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SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATITIS.pdf
Superficial punctate keratitis by optometry fans site, definition of SPK, causes of superficial punctate keratitis, symptoms of superficial punctate keratitis, treatment of superficial punctate keratitis, management and treatment of SPK
Sl exam pt i
The document discusses slit lamp examination, which allows detailed examination of eye structures using high magnification. It describes the three main components of a slit lamp: the observation system including lenses and eyepiece, illumination system including light source and filters, and mechanical system for adjusting positioning. Various illumination techniques are outlined including diffuse, direct focal, indirect, retro-illumination and specular reflection. Specific uses and methods for examining different eye structures are provided. Specialized uses of slit lamps for procedures like gonioscopy and laser treatment are also mentioned.
Mooren’s ulcer
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Corneal edema
Corneal edema occurs when the cornea swells and increases in thickness due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the stroma. The key causes of corneal edema include mechanical trauma, glaucoma, contact lens overuse, endothelial dystrophies, and bullous keratopathy. Corneal edema is evaluated using slit lamp examination, pachymetry, and imaging modalities like OCT and specular microscopy which measure corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include controlling IOP, removing contact lenses, or performing keratoplasty in severe cases.
Double elevator palsy
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Uveitis
This document discusses anterior uveitis, which is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. Symptoms of anterior uveitis include pain, redness, loss of vision, swelling, and exudate in various structures of the eye. Exudate can appear as cells and flare in the anterior chamber, keratic precipitates on the cornea, and posterior synechiae adhesions between the iris and lens. Increased pressure within the eye can also occur due to exudate, leading to vision loss from glaucoma.
Keratoplasty associated complications
This document discusses various complications that can occur after keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). It summarizes early post-operative complications such as shallow anterior chamber, wound leak, iris incarceration, wound dehiscence, and suture-related problems. It also discusses late complications that can occur months or years after surgery, including graft rejection, infectious crystalline keratopathy, corneal membranes, cataract, astigmatism, glaucoma, and recurrence of the original recipient corneal disorder. For each complication, the document provides details on causes, risk factors, clinical features, prevention strategies and management approaches.
Recommended
SUPERFICIAL PUNCTATE KERATITIS.pdf
Superficial punctate keratitis by optometry fans site, definition of SPK, causes of superficial punctate keratitis, symptoms of superficial punctate keratitis, treatment of superficial punctate keratitis, management and treatment of SPK
Sl exam pt i
The document discusses slit lamp examination, which allows detailed examination of eye structures using high magnification. It describes the three main components of a slit lamp: the observation system including lenses and eyepiece, illumination system including light source and filters, and mechanical system for adjusting positioning. Various illumination techniques are outlined including diffuse, direct focal, indirect, retro-illumination and specular reflection. Specific uses and methods for examining different eye structures are provided. Specialized uses of slit lamps for procedures like gonioscopy and laser treatment are also mentioned.
Mooren’s ulcer
Mooren's ulcer is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by a chronic, painful peripheral corneal ulcer. It is more common in males and older individuals. Treatment involves a stepwise approach starting with topical steroids, then conjunctival resection to remove inflammatory cells, followed by systemic immunosuppressants if needed. Later stages may require additional surgeries like lamellar keratectomy or keratoplasty to promote healing and rehabilitation of the cornea. The goals are to arrest the destructive process and promote reepithelialization of the corneal surface.
Corneal edema
Corneal edema occurs when the cornea swells and increases in thickness due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the stroma. The key causes of corneal edema include mechanical trauma, glaucoma, contact lens overuse, endothelial dystrophies, and bullous keratopathy. Corneal edema is evaluated using slit lamp examination, pachymetry, and imaging modalities like OCT and specular microscopy which measure corneal thickness and endothelial cell density. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include controlling IOP, removing contact lenses, or performing keratoplasty in severe cases.
Double elevator palsy
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Uveitis
This document discusses anterior uveitis, which is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body. Symptoms of anterior uveitis include pain, redness, loss of vision, swelling, and exudate in various structures of the eye. Exudate can appear as cells and flare in the anterior chamber, keratic precipitates on the cornea, and posterior synechiae adhesions between the iris and lens. Increased pressure within the eye can also occur due to exudate, leading to vision loss from glaucoma.
Keratoplasty associated complications
This document discusses various complications that can occur after keratoplasty (corneal transplantation). It summarizes early post-operative complications such as shallow anterior chamber, wound leak, iris incarceration, wound dehiscence, and suture-related problems. It also discusses late complications that can occur months or years after surgery, including graft rejection, infectious crystalline keratopathy, corneal membranes, cataract, astigmatism, glaucoma, and recurrence of the original recipient corneal disorder. For each complication, the document provides details on causes, risk factors, clinical features, prevention strategies and management approaches.
Synoptophore 2
The optom faslu muhammed is a haploscopic device used to assess binocular vision. It consists of two tubes mounted on a base with a chin rest and forehead rest. Each tube contains a light source, slide carrier, reflecting mirror, and +6.50D eye piece. It is used to test various grades of binocular vision like simultaneous macular perception, fusion, and stereopsis using different slides. It can also be used to measure the inter-pupillary distance, angle of deviation, and range of fusion.
Common cases: Anterior Chamber and Iris
This document provides information on examining the anterior chamber and iris during a slit lamp examination. It discusses examining the anterior chamber depth using the Van Herick method and grading the angle closure risk. It describes signs that may be seen in the anterior chamber including cells, flare, foreign bodies, and emulsified silicone oil. Various iris findings are outlined such as coloboma, transillumination patterns, lesions like naevi, and heterochromia. Causes of different iris findings are also provided.
Choroidal neovascularisation(cnv)
This document discusses choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which is the abnormal growth of blood vessels from the choroid into the retina or subretinal space. It is a cause of vision loss and the main feature of exudative age-related macular degeneration. The document defines CNV and lists various conditions that can cause it. It then focuses on CNV caused by age-related macular degeneration, covering risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnostic findings on fluorescein angiography and OCT, and various treatment options including anti-VEGF drugs, photodynamic therapy, and laser photocoagulation.
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Bacterial keratitis
This document discusses bacterial keratitis, including common pathogens, risk factors, symptoms, signs, investigations, management, and visual rehabilitation. It notes that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. Risk factors include contact lens wear and ocular surface disease. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, with fluoroquinolones or combination therapy used. Steroids may be added after initial antibiotic treatment but are avoided if thinning/perforation occur. Systemic antibiotics are used if systemic involvement is possible. Surgical intervention like patching or keratoplasty may be needed for perforations or dense scarring.
Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.
Ophthalmology lectures : Type of Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy.. fuchs endothelial dystrophy which is common in old age
Hereditary macular dystrophies
This document provides information on hereditary macular dystrophies. It discusses several specific conditions including X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Stargardt's disease, Best disease, and Fundus flavimaculatus. Key points covered include genetics, clinical features, imaging findings, and management for each condition. An anatomical basis for classification of macular dystrophies is also presented.
Corneal dystrophies
1. The document discusses various types of corneal dystrophies, including epithelial, stromal, and Descemet membrane dystrophies.
2. Corneal dystrophies are classified based on which layer of the cornea is affected and their clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics. The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies provides the current classification system.
3. Specific dystrophies discussed include epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy, Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy, Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy, lattice corneal dystrophy types 1 and 2, and granular corneal dystrophy type 1. Details are provided on inheritance patterns, genetic causes
"Pentacam" from the beginning
Everything you should know about corneal tomography. A summary of all top books about the issue.
For online presentations see my YouTube channel - Eye - Dr. Tuti
optic of contact lens
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses. It begins by explaining principles of geometric, physical and ophthalmic optics as they relate to contact lenses. It then describes magnification, accommodation, convergence, and visual field effects of contact lenses compared to spectacles. Several optical advantages of contact lenses are discussed such as lack of astigmatism, distortion, or chromatic aberration. However, some optical disadvantages are also noted like ghost images, issues with toric lens rotation, and contact lenses being less suitable for axial ametropia. In summary, the document provides an overview of how contact lenses affect various optical properties compared to spectacles.
Amniotic membrane in ophthalmology
This presentation describes the nature of amniotic membrane grafts, Indications, and limitations with presentation of two cases of corneal perforations treated with it as a self experience
Blue laser autoflouroscence
This document discusses blue laser autofluorescence imaging. It begins by explaining the principle of fundus autofluorescence, which uses the fluorescent properties of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium. It then describes different autofluorescence imaging systems, focusing on confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes and modified fundus cameras. The document provides details on the technical aspects and mechanisms of these systems. It also discusses the interpretation of autofluorescence images and their clinical applications in evaluating diseases like age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and geographic atrophy.
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the vitreous and the inner coats of the eye. This inflammation leads to infection which is caused by fungi or bacteria.
Ocular trauma
The document discusses ocular trauma, providing classifications and guidelines for clinical evaluation and management. It describes the epidemiology of eye injuries and classifications for closed and open globe injuries. Evaluation involves history, exam, and potential investigations. Closed injuries include contusions while open injuries include ruptures and lacerations. Management depends on the injury type and aims to repair anatomy and maximize vision. Chemical burns require copious irrigation and treatments to normalize pH.
Infantile congenital esotropia
Clinical Approach for The Congenital Esotropia, Inward deviation of the visual axes, with an onset before 6 months of age ..
Viral Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management and Latest Guidelines
This document summarizes viral keratitis, with a focus on herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and types of HSV keratitis infections including congenital, neonatal, primary ocular, and recurrent ocular infections. It describes the characteristic presentations of HSV epithelial keratitis including dendritic ulcers, as well as various forms of stromal keratitis such as necrotizing, non-necrotizing, disciform, diffuse, and linear keratitis. Complications such as iridocyclitis, trabeculitis, and endotheliitis are also summarized.
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION by Fritz Allen MD COPE ID 31524-CL
Branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVOs) are caused by compression of the retinal vein by an adjacent artery, causing turbulent blood flow and thrombus formation. This leads to retinal ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization. While BRVOs are typically idiopathic, risk factors include hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombophilic conditions. Treatment involves monitoring for complications like macular edema and neovascularization, and using corticosteroids, anti-VEGF agents, laser photocoagulation, or vitrectomy depending on the case. Prognosis depends on how distal the occlusion is from the optic disc, with more distal occlusions having a better visual outcome.
Common ocular allergy
This document summarizes common ocular allergies and their treatment. It discusses the anatomy of the eye and approaches to diagnosing itchy eyes. Common allergic diseases include allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and giant papillae conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by an IgE-mediated inflammatory response and accounts for many seasonal cases related to pollen. Treatment includes cold compresses, artificial tears, topical antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, topical corticosteroids, and immunomodulators for severe cases.
Accommodating IOLs
This document discusses challenges and new technologies for accommodating intraocular lenses to treat presbyopia. It summarizes several hinged and dual-optic accommodating IOL designs currently in development or clinical trials, including their mean accommodative amplitudes. However, it notes that fibrosis and capsular contraction often reduce accommodative abilities over time for hinged lenses. Other challenges include determining optimal lens powers and preventing complications. The document explores several experimental technologies as well, but notes many hurdles remain to restoring full accommodation.
Retinal diagram dr sabin sahu
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
More Related Content
What's hot
Synoptophore 2
The optom faslu muhammed is a haploscopic device used to assess binocular vision. It consists of two tubes mounted on a base with a chin rest and forehead rest. Each tube contains a light source, slide carrier, reflecting mirror, and +6.50D eye piece. It is used to test various grades of binocular vision like simultaneous macular perception, fusion, and stereopsis using different slides. It can also be used to measure the inter-pupillary distance, angle of deviation, and range of fusion.
Common cases: Anterior Chamber and Iris
This document provides information on examining the anterior chamber and iris during a slit lamp examination. It discusses examining the anterior chamber depth using the Van Herick method and grading the angle closure risk. It describes signs that may be seen in the anterior chamber including cells, flare, foreign bodies, and emulsified silicone oil. Various iris findings are outlined such as coloboma, transillumination patterns, lesions like naevi, and heterochromia. Causes of different iris findings are also provided.
Choroidal neovascularisation(cnv)
This document discusses choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which is the abnormal growth of blood vessels from the choroid into the retina or subretinal space. It is a cause of vision loss and the main feature of exudative age-related macular degeneration. The document defines CNV and lists various conditions that can cause it. It then focuses on CNV caused by age-related macular degeneration, covering risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnostic findings on fluorescein angiography and OCT, and various treatment options including anti-VEGF drugs, photodynamic therapy, and laser photocoagulation.
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Bacterial keratitis
This document discusses bacterial keratitis, including common pathogens, risk factors, symptoms, signs, investigations, management, and visual rehabilitation. It notes that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes. Risk factors include contact lens wear and ocular surface disease. Treatment involves topical antibiotics, with fluoroquinolones or combination therapy used. Steroids may be added after initial antibiotic treatment but are avoided if thinning/perforation occur. Systemic antibiotics are used if systemic involvement is possible. Surgical intervention like patching or keratoplasty may be needed for perforations or dense scarring.
Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.
Ophthalmology lectures : Type of Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy.. fuchs endothelial dystrophy which is common in old age
Hereditary macular dystrophies
This document provides information on hereditary macular dystrophies. It discusses several specific conditions including X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Stargardt's disease, Best disease, and Fundus flavimaculatus. Key points covered include genetics, clinical features, imaging findings, and management for each condition. An anatomical basis for classification of macular dystrophies is also presented.
Corneal dystrophies
1. The document discusses various types of corneal dystrophies, including epithelial, stromal, and Descemet membrane dystrophies.
2. Corneal dystrophies are classified based on which layer of the cornea is affected and their clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics. The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies provides the current classification system.
3. Specific dystrophies discussed include epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy, Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy, Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy, lattice corneal dystrophy types 1 and 2, and granular corneal dystrophy type 1. Details are provided on inheritance patterns, genetic causes
"Pentacam" from the beginning
Everything you should know about corneal tomography. A summary of all top books about the issue.
For online presentations see my YouTube channel - Eye - Dr. Tuti
optic of contact lens
This document discusses the optical properties of contact lenses. It begins by explaining principles of geometric, physical and ophthalmic optics as they relate to contact lenses. It then describes magnification, accommodation, convergence, and visual field effects of contact lenses compared to spectacles. Several optical advantages of contact lenses are discussed such as lack of astigmatism, distortion, or chromatic aberration. However, some optical disadvantages are also noted like ghost images, issues with toric lens rotation, and contact lenses being less suitable for axial ametropia. In summary, the document provides an overview of how contact lenses affect various optical properties compared to spectacles.
Amniotic membrane in ophthalmology
This presentation describes the nature of amniotic membrane grafts, Indications, and limitations with presentation of two cases of corneal perforations treated with it as a self experience
Blue laser autoflouroscence
This document discusses blue laser autofluorescence imaging. It begins by explaining the principle of fundus autofluorescence, which uses the fluorescent properties of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium. It then describes different autofluorescence imaging systems, focusing on confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopes and modified fundus cameras. The document provides details on the technical aspects and mechanisms of these systems. It also discusses the interpretation of autofluorescence images and their clinical applications in evaluating diseases like age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and geographic atrophy.
Endophthalmitis
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the vitreous and the inner coats of the eye. This inflammation leads to infection which is caused by fungi or bacteria.
Ocular trauma
The document discusses ocular trauma, providing classifications and guidelines for clinical evaluation and management. It describes the epidemiology of eye injuries and classifications for closed and open globe injuries. Evaluation involves history, exam, and potential investigations. Closed injuries include contusions while open injuries include ruptures and lacerations. Management depends on the injury type and aims to repair anatomy and maximize vision. Chemical burns require copious irrigation and treatments to normalize pH.
Infantile congenital esotropia
Clinical Approach for The Congenital Esotropia, Inward deviation of the visual axes, with an onset before 6 months of age ..
Viral Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management and Latest Guidelines
This document summarizes viral keratitis, with a focus on herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. It discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and types of HSV keratitis infections including congenital, neonatal, primary ocular, and recurrent ocular infections. It describes the characteristic presentations of HSV epithelial keratitis including dendritic ulcers, as well as various forms of stromal keratitis such as necrotizing, non-necrotizing, disciform, diffuse, and linear keratitis. Complications such as iridocyclitis, trabeculitis, and endotheliitis are also summarized.
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION by Fritz Allen MD COPE ID 31524-CL
Branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVOs) are caused by compression of the retinal vein by an adjacent artery, causing turbulent blood flow and thrombus formation. This leads to retinal ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization. While BRVOs are typically idiopathic, risk factors include hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombophilic conditions. Treatment involves monitoring for complications like macular edema and neovascularization, and using corticosteroids, anti-VEGF agents, laser photocoagulation, or vitrectomy depending on the case. Prognosis depends on how distal the occlusion is from the optic disc, with more distal occlusions having a better visual outcome.
Common ocular allergy
This document summarizes common ocular allergies and their treatment. It discusses the anatomy of the eye and approaches to diagnosing itchy eyes. Common allergic diseases include allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and giant papillae conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by an IgE-mediated inflammatory response and accounts for many seasonal cases related to pollen. Treatment includes cold compresses, artificial tears, topical antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, topical corticosteroids, and immunomodulators for severe cases.
Accommodating IOLs
This document discusses challenges and new technologies for accommodating intraocular lenses to treat presbyopia. It summarizes several hinged and dual-optic accommodating IOL designs currently in development or clinical trials, including their mean accommodative amplitudes. However, it notes that fibrosis and capsular contraction often reduce accommodative abilities over time for hinged lenses. Other challenges include determining optimal lens powers and preventing complications. The document explores several experimental technologies as well, but notes many hurdles remain to restoring full accommodation.
Retinal diagram dr sabin sahu
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
What's hot (20)
Viral Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management and Latest Guidelines
Viral Keratitis: Diagnosis, Management and Latest Guidelines
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION by Fritz Allen MD COPE ID 31524-CL
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION by Fritz Allen MD COPE ID 31524-CL
More from www.tipfakultesi. org
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Göz travmaları (fazlası için www.tipfakultesi.org )
- 4. Blow-out kırığı Akut dönemde hasta burnunu sümkürmeyecek! nasal dekonjestan ve sis. Antibiyotik ted Ödem ve inflamasyon 7-10 günde çözülür İki hafta sonra diplopi devam ederse orbital içerik sıkışıyor! Devam eden Çift görme varsa cerrahi
- 9. ÖN SEGMENT TRAVMALARI Şiddetli ağrı, fotofobi, sulanma Fluoroseinle boyandığında mavi ışıkta yeşil renkli görülür En iyi tedavi gözün kapatılmasıdır
- 11. hifema
- 13. Travmatik Katarakt Tipleri Kontüzyon Kataraktı: Subkapsüler opasiteler Metalik Travma: Metallozis bulbi sendromu Sunflower Kataraktı: Ön subkapsüler yerleşimli yeşil-kahve renkli katarakt
- 15. Compact Disc
- 16. Ekimoz, hematom, subkonjuntival kanama
- 20. GÖRÜNTÜLEME YÖNTEMLERİ Radyografi Ultrasonografi Bilgisayarlı Tomografi(BT) Magnetik Rezonans (MR)
- 21. RADYOGRAFİ Basit ve ucuz bir yöntemdir Caldwell ve Water’s grafileri ile orbita kırıkları yada göz ve orbita içi metalik Y.C’ler saptanabilir Non metalik YC’lerde genellikle yetersizdir
- 22. Cam, plastik iyi tolere edilebilir. Ridley - GİL
- 23. MAGNETİK REZONANS (MR) Cam, odun, plastik gibi YC’lerin tespitinde ve yumuşak doku travmalarında travmalarınd üstündür Magnetik YC’lerin varlığında kullanımı kontrendikedir!
- 28. Koroid ve Bruch Membran Rüptürü
- 29. Mirza GE, Ekinciler ÖF, Karaküçük S: Diagnosis and management of a biorbital pencil injury: Case Report. Acta Ophthalmologica 71: 266-269; 1993. Kliniğimizden bir olgu
- 33. Comberg grafisi Kliniğimizden bir olgu
- 34. Referanslar: http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_vol http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_vo Ocular trauma: principles and practice. Yazar: Ferenc Kuhn,Dante J. Pieramici. Thieme, New York. 2002