The document discusses the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, detailing its architectural significance, design by Frank Gehry, and its impact on the city's redevelopment. Constructed using innovative 3D modeling and covered with titanium tiles, the building has become a symbol of contemporary art and urban renewal. While it has revitalized Bilbao's economy and civil pride, some critics question its role as a public space and the cultural implications of its dominance over local identity.

1. Guggenheim
Museum
Bilbao, Spain
All rights reserved. Rights belong to their respective owners.
Available free for non-commercial and personal use.
First created 5 Oct 2013. Version 1.0 - 1 Nov 2013. Jerry Tse. London.

2. Architecture
Architecture is the most functional of all the arts. The building must fulfil its purpose. Designs
and constructions are based on engineering and material sciences. Architects are highly skill
professionals. (Above) The Sydney Opera House was completed in 1973. Computer was
used in its designs.

3. Architecture
Prestigious architecture has always been used as a statement of wealth and power. Today
countries are competing to build the tallest building in the world, to announce that they have
arrived. The above is Beijing’s Bird Nest stadium, it is the China’s declaration that the
country has entered a new era.

4. Spanish
Architecture
In early 1900s, Antoni Gaudi’s began to take a radical approach to architecture, in
Barcelona. He saw architecture as art. So Spain is familiar with the idea of architectural art.
The above is his most well-known building, Sagrada Familia, the cathedral of Barcelona. It
was finished only in November 2010.

5. Spanish
Architecture
In recent years Spanish architecture was noted for the Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias
(the City of Arts and Sciences) designed by Santiago Calatrava and Felix Candela, in
Valencia. It was inaugurated in 1998 with the opening of L’Hemisferic (The Hemisphere).

6. The Revival
of Bilbao
Bilbao is the largest city in the Basque Country. It has a population close to a million. In 1980s its
industrial base declined rapidly, leading to high unemployment and a shrinking population. In the
1990s, a series of construction projects were launched to transform city to a service economy.
spearheaded by the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum, a new transport system, the Conference Centre,
the Concert Hall, the Iberdrola tower etc.

7. Guggenheim
The Basque government put up US$100m for the construction of the Guggenheim
Museum building and invited the Solomon R Guggenheim Foundation to maintain and to
run the museum. At the time, the foundation already had a museum in New York,
designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (see above) and another museum in Venice.

8. The Architect
Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles.
Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto.
The architect of the Bilbao Guggenheim
Museum is Frank Gehry, who was born
in 1929 in Toronto. He is responsible
for many prestige buildings in the world,
including the Los Angeles Disney
Concert Hall (2003) and the Art Gallery
of Ontario, Toronto (2004).

9. The Plan
The plan was to build a museum comprised of mostly curved surfaces. Some said it cannot
be built. The design was specified by a 3D computer model, with some 56,000 reference
points. The model was used by numerically controlled machines for the production of
building components. It was also used to calculate the structural loadings and stresses on
the building. The use of the 3D computer model was a critical factor in the construction of
such a monumental building sculpture. The building is one of the most admired architecture
in last decade of the 20C. It was inaugurated in 1997.
Above is a sketch of the museum by the architect Gehry

10. Construction
The museum is built on the site of a shipyard. The main building is made up of a massive
supporting steel structure with a thin skin of titanium tiles, protecting the building from its
environment.

11. Construction
The steel girders come in many shapes and sizes. The 3D computer model was used to
specified each girder, to be made individually.

12. The steel structure is made up of
three structural frames. The
primarily
steel
girder
frame
supports the weight of the building.
The secondary sheathing frame is
fixed onto the steel girders, defining
and support the curved surfaces.
Lastly the tertiary frame is used for
fixing the titanium tiles to form the
skin for the building.
Construction

13. Construction
The titanium tiles are used to cover the building. Titanium is very strong and very
resistance to corrosion. Bilbao was one of the most polluted city in Europe in the 1980s.

14. Construction
Titanium resistance to corrosion is due to a thin layer of titanium oxide formed on the
surface of the metal, which also gives the building its golden colour.
Above is the
reflections on the building in the rain.

15. Credit Ben Ho
Construction
Titanium reflects light like a soap bubble giving it a range of rainbow colours. Because of
its curve surfaces, the building is very effective in catching the natural light or the sunlight.
Above is the reflections on the building on a sunny morning with a clear sky.

16. Construction
The interlocking titanium tiles are fixed onto the steel frame by screws, through a layer
bitumen rubber sealant, which ensures the building is waterproof.

17. Construction
The top half of the building is mostly empty spaces, allowing a decorative sculptural
shape to put on top of the building.

18. Construction
The red line roughly divides the utilised space below and the empty spaces above.

19. Construction
Giant vents were constructed to allow natural light to illuminate the interior and for
ventilations.

20. Construction
The museum is situated next to the river.

21. Atrium
The titanium part of the building is windowless. This contrasts with the large glass curtain walling of
the atrium.

22. Atrium
Large glass wall allowing natural light to enter the building.

23. Atrium
The atrium is a crucial element of the building. It connects the different galleries together. It is
an area half way between the exterior and the interior of the museum.

24. Atrium
Hanging passage ways link the upper galleries, recreating a vision of a future metropolis.

25. Atrium
A hanging passage way links the upper galleries and provides an aerial view of the city.

26. Atrium
Empty spaces above the galleries.

27. Atrium
Flat surfaces and straight lines like the lift shaft is hidden under covers of curved surfaces.

28. Roof lights
Roof lights are used extensively for natural lights to enter the galleries.

29. Exterior
Top right is the ‘Sail’ producing the illusion of movement, according to Gehry.

30. Exterior
The ramp allows public access to the river. Previously this area was a dock.

31. Exhibit
Standing outside the museum is Jeff Koons’ Floral Puppy. Originally a temporary feature, the exhibit’s
popularity with the residents earned it a permanent place.

32. Exhibit
The Floral Puppy changes its costume with seasons. There is an internal system that irrigates the
flowers.

33. Exhibit
This is the largest gallery which houses Richard Serra’s The Matter of Time (1994-2005), which are
made from 2 inches thick free standing steel plates.

34. Exhibit
Walking through Richard Serra’s sculpture the Snake.

35. Exhibit
This is the biggest image in the museum. It is called Waking (1984) by Gilbert and George.
photo piece.
It is a

36. Exhibit
On the patio outside the atrium is the sculpture, Tulips by Jeff Konns.

37. Exhibit
A Column of Silver Spheres by the Indian-born British sculptor Anish Kapoor who also designed the
Arcelor Mittal Orbit at the Olympics park London.

38. Exhibit
A column of Silver Spheres and golden titanium tiles.

39. Exhibit
The 10m high sculpture called Maman (Mother), a spider looking sculpture by Louise Bourgeois, who
sees the spider as a symbol for her mother. Within the spider, it carries 26 marbles eggs.

40. Exhibit
An exhibition at the museum called From Object to Sculpture, showing the work of the French artist
Antoni Tapies.

41. The Guggenheim effect
Effect
It is now 16 years since the museum was opened. It has help the re-launched of the Bilbao, as a service
economy. The population decline has been halted and civil pride has been restored.
Monumental building sculpture of the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum is now a landmark of the city. It has
elevated Bilbao to a modern world city.
However, some critics said the economic benefits derived from the building of the museum is to the city is
not so clear.

42. Credit Ben Ho
Effect
Some even denounced the museum as cultural imperialism, a domineering structure failing, an interruption
on the landscape. The project fails miserably as a public space, missing a significant opportunity to
celebrate and support the cultural and community life.

43. Effect
The museum is a cathedral of contemporary art. Most people associate Bilbao with the Guggenheim
Museum, but not many would be able to name its exhibits. It is the case of the containers is more
interesting and more well-known than its contents. You can say the same thing about Frank Lloyd
Wright’s building in New York too. For me the building itself is a work of art.

44. Airport
We went to Bilbao mainly because it has an international airport and it is a convenient place to pickup a
hired car. But I am very glad that I visited the extraordinary architecture of Bilbao’s Guggenheim
Museum. The airport was one of the projects to re-launched the city.

45. The End
All rights reserved. Rights belong to their respective
owners. Available free for non-commercial and personal
use.
Music – Voca Me by Libera.