive care like rest, hydration, and expectorants. Vaccines are available to help prevent pneumonia.
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This document discusses bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves, which is caused by various viruses and bacteria. It can cause pneumonia of varying severity. Common viral causes include respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bacterial pathogens like Mannheimia haemolytica may cause secondary infections. Calves aged 2-5 months are most susceptible. Clinical signs include cough, nasal discharge, fever and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, serology and histopathology. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccination helps control the spread of BRD.
H1N1 flu (swine flu) overview
The H1N1 flu, sometimes called swine flu, is a type of influenza A virus.
During the 2009-10 flu season, a new H1N1 virus began causing illness in humans. It was often called swine flu and was a new combination of influenza viruses that infect pigs, birds and humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic in 2009. That year the virus caused an estimated 284,400 deaths worldwide. In August 2010, WHO declared the pandemic over. But the H1N1 flu strain from the pandemic became one of the strains that cause seasonal flu.
Swine Flu
The document summarizes key information about swine flu, including its history, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines, and prevention. It notes that swine flu was first identified in 1918 and reemerged in 2009. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and include fever, cough, and body aches. Diagnosis involves virus detection from nasal/throat swabs. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, though antivirals may be used. Vaccines were developed to protect against the H1N1 strain of swine flu. Prevention emphasizes vaccination, hand washing, and staying home when sick.
Swine flu
Dr.N.Sudarmani Gayathri
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Sree Narayana Guru College-Coimbatore
Swine Flue
Dr Md Main Uddin (MBBS, FCPS), Assistant Professor (Medicine), Cox's Bazar Medical College, Bangladesh
Influenza, Bird Flu, SARS & Swine Flu.pptx
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A causes pandemics every 10-15 years due to antigenic variation. The most recent pandemics were the Spanish Flu in 1918, Asian Flu in 1957, and Hong Kong Flu in 1968.
- Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus and can infect humans. It is usually fatal in birds and sometimes infects humans through contact with infected birds. Human to human transmission is rare but possible if the virus mutates.
- SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus. It emerged in 2002-2003 with symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty breathing which can progress to pneumonia. It was
PNEUMONIA.pptx
1. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to inflammation of the small air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.
2. Pneumonia is common, affecting over 450 million people per year worldwide and resulting in over 1 million deaths in 2010. Major risk factors include age over 65, smoking, and chronic health conditions.
3. Pneumonia is usually classified as either community-acquired or hospital-acquired. Common causative organisms vary depending on the classification and may include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Measals and there management
This document provides information on measles, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and vaccination history. It discusses how the measles virus infects and spreads in the body, causes a characteristic rash, and can lead to serious complications. It outlines how measles was once very common but widespread vaccination starting in 1963 led to its elimination in the United States by 2000. The importance of a routine two-dose vaccination schedule is emphasized to provide broad protection against the highly contagious virus.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE - Human Viruses & Viral Diseases by Dr. Roopam Jain
The document discusses several human viruses and the diseases they cause, including viral hemorrhagic fevers transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks, such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever. It describes the clinical features and pathologies of yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, chikungunya virus infection, influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), swine influenza (H1N1), varicella zoster virus infection, herpes simplex virus infection, and rabies. For many of the diseases, it covers the etiologic agent, transmission, signs and symptoms, laboratory diagnostics, and complications.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by bacteria or viruses that enter the lungs. When pathogens enter the alveoli, or air sacs, white blood cells rush to fight the infection, filling the sacs with fluid and pus. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause. Risk factors include old age, smoking, lung diseases, and weakened immunity. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough with colored mucus, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia while rest and fluids help viral cases. Vaccines can prevent pneumococcal pneumonia.
Seminar on measles and influenza
measles and influenza for nursing and other health department
INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNG,
Epidemiology,
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
HEALTH EDUCATION.
Zoonotic diseasesAllah Dad Kha
Bird flu, or avian influenza, is a virus that normally infects birds but can be transmitted to humans. It has caused widespread outbreaks in domestic poultry since 2003. If the virus mutates to allow efficient human-to-human transmission, it could cause a global pandemic. Past pandemics have resulted in millions of deaths. A future pandemic could kill hundreds of thousands in the US and cost over $100 billion. Precautions are needed to prepare for and limit the spread and impact of an outbreak.
Respiratory Disorder.pptx
The document summarizes various respiratory infections including:
1. Upper respiratory infections like the common cold caused mainly by rhinoviruses and influenza.
2. Lower respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and tuberculosis.
3. It describes the symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatments for these respiratory infections.
nasopharyngitispresentation-171018045613.pptx
Nasopharyngitis, commonly known as the common cold, is usually caused by rhinovirus and causes symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever that typically last less than a week. It spreads through contact with infected respiratory droplets. While rest and over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms, there is no cure or specific treatment for the cold virus itself. Regular handwashing is advised to prevent the spread of nasopharyngitis.
Swine flu-presentation-final
Swine influenza, also known as swine flu, is caused by type A influenza viruses that typically infect pigs. The 2009 H1N1 virus was a new strain that was able to infect humans and spread from person to person. Swine flu in humans causes similar symptoms as seasonal flu, including fever, cough and sore throat. While the virus is now considered a seasonal flu virus, there is no vaccine specifically for it. Good hand hygiene and practicing droplet precautions are recommended to limit its spread.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE - Human Viruses & Viral Diseases by Dr. Roopam Jain
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Learning objectives:
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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H1 n1 (swine flu)
- 2. Introduction… • It is an enveloped RNA virus from the Orthomyxovirus family • Influenza viruses are classified based on antigenic structures on the envelope called neuraminidase “N” and haemagglutinin “H”. • This illness is referred as "Swine Flu" because the genes of this virus strain were found to be similar to influenza virus occurring in pigs in North America.
- 3. Etiology… • Swine flu is contagious, and it spreads in the same way as the seasonal flu. • When people who have it cough or sneeze, they spray tiny drops of the virus into the air. If you come in contact with these drops or touch a surface that an infected person has recently touched, you can catch H1N1 swine flu. • They survive for 2-8 hours after being deposited on the surface • Despite the name, you can't catch swine flu from eating bacon, ham, or any other pork product.
- 4. Genetic reassortment…. • Pigs serves as site of genetic reassortment • Pigs may be simultaneously affected by Swine and human influenza virus. • Even bird flu from faeces of birds • The virus has segmented RNA and during replication they may get mixed up • Antigenic Shift
- 6. Pathogenisis… • People in close contact with the pigs acquire the infection • After inhalation, the virus gets deposited on the surface of the lower respiratory tract • The estimated incubation period in humans is unknown and more likely 1-4 days • Patient may be contagious from one day before they develop symptoms to up to 7 days after they get sick.
- 7. Contd… • Bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes get enlarged. • Sharp line of demarcation between normal and affected lung tissue can be identified with the affected tissue being purple and firm. • Interlobular edema can be found in few cases. • Airways get filled up with blood-tinged fibrinous exudates with peribronchial and perivascular cellular infiltration. • Fibrinous pleuritis is seen in severe cases. • Microscopically lesions show airways filled with exudate, with extensive alveolar atelectasis, interstitial pneumonia and emphysema. • Research revealed that widespread interstitial pneumonia causes hemorrhagic lymph nodes.
- 8. Symptoms…. • Most symptoms are the same as seasonal flu. They can include: • cough • fever • sore throat • stuffy or runny nose • body aches • headache • chills • Fatigue • Rashes • Vomitting and diarrhoea
- 9. Diagnosis… • Clinically by History ( Association with people having the above symptoms) • Nasopharyngeal swab to distinguish type A and B • If Type A, more chances of swine flu • Swine flu is definitively diagnosed by identifying the particular antigens (surface proteins) associated with the virus type in specialized laboratories by PCR • CDC recommended only hospitalized patients' flu virus strains be sent to reference labs to be identified
- 10. Vaccination… • The best treatment for influenza infections in humans is prevention by vaccination Nasal Spray: The first H1N1 vaccine released in early October 2009 was a nasal spray vaccine that was approved for use in healthy individuals ages 2-49 • The nasal spray vaccine contains live virus that have been altered to hinder its ability to replicate in human tissue. People with a suppressed immune system should not get vaccinated with the nasal spray
- 11. The injectable vaccine: • The injectable vaccine, made from killed H1N1, became available in the second week of Oct. 2009. This vaccine was approved for use in ages 6 months to the elderly, including pregnant females. • The flu shot (vaccine) is made from killed virus particles so a person cannot get the flu from a flu shot
- 12. Intradermal (trivalent) vaccine • A new influenza vaccine preparation is the intradermal (trivalent) vaccine is available; it works like the shot except the administration is less painful. It is approved for ages 18-64 years. “Most vaccinies are derived from Egg culture technique” Adverse effects of vaccination: • Flu shot: Soreness, redness, minor swelling at the shot site, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and nausea • Nasal spray: runny nose, low-grade fever, vomiting, headache, wheezing, cough, and sore throat • Intradermal shot: redness, swelling, pain, headache, muscle aches, fatigue
- 13. Antiviral agents: • Two antiviral agents have been reported to help prevent or reduce the effects of swine flu. They are zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) • These drugs should not be used indiscriminately, because viral resistance to them can and has occurred. • Also, they are not recommended if the flu symptoms already have been present for 48 hours or more • Hospitalized patients may still be treated past the 48-hour guideline. • Pregnant females can be treated with the two antiviral agents.