Hogan's History- Tensions Over Slavery

Slavery
System in which individuals were bought, sold, and owned like property.

Slavery Didn’t Just Occur in U.S. History

African Culture
Africans came from many different cultures and a variety of backgrounds
within Africa. They often spoke different languages, had different religious
beliefs, and held different traditions.

Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the
Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries.
The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans from
the central and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans to European
slave traders who then transported them to North and South America.
Most slaves came from West African
coast (Senegal to Angola) The Atlantic
slave trade peaked in the last two
decades of the 18th century
Originally captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to
European and American buyers. About 50 million Africans died or
became slaves during 17th & 18th centuries. Of the 10 to 15 million
Africans sent into slavery in the New World, only about 400,000 came
to North America. (Majority sent to Spanish & Portuguese colonies in
New World)

African Participation in the Slave Trade
Africans played a direct role in the slave
trade. The rise of the large commercial
slave trade driven by European needs
made the desire to go to war on
neighboring villages or enemy ethnic
groups. These prisoners and captives, who
were obtained either from kidnappings or
through raids, were sold to European
buyers. African kings held no particular
loyalty to captive slaves because
they were not considered part of the tribe.
Although Europeans were the market for
slaves they rarely entered the interior of
Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce
African resistance. The enslaved people
would be brought to coastal outposts where
They would be traded for goods.
Enslavement became a major by-product
of internal wars in Africa as kingdoms
expanded through military conflicts, in
many cases through deliberate sponsorship
of benefiting Western European nations.
The slave trade was
profitable and cruel.
People would return
from working in the
fields or from hunting,
and find their families
missing. In some cases,
entire villages were
captured by the slave
traders and loaded onto
ships.
Slave Kidnap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A75AX6zXkYw

Sold for the Price of Copper and Cowrie shells
Copper was the "red gold" of Africa. Copper was
usually worn by women to display their husband's
wealth. The Portuguese crown contracted with
manufacturers in Antwerp and elsewhere to produce
crescent rings with flared ends of wearable size which
came to be called "manilla," after the Latin manus
(hand) or from monilia, plural of monile (necklace).
Cowrie shells: The first use of cowries, the shells of a
mollusk that was widely available in the shallow waters of
the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China. Historically,
many societies have used cowries as money, and even as
recently as the middle of this century, cowries have been
used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely
and longest used currency in history.

The Slave Trade
The slave trade involved
European nations (Dutch,
British, Spanish, and French)
bringing black slaves from
Africa and selling them in the
Americas. By 1820, most
countries banned the slave
trade.
For weeks, months, sometimes as long as a year, they waited in the dungeons of the slave factories scattered along
Africa's western coast. They had already made the long, difficult journey from Africa's interior -- but just barely. Out
of the roughly 20 million who were taken from their homes and sold into slavery, half didn't complete the journey to
the African coast, most of those dying along the way.

Triangular Trade
First leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships
carried supplies for sale or trade. When the ship arrived, its cargo would be
sold or bartered for slaves.
Second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the
New World. Once the ship reached the New World, slaves were sold in the
Caribbean or the American colonies.
Third leg the ship then returned to Europe with raw materials to complete the
triangle.

Instruments of the Trade
Branding Iron, ca. 1790
Eventually the captives were sold to slave brokers and branded with hot irons like
cattle. Branding was common and the general practice of many slave traffickers was
to brand captives twice, once upon purchase in Africa and a second time, at the sale
in the Americas.

Three-Person Ship Shackle
The outside shackles held two adults or adolescents seated in one direction, and the
middle shackles held the person seated in the opposite direction.

Middle Passage Irons, ca. 1700
These shackles were used to immobilize the men and women during the transatlantic
crossing to North America, couth America, and the Caribbean.

Slave Ships
Below Decks Around a Slave Ship
Slaves were delivered aboard ship chained together; they mostly remained so during the voyage. They were released
each day to get some exercise and fresh air (to avoid asphyxiation), to be fed, and to perform the task of removing
bodies of those who had died during the night, after which they were chained up together again.

Slave Ships
Slaves were loaded aboard slave ships (floating prisons)
where men, women, and children were packed into every
inch of space below decks for their voyage to the New World.
Slaves were often chained by their neck and extremities to
deck floor and packed into spaces about the size of a coffin.
In some cases, slaves were shackled by threes to decks only
18” apart in height, in which slaves had to lay on their back
in their own excrement and could not turn over during the
entire voyage.Amistad flogging scene https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjQmbrLVObY
The Middle Passage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMliaXlKxow

The Middle Passage
“Underwater sculpture in
Grenada, memorializing
Africans who jumped or
were forced overboard
during the middle
passage.”
Fully loaded with its human cargo, slave ships set sail for the Americas and
embarked on the infamous Middle Passage (Over-ocean route traveled by slaves
from Africa to the Americas.)
Despite the captain's desire to keep as many slaves as possible alive, Middle
Passage mortality rates were high.
Although it's difficult to
determine how many
Africans died on the way to
the new world, it is now
believed that between 20% to
30% of those transported lost
their lives.
Slaves thrown overboard
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k65oxOc7FIo

Slave Ship Rebellions
Thousands of enslaved Africans tried to overthrow their captors on slave ships
taking them to the Americas. The exact number of shipboard rebellions is
unknown.
On July 2, 1839, Sengbe Pieh (later known in the United States as Joseph
Cinqué) led 53 fellow African captives (49 adults and 4 children), being
transported aboard La Amistad from Havana, in a revolt against their captors.
Mutiny Aboard La Amistad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ena0xfW0_Lo

Domestic Slave Trade
After the international ban of the slave trade in 1720, southern colonies sought
to increase their slave population through natural reproduction. The domestic
slave trade involved the slave and transportation of slaves from the Upper
South to the Deep South and western territories/states.

Southern law did not recognize
slave marriages. Husbands, wives,
and children were often sold
separately.
Domestic Slave Trade
Key & Peele - Auction
Block
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=zB7MichlL
1k
Slave auction [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=TnHKwtXEVTQ
&index=4&list=PLqfl3__af
vEaMcn-
OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Sectionalism
Refers to the economic, social, cultural, and political differences that exist
between different parts of the country.
The North was primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major
roles. While the North was not known for its agricultural production it was the
largest producer of grain. Life was faster and commerce important.
The South was primarily agricultural. The southern economy was primarily based upon
the existence of large family farms known as plantations. Politics were dominated by
wealthy plantation owners.
South- Agriculture Based on Slavery
West- Agriculture
North- Industrial

King Cotton
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to
indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that
the North needed the South's cotton.
In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't
make war against cotton! ... Cotton is king!"

Eli Whitney
He revolutionized the South's economy with the invention of his cotton gin
and greatly impacted the northern economy with his innovative concept of
interchangeable parts.

Cotton Gin
A machine invented around 1790 which allowed people to process harvested
cotton much faster by removing seeds.
Impact: Made slavery and cotton production profitable.
Cotton Gin [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlISIvrFbLs&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-
OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Antebellum (Pre-Civil War South)
Southern
Aristocracy
Most southern whites
were not rich and
most did not own
slaves. Only 5% of
southern families
were wealthy enough
to own several slaves.
The larger
plantations usually
had over 100 slaves.
Plantation System in Southern Life
The plantation economy relied on cheap labor in the
form of slaves to produce tobacco and then cotton. The
plantation lifestyle produced a slower more leisurely
lifestyle. Farmers on the plantation did not do the work
themselves. They were referred to as the
"gentleman farmer."

The Agricultural South
About 40% of southern whites were
small farmers (plain folks) who owned
small farms and worked the land
themselves. If they owned slaves it
would only be about one or two.
Most Southerners were very poor and
didn’t own any land. The Southerners
were called sharecroppers because they
paid rent by sharing their crops with
the land owner. They were so poor they
could not afford any slaves.

Missouri Compromise (1820)
It called for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
In addition, the southern boundary of Missouri, 36°30' N, would become a
dividing line for any new states admitted to the Union.
All new states north of that line would be Free states, while those to the south
would be slave states; it was designed to maintain the balance of power in
Washington, DC.

Tariffs
Levied against imported and manufactured goods, once again hurting the
South and the economy to raise money for the federal government and help
Northern industries.
+$1 Import Tax
Made in Great
Britain
Made in Northern
United States
Cost = $4.00 Cost = $5.00

John C. Calhoun
Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the
North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep
the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.
We are serfs of
the system… The
survival of the
South is at stake.

Why Northerners Wanted Tariffs

Why Southerners Hated Tariffs
(Wanted Free-Trade)

State's Rights
Belief that the federal government should restrict itself to powers specifically
stated in the Constitution, and that all else should be left to the states.
This issue is a direct outgrowth of the South's fear that the North would pass laws that
would hurt its lifestyle.
''All we ask is to
be left alone.''
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi

Doctrine of Nullification
The belief that states have the right to nullify (ignore or cancel) any federal
law they believe is unconstitutional.
Calhoun believed the southern states had the right to
secede, and he openly voiced his opinion. President
Jackson viewed this act as treason and threatened to arrest
Calhoun and hang him.

Secede
Refers to the withdrawal of one (or more) states from the Union that
constitutes the United States; but it may refer to leaving a state or territory
to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a
city or county within a state.

South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832)
Crisis in 1832 when South Carolina threatened to invoke the doctrine of
nullification and secede from the Union if offensive tariffs were not repealed.

Enslaved African Americans
About 85% of African Americans in the pre-Civil War south were enslaved.
Under these conditions there was a total deprivation of freedom.
Slaves worked on southern plantations 12-14 hours per day for no pay.

Slave Populations (1790)
Total U.S. population was
3.5 million.
700,000 slaves in the U.S.
at this time.
Still bought slaves through
the slave trade.

Trial of tears
Total U.S. population
was 18 million.
2 million slaves in the
U.S. at this time.
1808, importation of
slaves was illegal.
Slave trade within the
U.S.
Increase of slave
population was from
natural reproduction.

33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in the South

Mulattos
People of color who had both black and white ancestry.

Free Blacks
These African Americans were free either because they had purchased their
own freedom, their masters had freed them for one reason or another, or
because they were born to free parents.
Most worked as artisans, farmers, or simple laborers, but a few owned
businesses and some even owned black slaves themselves.
Most southerners hated free African Americans. Some
were hanged for the slightest crime.
Bonded slaves on the other hand were considered
property and would be punished by their master (s) and
not killed because of their value as property.

Southern Defense for Maintaining Slavery
The Southern defense for maintaining slavery:
1. Slaves could not take care of themselves.
2. Slaves were saved by Christianity from their wicked & satanic African
worship.
3. Slaves were provided food, clothing, and shelter.
4. Southerners claimed slaves were treated better that immigrant factory
workers in the North.

Indicators of Slave Discontent
Sabotage- Destroy farm machinery and tools.
Shirking Work- Faking pregnancy or illness.
Murder- Sometimes poisoned their master’s food.
Running Away- If caught they would be severely punished.
Sabotage
Farm tools
Faking pregnancy
Running Away

Maroon Settlements
Some fugitives escaped into dense forests, swamps, bayous, or Indian territories.
They would form colonies of “maroons” that maintained their cohesiveness for
many years, sometimes for more than a generation.

Fugitive Slave Law
This law was part of the Compromise of 1850 and required that northern
states forcibly return escaped slaves to their owners in the South. Because
the law was unpopular in the North many northern citizens refused to obey it.
Fugitive Slave Law [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnWokuQ6kcA&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV&index=7

Slave Catchers
Individuals who tracked down and returned runaway slaves for a bounty.
Slave catchers hired by slave owners usually tried to
shoot runaway slaves with birdshot (small pellets) to
knock them down without doing too much injury.
Slaves were considered as valuable property to be
returned unharmed if at all possible. An injured
runaway could be a loss of bounty for the slave
catcher.
Punishment was to be left up to the runaway’s
master.
Slave Catchers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3iLCyxjfEw

Runaway Punishment
Punishment for runaway slaves varied. Some captured
runaways were placed in stocks and forced to stand for
as many hours (or days) as his master or overseer
decided. Other punishments were severe, even fatal,
depending upon the rage felt by the slave owner.
Recaptured slaves were forced to wear various kinds of
slave collars; others were forced to drag heavy ox
chains attached to their legs or necks; some were
burned with hot irons or even had their toes or fingers
amputated.
Whip with Wooden Grip
Such whips were advertised and sold for the punishment of enslaved
men, women, and children.
Whipping of Kunta Kinte
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGTYBbcEvHg
Hobbling (breaking the foot or
ankle with a sledgehammer or in
extreme cases cut off a runaway’s
toes to prevent him from ever
running ago.
Roots: how slaves were named
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ji1eZYRoQL0

Devices Used on Habitual Runaways

The largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
On September 9, 1739, twenty slaves met near the Stono River, South Carolina.
After they killed two storekeepers they took guns and powder from the store
and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Along the way, they burned
houses and killed white slave owners. A group of slave owners eventually
caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves and shot or hanged them.
Stono County Rebellion (1739)
Twenty white Carolinians and 40 slaves were
killed before the rebellion was suppressed.

Gabriel Prosser Rebellion (1800)
Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, and his brother Martin, a slave preacher,
planned a major rebellion in Virginia. They recruited at least a 1,000 slaves
and built up a secret cache of weapons and planned to seize the state capital of
Richmond. When the day of the revolt a violent storm washed out the roads
and bridges leading to Richmond and the planned raid was postponed.
Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers and captured. Prosser and twenty
five of his followers were hanged.

St. Charles Parish Slave Rebellion (1811)
A short-lived slave rebellion outside of New Orleans in January 1811 led by a
mulatto slave named Charles Deslondes. Around 500 gathered, attacked and
burned five plantations to the ground, and killed two white slave owners.
Unable to get the additional arms, the rebellion was put down with 100 slave
deaths. After a quick trial, Deslondes and ninety-five slaves were hanged and
their heads were placed on spikes and placed throughout the parish as a
warning to other slaves.

Denmark Vesey Rebellion (1822)
Denmark Vesey, a free mulatto man living in South Carolina, detested slavery
and took great inspiration from stories of Israelite freedom from bondage in
the Bible. He planned for a major rebellion in 1822 in the city of Charleston.
His plan was simple. Armed slaves would position themselves outside the
houses of whites at night. Other slaves would start a major fire in the city and
when the white men exited their homes to fight the fire, the slaves would kill
them.
Unfortunately, one of Vesey's companions turned him in to the authorities.
Vesey and the other 37 leaders were hanged, but the plot terrified southern
slave owners.
A scene from the play, “Denmark” at the historic
Biograph Theater. Denmark is an evocative drama
about freed slave Denmark Vesey, who allegedly
organized a slave rebellion in Charlestown, South
Carolina in 1822.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)
Slave uprising in 1831. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed
he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in
Virginia. This led to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed.
As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became
more united in their support of fugitive slave laws.
Nat Turner Short Film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wub3XUoQAgQ

Slave Codes
Strict laws enacted in the wake of the Nat Turner incident which restricted the
conduct and activities of slaves in order to keep them under control.
• Slaves could not leave their master’s land without written consent.
• Made it a crime to teach slaves how to read or write so they couldn’t read
maps and make it easier to run away.
• Slaves could not testify in court against a white person.
• Slaves could not possess any type of firearm
Countless people were lynched in the South. Some African-
American woman were hanged for secretly teaching other
slaves how to read and write.
Slaves were required to carry passes from their
masters if they were to leave the plantation.
Actor Richard Josey, portraying a slave, is
stopped and questioned by members of the
slave patrol performed as part of Enslaving
Virginia, a new program in Williamsburg.

Slave Codes
Metal tags that slaves had to wear at all times when leaving their owner’s
property. If caught without the tags would merit severe punishment.

Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848
Sec. I. Capital Offenses.
1. The following shall be considered as capital offences every and each of
these offences shall, on conviction, be punished with death.
• Insurrection, or an attempt to excite it committed by a slave or free person
of color.
• Committing a rape, or attempting it on a free white female.
• Murder of a free white person, or murder of a slave or free person of color.
• Poisoning of a human being.
Example of a Slave Code or Law #1

Slave Code of the State of Georgia, 1848
2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves to runaway.
If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing any
slave or slaves to runaway shall, for each and every such offence, on conviction,
be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for one year.
3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color to read.
If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teach any
other slave, Negro, or free person of color, to read or write either written or
printed characters, the said free person of color or slave shall be punished by
fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of the court.
Example of a Slave Code or Law # 2

Tensions Over Slavery [Part 01] Review
1. Explain the three legs of the triangular trade.
2. Describe life under slavery in the pre-Civil War south.
3. Compare and contrast the North and the South during the pre-Civil War.
4. What were some of the South’s defenses for maintaining slavery?
5. What were some indicators of slave discontent?
6. Who was Nat Turner and what effect did he have on Southerners?
7. What were slave codes? In what ways did they discriminate against
African-Americans?

Abolitionists and the Anti-Slavery Movement
The effort to do away with slavery which began in the North in the 1700s.
It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840.
Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the
1830's to the Civil War.

Abolitionists
Social reformers who wanted to end slavery.
Clotee's Diary [United Streaming] http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/CDEF0DC2-50E5-4F69-8721-33977944B82A

American Colonization Society
Founded in 1817, this organization offered to buy slaves from southern
owners and send all slaves back to Africa (Liberia).
Abandoned after it was concluded it would be too costly.
Liberia
Liberia

William Lloyd Garrison
Neal Huff portrays William Lloyd
Garrison, editor of The Liberator, in
the PBS series ‘The Abolitionists.’
PBS: The Abolitionists
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GT2yNPJQ8
A New England abolitionist, who became the editor of the Boston publication,
The Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame
and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking
everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating
northern secession.
William Lloyd Garrison: One of the
leading Abolitionists in Massachusetts.

Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglas: Escaped from servitude in Baltimore
in 1838. He became the national voice of the abolitionist
{anti-slavery} movement.
Frederick Douglass [The Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bwPFi_QYfQ&index=5&list=PLqfl3__a
fvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV
African American abolitionist who escaped slavery in Maryland, educated
himself and became the most prominent African American speaker for the
abolition of slavery.

Grimke Sisters
Sarah and Angelina Grimke were members of a prominent slaveholding
family in South Carolina who became abolitionists and won national acclaim
for their passionate anti-slavery speeches.
Famous abolitionists Sarah and Angelina Grimke (as recreated by
Susan Lenoe and Lani Peterson) PBS: The Abolitionists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67Swj2usumY

Henry “Box” Brown
Henry Brown, a Virginia slave escaped to freedom by
shipping himself to Philadelphia. With a small supply of
biscuits, water, and a small hand drill, he got into a box and
was sealed inside. It was a long uncomfortable trip, but he
arrived to the Anti-Slavery Society in Philadelphia and
freedom twenty-six hours later. From that day on he was
known as Henry “Box” Brown, a hero to the anti-slavery
cause.
Henry “Box” Brown
“The Saga of Henry ‘Box’ Brown”
is now a play presented by actors
on stage.
Behind the Scenes of Delivery..The Henry Box Brown Show
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Io7BH1dgWQ

Wilmot Proviso
Bill proposed by David Wilmot that advocated banning slavery from any land
taken from Mexico. Northerners embraced the idea, but southerners denounced
it. Congress eventually voted down the Wilmot Proviso, especially in the South.
David Wilmot, a abolitionist congressman from
Massachusetts proposed that slavery should be
banned in the lands taken from Mexico at the
conclusion of the Mexican-American War.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that denounced slavery as being an
evil institution.
In its first year of publication in 1852 over 300,000 copies were sold .
Copies of the anti-slavery novel, “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.” This book fueled the anti-slavery
movement.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
When Lincoln met her shortly
after the Civil War began, he
amusingly stated "So you are the
little woman who wrote the book
that started this great war!"

Underground Railroad (Not a Real Railroad)
A secret network began in 1831 of abolitionists, hiding places, safe houses, and
escape routes used to help slaves escape from the South to Canada.
Between 1831 to 1860, over 50,000 slaves escaped to freedom via the
Underground Railroad.
Members used code words such as “passenger” for a fugitive slave; “station” for a safe house or rest stop; “station master” for the
keeper of the safe house; and “conductors” for people who guided slaves on their road to freedom.

Underground Railroad Code Words
Baggage Escaping slaves
Bundles of wood Fugitives to be expected
Canaan Canada
Drinking gourd Big Dipper and the North star
Forwarding Taking fugitive slaves from station to station
Freedom Train The Underground Railroad
Gospel Train The Underground Railroad
Heaven or Promised land Canada
Load of Potatoes Escaping slaves hidden under the farm produce in a wagon
Moses Harriet Tubman
Parcel Fugitives to be expected
Preachers Leaders, speakers underground railroad
River Jordan The Mississippi
Shepherds People escorting slaves
Station Place of safety and temporary refuge, safe-house
Station Master Keeper of safe-house
Stockholder Donor of money, clothing, or food to the Underground Railroad

Underground Railroad Phrases
"The wind blows from the South today" A warning to Underground Railroad workers that
fugitive slaves were in the area.
"When the sun comes back and the first
quail calls”
A particular time of year good for escaping (early
spring)
"The river bank makes a mighty good
road”
A reminder that the tracking dogs can't follow the
scent through the water.
"The dead trees will show you the way" A reminder that moss grows on the NORTH side of
dead trees (just in case the stars aren't visible)
"Left foot, peg foot" A visual clue for escapees left by an Underground
Railroad worker famous because of his wooden leg.
"The river ends between two hills" A clue for the directions to the Ohio River
"A friend with friends" A password used to signal arrival of fugitives with
Underground Railroad conductor
"The friend of a friend sent me" A password used by fugitives travelling alone to
indicate they were sent by the Underground
Railroad network
"Steal away, steal away, steal away to
Jesus"
(Words to a song) - used to alert other slaves that
an escape attempt was coming up

Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)
The Underground Railroad’s most famous conductor.
Nicknamed, “Moses” after the biblical character, Tubman escaped and made
more than 19 missions to rescue more than 300 slaves using the network known
as the Underground Railroad.
When the American Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first
as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy.
There was a $40,000 bounty was placed on her head
Harriet Tubman [Horrible Histories] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsz5xIHyEWQ
Harriet Tubman [Story of US] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShAE2eWcvTw&index=6&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Sojourner Truth
An African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist.
After going to court to recover her son, she became the first black woman to
win such a case against a white man.
During the Civil War, Truth helped recruit black troops for the Union Army.

Dred Scott Decision
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the
northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri
Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he
couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
(pronounced "Tawny")
As chief justice, he wrote the
important decision in the Dred
Scott case, upholding police power
of states and asserting the
principle of social responsibility of
private property. He was
Southern and upheld the fugitive
slave laws.
Dred Scotthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jECsex61lg

Birth of the Republican Party
In 1854, a coalition of northern Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers who
opposed slavery came together to form this political party.

Popular Sovereignty
Meant that the people in certain states and territories would vote on whether or
not to allow slavery.
YES
NO

Compromise of 1850
1. Admitted California to the Union as a free state and declared the
unorganized western territories free as well.
2. Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by
popular sovereignty.
3. Abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave
laws.
Slave auctions were banned in Washington, D.C. so not
to leave a negative impression with foreign dignitaries.
However, slavery was allowed to continue since many
Southern congressman brought along their house
servants (i.e. slaves.)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of
congressional non-intervention in the territories.
Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and
Nebraska would be slave or free states.
Its guidelines effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and reignited the
slavery issue and resulted in a bloody civil war within Kansas.
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 Video

Bleeding Kansas
Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from
Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and
terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from
Kansas carried out reprisal attacks.
The violence continued for four years before the antislavery forces won.

John Brown & Pottawatomie Creek
John Brown and Bleeding Kansas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUp1cS2ec0M
John Brown a radical abolitionist who some considered a madman [because he
claimed to hear God’s voice speaking to him] wanted to free slaves without
payment to their owners.
Feared by Southerners as well as by fellow abolitionists, John Brown and his
sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek on May 24, 1856
during the Bleeding Kansas conflict.
In May 1856, John Brown joined by six of his sons, dragged five unarmed pro-slavery men and boys
from their homes along Kansas's Pottawatomie Creek, and hacked and dismembered their bodies as if
they were cattle being butchered in a stockyard.

Charles Sumner (1856)
Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the
South for crimes against Kansas and singled out the elderly Senator Andrew
Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse. Sen. Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks
beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the
first Republican martyr.
Following the caning of Charles Sumner by U.S.
Representative Preston Brooks, hundreds of
southerners sent him canes to show their support
with inscribed massages such as, “Hit Him Again.”
Charles Sumner
Preston Brooks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-AU5zgyUYQ

Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
A series of seven debates between Stephen Douglas & Abraham Lincoln for the
vacant Senate seat in Illinois.
The two debated the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty and
the Dred Scott decision. In the end, Douglas won these debates because he
convinced voters that Lincoln was a radical abolitionist.
Abraham Lincoln an Illinois lawyer
ran for the Illinois state Senate, but
lost to Stephen Douglas in 1858. In
1860, Lincoln became the first
Republican elected as U.S. president.
Although Lincoln disliked slavery, he
never planned to abolish slavery until
after the Civil War began.
Lincoln and Douglas were friends
despite their heated debates in the
1858 senate election.
Illinois

Lincoln's “House Divided” Speech
In his speech for his nomination to
the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln
paraphrased from the Bible: "A
house divided against itself cannot
stand."
He continued, "I do not believe this
government can continue half slave
and half free, I do not expect the
Union to be dissolved.
I do not expect the house to fall, but
I do believe it will cease to be
divided."

John Brown's Raid (1859)
Lt. Colonel
Robert E. Lee
was dispatched
to end John
Brown’s raid at
Harper’s ferry.
Ten members of Brown’s party died in the raid
(including two of Brown's sons), four townsmen, and
one marine. Seven of Brown's men escaped, but two
were later captured.
Plot led by John Brown, in which he and a band of radical abolitionists attacked
the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry and seize weapons and give them to slaves
who could then rise up in armed rebellion. The plan failed

John Brown’s Trial
At his trial, John Brown was found guilty and sentenced to hang.
On the morning of his execution, December 2, he wrote out with a steady hand
his final prophecy, “I am quite certain that the crimes of this guilt land will
never be purged away but with blood.” Within a year the country will be at
war over slavery.
John Brown’s Trial [The Blue & the Gray] http://www.zikibay.com/brown/vid_bluegray.html

Election of 1860
The Candidates

Lincoln won the election dispute not being placed on several
Southern states’ voting ballots.
Election of Abraham Lincoln & Southern Secession [Story of US]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-l8FJShCsE&index=9&list=PLqfl3__afvEaMcn-OjrIvfmT6Ix5XfaHV

Causes of the Civil War (Part II) Review
Identify the abolitionist movement and Describe some of its predominant leaders.
Review the purpose of the Underground Railroad? Describe how did it work? And
provide examples of its hidden messages.
Define popular sovereignty? Explain how “Bleeding Kansas” earned its name?
Summarize the founding of the Republican Party and Explain its political platform.
Identify John Brown? Explain why did he cause wide-spread fear in the South?
Explain why did the abolitionists make him a martyr (hero for the cause)?
Summarize each candidate’s political agenda (platform) during the 1860 Presidential
Election. Identify who won the election and Assess what impact did his election have on
U.S. history?

Clotee's Diary [United Streaming]
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/CDEF0DC2-50E5-4F69-8721-
33977944B82A

Hogan's History- Tensions Over Slavery

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