Personality is shaped by both heredity and environmental factors. Research shows genetics accounts for around 50% of personality differences. The document discusses several theories of personality including traits theory, psychodynamic theory, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which sorts people into 16 personality types based on preferences of extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. The Big Five model identifies the main dimensions of personality as Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience.
This document provides an overview of personality psychology and various theories of personality. It discusses major approaches including type theories, psychoanalytic theories, behaviorist theories, social cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and biopsychological theories. For each approach, it provides details on influential theorists and concepts. The document aims to give a broad introduction to the study of personality and different frameworks used to understand personality.
Personality is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Biologically, factors like heredity, temperament, and physical characteristics influence personality. Environmentally, factors like family experiences, culture, education, and socioeconomic status shape personality development from childhood. Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality as emerging from the resolution of psychosexual developmental stages, and being influenced by the unconscious id, ego, and superego structures of the mind.
Personality is just one of many factors that guide our behavior. Our actions are also influenced by Our environment, Our experiences, and Our individual goals.
16 personality types are based on five independent spectrums, with all letters in the type code (e.g. INFJ-A) referring to one of the two sides of the corresponding spectrum. You can see where you fall on each scale by completing free personality assessment, NERIS Type Explorer®. This approach has allowed one to achieve high test accuracy while also retaining the ability to define and describe distinct personality types.
This document discusses several theories and methods of measuring personality. It describes trait theory proposed by Allport which categorizes traits based on their breadth of application. It also discusses Cattell's 16 primary personality factors identified through factor analysis. The "Big Five" model consolidates traits into five broad categories. Methods of personality evaluation discussed include self-report tests, projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test, behavioral assessments, and interviewing. Both advantages and limitations of different approaches are presented.
The document discusses concepts and definitions of personality from various theorists. It defines personality as a unique set of relatively stable traits and characteristics that determine one's adjustment to the environment. Personality is influenced by personal, environmental, biological, psychological, and social factors. Major theories discussed include trait theory, Jung's theory of extraversion vs introversion, Allport's trait theory involving cardinal and central traits, and the Big Five approach.
This document provides an overview of personality psychology and various theories of personality. It discusses major approaches including type theories, psychoanalytic theories, behaviorist theories, social cognitive theories, humanistic theories, and biopsychological theories. For each approach, it provides details on influential theorists and concepts. The document aims to give a broad introduction to the study of personality and different frameworks used to understand personality.
Personality is determined by both biological and environmental factors. Biologically, factors like heredity, temperament, and physical characteristics influence personality. Environmentally, factors like family experiences, culture, education, and socioeconomic status shape personality development from childhood. Freud's psychoanalytic theory views personality as emerging from the resolution of psychosexual developmental stages, and being influenced by the unconscious id, ego, and superego structures of the mind.
Personality is just one of many factors that guide our behavior. Our actions are also influenced by Our environment, Our experiences, and Our individual goals.
16 personality types are based on five independent spectrums, with all letters in the type code (e.g. INFJ-A) referring to one of the two sides of the corresponding spectrum. You can see where you fall on each scale by completing free personality assessment, NERIS Type Explorer®. This approach has allowed one to achieve high test accuracy while also retaining the ability to define and describe distinct personality types.
This document discusses several theories and methods of measuring personality. It describes trait theory proposed by Allport which categorizes traits based on their breadth of application. It also discusses Cattell's 16 primary personality factors identified through factor analysis. The "Big Five" model consolidates traits into five broad categories. Methods of personality evaluation discussed include self-report tests, projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test, behavioral assessments, and interviewing. Both advantages and limitations of different approaches are presented.
The document discusses concepts and definitions of personality from various theorists. It defines personality as a unique set of relatively stable traits and characteristics that determine one's adjustment to the environment. Personality is influenced by personal, environmental, biological, psychological, and social factors. Major theories discussed include trait theory, Jung's theory of extraversion vs introversion, Allport's trait theory involving cardinal and central traits, and the Big Five approach.
This document discusses various theories and methods of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that influence behavior. It then outlines several major theories of personality including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document also discusses methods of measuring personality such as projective tests, personality inventories, interviews, case histories, and observation.
Personality refers to relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguish one person from another. There are several approaches to analyzing personality, including case studies, interviews, observations, tests, and inventories. Widely used personality tests include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory. The five factor model or "Big Five" traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism - provide a consensus for describing personality. Biological factors like heredity also influence personality, though the environment plays a role.
The document discusses several prominent theories of personality development in psychology, including Freud's psychodynamic theory, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Freud's theory proposed that personality develops through the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. He also suggested that personality develops through psychosexual stages focused on different erogenous zones. Other theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg focused on cognitive, social, and moral aspects of development respectively.
This document provides an overview of the psychology of personality. It discusses several key aspects:
- Personality arises from both genetic and environmental influences, with genetics accounting for about half the differences between people.
- Temperament refers to innate traits like harm avoidance and novelty seeking, while character comprises traits like self-directedness that develop through socialization.
- Psyche involves consciousness and self-awareness. Personality integrates all three dimensions in a complex adaptive system.
- Several theories are described briefly, including psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and social-cognitive approaches to understanding personality. Defense mechanisms, reinforcement history, and reciprocal determinism between person and environment are highlighted.
Personality. The five dimensions of personality. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lec...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document discusses the five factor model of personality which suggests there are five basic dimensions of personality - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. Research over the past 50 years from psychologists like Fiske, Norman, Smith, Goldberg, and McCrae and Costa provided evidence supporting this five factor model. While researchers may use slightly different labels, the five dimensions provide a framework for describing personality traits.
Define personality
Describe types of personality
Elaborate different theories of personality
Learn psychosexual stages of personality
Describe structure of personality
Understand the Erickson’s theory
Understand piaget’s theory of cognition
Assess personality of an individual
Learn methods to assess personality
Know importance of personality in nursing
This document discusses personality, including definitions, factors that shape personality, and how psychologists understand and assess personality. It provides definitions of personality as enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality, as well as the sum of characteristics that differentiate people. It discusses trait, psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic theories of personality. It also outlines methods that psychologists use to assess personality, including interviews, observation, and psychological tests such as self-report measures and projective tests.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist known for his research on personality traits using factor analysis. He identified 16 primary personality factors and classified traits as common vs. unique, abilities vs. temperament vs. dynamic, and surface vs. source traits. Cattell's research showed both genetic and environmental influences on personality and proposed six stages of development across the lifespan. He developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality traits.
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Raymond Cattell developed a trait theory of personality based on factor analysis. He argued personality developed in 3 phases from intuitive insights to modern experimental methods. Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 primary traits from questionnaires, tests, and life records. These 16 traits could be further analyzed into 5 secondary factors known as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Cattell's research helped establish the scientific study of traits as fundamental dimensions of individual differences.
This document discusses motivation and emotion. It defines motivation as the factor that directs and energizes human behavior. It outlines several approaches to motivation, including the instinct approach, drive-reduction approach, arousal approach, incentive approach, and cognitive approach. It also discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The document defines emotion as feelings that have psychological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. It discusses the functions and roots/theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. It also lists the six basic emotions and discusses the relationship between culture and emotion.
Psycho-dynamic Approaches to PersonalityKing Abidi
1) Psychodynamic approaches view personality as being motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts that people are unaware of. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that unconscious drives influence personality.
2) Freud described the mind as having three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He proposed the id, ego, and superego as structures that develop personality.
3) Neo-Freudians like Jung and Horney built on Freud's work by challenging some of his ideas and proposing concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
The document discusses several major theories of personality including Allport's trait theory, Cattell's 16 personality factors, Eysenck's three-factor model of personality, and the Big Five model of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It also covers concepts like traits, types, the proprium, temperament, intelligence, psychometrics, and the assessment of normal and abnormal personality functioning. The theories aim to describe personality using traits, factors, or dimensions that can be measured and are influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors.
The document discusses several approaches to personality traits, including:
1. The Trait Approach categorizes people according to dimensions of personality like the four temperaments (Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric, Phlegmatic) or physical typologies (Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, Ectomorphic).
2. Gordon Allport studied traits using nomothetic and idiographic approaches. Raymond Cattell identified 16 personality factors through factor analysis.
3. Henry Murray described primary needs and 21 secondary or "psychogenic" needs like achievement, affiliation, and aggression.
4. The Big Five model dimensions are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neurotic
The document discusses several theories of personality including Gordon Allport's definition of personality as the dynamic organization of psycho-physical systems determining an individual's adjustment to their environment. It also covers the Big Five personality dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion. Additionally, it summarizes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality classification system and Holland's theory of congruence between personality types and occupations.
Social psychology and personality psychology have the same job: to seek to understand the meaningful, consequential, and for the most part social behaviors of daily life. Cognitive psychology examines component processes such as memory, perception, and cognition. Biological psychology seeks to understand the physical underpinnings of behavior in the anatomy, physiology, functional organization, genetic basis and evolutionary history of the nervous system. Developmental psychology explores the roots of behavior in genetics and early childhood experience, and changes across the life course. All of these fields could be viewed as foundational for the common concern of social and personality psychology, which is to understand what people do every day. In this light, it is unsurprising that courses in social and personality psychology are among the most popular offerings on most college campuses; their subject matter is not only important, it is personally relevant and intrinsically interesting.
Social and personality psychology began to come into their own about the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s – through the work of many of the same people, such as the Allport brothers, Floyd and Gordon (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1931, 1937; F. Allport & G. Allport, 1921). What is surprising, in retrospect, is how the two fields diverged over the subsequent decades. Social psychology came to specialize in the study of what people have in common; in particular how aspects of situations can change what people, on average, will do. Personality psychology came to specialize in the study of how people differ from each other psychologically, and on ways to characterize and measure these differences. This division of labor makes a certain amount of sense, but problems arose as the fields gradually became so specialized that many practitioners of each field became unaware of the basic principles, findings and methods of the other, and grew worse when social psychologists began to suspect that personality psychology’s emphasis on individual differences was misguided. In his memoirs, the eminent social psychologist Roger Brown described one memorably awkward encounter between the two traditions:
This document provides an overview of personality and how it relates to organizational behavior. It defines personality and discusses various theories and models for understanding personality, including traits theory, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and the Big Five personality model. It explains how certain personality traits like conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness predict behaviors and performance in workplace settings. The document also discusses factors that influence personality development and other individual traits relevant to organizational behavior.
The document discusses personality and the factors that influence it. It describes personality as being made up of both hereditary and environmental factors that are moderated by situational conditions. Some key points:
- Personality is influenced by heredity (genes), environment, and situations. Heredity sets parameters but the environment determines one's full potential.
- There are several theories of personality including traits theory, psychodynamic theory, humanistic theory, and the integrative approach.
- Popular models for describing personality include the Big Five model (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (16 personality types).
General psych trait lecture final versionblroberts3
This document discusses personality traits and theories of personality. It provides definitions of key concepts like traits, which are durable patterns of behavior, thought and emotion that constitute one's personality. It summarizes several theories of personality including the trait perspective, which views personality as made up of multiple traits, and the Big Five model that identifies five broad dimensions or traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It also discusses the social-cognitive perspective and concepts of reciprocal determinism and locus of control. Finally, it touches on assessing personality through traits, inventories, and exploring concepts of self and self-esteem.
This document discusses various theories and methods of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that influence behavior. It then outlines several major theories of personality including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document also discusses methods of measuring personality such as projective tests, personality inventories, interviews, case histories, and observation.
Personality refers to relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguish one person from another. There are several approaches to analyzing personality, including case studies, interviews, observations, tests, and inventories. Widely used personality tests include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory. The five factor model or "Big Five" traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism - provide a consensus for describing personality. Biological factors like heredity also influence personality, though the environment plays a role.
The document discusses several prominent theories of personality development in psychology, including Freud's psychodynamic theory, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Freud's theory proposed that personality develops through the interaction of the id, ego, and superego. He also suggested that personality develops through psychosexual stages focused on different erogenous zones. Other theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg focused on cognitive, social, and moral aspects of development respectively.
This document provides an overview of the psychology of personality. It discusses several key aspects:
- Personality arises from both genetic and environmental influences, with genetics accounting for about half the differences between people.
- Temperament refers to innate traits like harm avoidance and novelty seeking, while character comprises traits like self-directedness that develop through socialization.
- Psyche involves consciousness and self-awareness. Personality integrates all three dimensions in a complex adaptive system.
- Several theories are described briefly, including psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and social-cognitive approaches to understanding personality. Defense mechanisms, reinforcement history, and reciprocal determinism between person and environment are highlighted.
Personality. The five dimensions of personality. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lec...Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
The document discusses the five factor model of personality which suggests there are five basic dimensions of personality - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. Research over the past 50 years from psychologists like Fiske, Norman, Smith, Goldberg, and McCrae and Costa provided evidence supporting this five factor model. While researchers may use slightly different labels, the five dimensions provide a framework for describing personality traits.
Define personality
Describe types of personality
Elaborate different theories of personality
Learn psychosexual stages of personality
Describe structure of personality
Understand the Erickson’s theory
Understand piaget’s theory of cognition
Assess personality of an individual
Learn methods to assess personality
Know importance of personality in nursing
This document discusses personality, including definitions, factors that shape personality, and how psychologists understand and assess personality. It provides definitions of personality as enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality, as well as the sum of characteristics that differentiate people. It discusses trait, psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic theories of personality. It also outlines methods that psychologists use to assess personality, including interviews, observation, and psychological tests such as self-report measures and projective tests.
Ob ppt-personality-henry-ford-case-f-g-section-8-9-augPooja Sakhla
The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality and describes key theories about its determinants including heredity, environment, and situation. It also summarizes major approaches to understanding personality like the psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive perspectives. Specific concepts discussed include defense mechanisms, the Big Five model of traits, locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk-taking.
Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist known for his research on personality traits using factor analysis. He identified 16 primary personality factors and classified traits as common vs. unique, abilities vs. temperament vs. dynamic, and surface vs. source traits. Cattell's research showed both genetic and environmental influences on personality and proposed six stages of development across the lifespan. He developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality traits.
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
This document discusses several theories of personality, including trait theories, psychoanalytic theory, and social-cognitive theories. It provides an overview of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, including the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms; and stages of personality development. Key figures in trait theory discussed include Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, and the "Big Five" model of personality traits.
Raymond Cattell developed a trait theory of personality based on factor analysis. He argued personality developed in 3 phases from intuitive insights to modern experimental methods. Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 primary traits from questionnaires, tests, and life records. These 16 traits could be further analyzed into 5 secondary factors known as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Cattell's research helped establish the scientific study of traits as fundamental dimensions of individual differences.
This document discusses motivation and emotion. It defines motivation as the factor that directs and energizes human behavior. It outlines several approaches to motivation, including the instinct approach, drive-reduction approach, arousal approach, incentive approach, and cognitive approach. It also discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The document defines emotion as feelings that have psychological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. It discusses the functions and roots/theories of emotion, including the James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory. It also lists the six basic emotions and discusses the relationship between culture and emotion.
Psycho-dynamic Approaches to PersonalityKing Abidi
1) Psychodynamic approaches view personality as being motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts that people are unaware of. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that unconscious drives influence personality.
2) Freud described the mind as having three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He proposed the id, ego, and superego as structures that develop personality.
3) Neo-Freudians like Jung and Horney built on Freud's work by challenging some of his ideas and proposing concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
The document discusses several major theories of personality including Allport's trait theory, Cattell's 16 personality factors, Eysenck's three-factor model of personality, and the Big Five model of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It also covers concepts like traits, types, the proprium, temperament, intelligence, psychometrics, and the assessment of normal and abnormal personality functioning. The theories aim to describe personality using traits, factors, or dimensions that can be measured and are influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors.
The document discusses several approaches to personality traits, including:
1. The Trait Approach categorizes people according to dimensions of personality like the four temperaments (Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric, Phlegmatic) or physical typologies (Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, Ectomorphic).
2. Gordon Allport studied traits using nomothetic and idiographic approaches. Raymond Cattell identified 16 personality factors through factor analysis.
3. Henry Murray described primary needs and 21 secondary or "psychogenic" needs like achievement, affiliation, and aggression.
4. The Big Five model dimensions are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neurotic
The document discusses several theories of personality including Gordon Allport's definition of personality as the dynamic organization of psycho-physical systems determining an individual's adjustment to their environment. It also covers the Big Five personality dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion. Additionally, it summarizes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality classification system and Holland's theory of congruence between personality types and occupations.
Social psychology and personality psychology have the same job: to seek to understand the meaningful, consequential, and for the most part social behaviors of daily life. Cognitive psychology examines component processes such as memory, perception, and cognition. Biological psychology seeks to understand the physical underpinnings of behavior in the anatomy, physiology, functional organization, genetic basis and evolutionary history of the nervous system. Developmental psychology explores the roots of behavior in genetics and early childhood experience, and changes across the life course. All of these fields could be viewed as foundational for the common concern of social and personality psychology, which is to understand what people do every day. In this light, it is unsurprising that courses in social and personality psychology are among the most popular offerings on most college campuses; their subject matter is not only important, it is personally relevant and intrinsically interesting.
Social and personality psychology began to come into their own about the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s – through the work of many of the same people, such as the Allport brothers, Floyd and Gordon (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1931, 1937; F. Allport & G. Allport, 1921). What is surprising, in retrospect, is how the two fields diverged over the subsequent decades. Social psychology came to specialize in the study of what people have in common; in particular how aspects of situations can change what people, on average, will do. Personality psychology came to specialize in the study of how people differ from each other psychologically, and on ways to characterize and measure these differences. This division of labor makes a certain amount of sense, but problems arose as the fields gradually became so specialized that many practitioners of each field became unaware of the basic principles, findings and methods of the other, and grew worse when social psychologists began to suspect that personality psychology’s emphasis on individual differences was misguided. In his memoirs, the eminent social psychologist Roger Brown described one memorably awkward encounter between the two traditions:
This document provides an overview of personality and how it relates to organizational behavior. It defines personality and discusses various theories and models for understanding personality, including traits theory, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and the Big Five personality model. It explains how certain personality traits like conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness predict behaviors and performance in workplace settings. The document also discusses factors that influence personality development and other individual traits relevant to organizational behavior.
The document discusses personality and the factors that influence it. It describes personality as being made up of both hereditary and environmental factors that are moderated by situational conditions. Some key points:
- Personality is influenced by heredity (genes), environment, and situations. Heredity sets parameters but the environment determines one's full potential.
- There are several theories of personality including traits theory, psychodynamic theory, humanistic theory, and the integrative approach.
- Popular models for describing personality include the Big Five model (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness) and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (16 personality types).
General psych trait lecture final versionblroberts3
This document discusses personality traits and theories of personality. It provides definitions of key concepts like traits, which are durable patterns of behavior, thought and emotion that constitute one's personality. It summarizes several theories of personality including the trait perspective, which views personality as made up of multiple traits, and the Big Five model that identifies five broad dimensions or traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It also discusses the social-cognitive perspective and concepts of reciprocal determinism and locus of control. Finally, it touches on assessing personality through traits, inventories, and exploring concepts of self and self-esteem.
The fundamental difference between Man and animal is Rationality with which Intelligence Quotient (IQ) deals
.The fundamental difference between Man and Machine (Robot) is Emotionality with which Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
deals. Thus IQ and EQ are human specific qualities. Both are reflected in man’s social behavior and interactions with which
Social Intelligence (SQ) deals. Present paper aims at examining whether these three typically human faculties are
independent or are inter-correlated. Three questionnaires measuring IQ, EQ and SQ respectively were given to 60 college
students, including males and females. Pearson and Partial Correlations were calculated through SPSS 15.0. The results
showed no significant correlation of IQ with EQ and SQ, but the correlation between EQ and SQ was found to be statistically
significant. This implies that IQ is independent faculty but EQ and SQ are correlated.
Mod 31 contemporary perspectives on personalityTina Medley
The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a 44-item questionnaire used to assess an individual across five broad dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Respondents indicate the extent to which they agree with statements describing various traits and behaviors associated with the Big Five factors on a 5-point scale. The BFI aims to provide a comprehensive yet concise measure of an individual's standing on the major dimensions of personality.
Carl Rogers developed a humanistic theory of personality that focused on an individual's potential for positive growth. According to Rogers, every person has an innate drive towards self-actualization. He believed people's core nature is essentially positive and that through unconditional positive regard and empathy, individuals can achieve their full potential. Rogers' theory challenged the prevailing psychoanalytic theories and emphasized an individual's capacity for free will and personal growth in a supportive environment.
The document discusses psychometric testing and provides information on various types of psychometric tests. It begins with an introduction to psychometric testing, noting that such tests scientifically measure mental capabilities and behavioral styles to assess a candidate's suitability for a role. It then provides details on specific tests, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test, Locus of Control test measuring internal vs. external attribution, a self-esteem test, and tests measuring leadership, conflict management, and other skills. The document concludes that psychometric tests objectively measure behavior and are widely used by HR professionals to aid selection and assessment.
This document provides an overview of learning styles and theories. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, or behavior resulting from experience. Learning occurs through interaction with the environment and incorporating new information. The document then discusses several prominent learning style theories including:
- Right brain/left brain thinking and how the brain hemispheres are associated with different types of thinking.
- Field dependence/independence, which looks at how learners process information within their environment.
- The Dunn and Dunn model, which indicates a range of variables that influence individual learners.
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which sorts psychological preferences into four dichotomies: extraversion/
Psychology, Trait Theory And The Study Of Human...Lori Gilbert
This document discusses trait theory in psychology, which views personality as consisting of habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Trait theorists are interested in measuring traits, which can be defined as stable dispositions that differ across individuals and influence behavior. Traits are contrasted with states, which are more transitory dispositions. Some theories view traits as dimensions, with people rated along spectrums like extraversion vs. introversion. The document provides background on early theorists like Gordon Allport and discusses how traits are conceptualized in different theories and systems.
The document discusses transactional analysis, which is a technique used to understand interpersonal relationships and behavior. It involves analyzing ego states (parent, adult, child), transactions between people, scripts that guide behavior, and games people play. Transactional analysis aims to improve communication, understand motivations, and promote healthy relationships through awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in interactions.
Personality Characteristics Of Personality TraitsVictoria Burke
This document discusses personality and definitions of personality. It states that personality arises from factors within an individual, including their thought processes, values, and environment in which they were raised. Personality makes each person unique. The document examines various analysts' definitions of personality and discusses the key components that make up personality, including physical factors, traits, and behaviors that impression others. It aims to provide an overview of the concept and definitions of personality.
The document discusses several theories of personality including trait approaches proposed by Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell, biological factors in personality seen through twin studies, Freud's psychodynamic perspective focusing on unconscious experiences and defense mechanisms, behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives emphasizing unique learning histories and reciprocal determinism, and humanistic perspectives from Maslow and Rogers regarding self-actualization and achieving personal fulfillment.
The document discusses several theories of personality including trait approaches proposed by Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell, biological factors in personality seen through twin studies, Freud's psychodynamic perspective focusing on unconscious experiences and defense mechanisms, behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives emphasizing learning history and reciprocal determinism, and humanistic perspectives like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rogers' views on conditions of worth.
Unit 1_Approaches in psychology (1).pdfSakshiBais3
The document summarizes several key perspectives in psychology:
1. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and bodily functions influence behavior. It has contributed to understanding memory, sexual orientation, and mental disorders.
2. The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. It views humans as information processors.
3. The sociocultural perspective examines how social and cultural environments shape behavior, thoughts, and feelings. It emphasizes the role of social norms and cultural learning.
Personality determinants & attributesIsha Joshi
The term ‘personality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which means a mask. According to K. Young, “Personality is a …. patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an individual, as these are organised externally into roles and statuses, and as they relate internally to motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood.” G. W. Allport defined it as “a person’s pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits which determine his adjustment to his environment.”
According to Robert E. Park and Earnest W. Burgess, personality is “the sum and organisation of those traits which determine the role of the individual in the group.” Herbert A. Bloch defined it as “the characteristic organisation of the individual’s habits, attitudes, values, emotional characteristics……. which imparts consistency to the behaviour of the individual.” According to Arnold W. Green, “personality is the sum of a person’s values (the objects of his striving, such as ideas, prestige, power and sex) plus his non- physical traits (his habitual ways of acting and reacting).” According to Linton, personality embraces the total “organised aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual.”
This document discusses theories of personality, including:
- Personality is influenced by both nature (heredity) and nurture (environment). Factors like family, culture, gender, and experiences shape personality.
- Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory viewed the mind as having conscious and unconscious parts and proposed personality develops through stages.
- Trait theories seek to identify dimensions of personality and reduce many traits to a few key factors. Factor analysis has been used to identify proposed dimensions like the "Big Five" personality traits.
- Research like Allport and Oddbert's dictionary study and Cattell's factor analysis of trait ratings have helped analyze personality traits and factors. However, the precise definition and structure
1. The document discusses personality, defining it as an individual's habits of thinking, attitudes, interests, and personal philosophy.
2. It describes four major theories of personality - psychoanalytic, psychosocial, cognitive, and humanistic - and lists several approaches to personality types including Hippocrates' four temperaments and Jung's extroversion/introversion categories.
3. Methods of assessing personality are outlined, including interviews, personality inventories, and projective techniques like the Rorschach inkblot test, which aim to reveal unconscious desires and inner thoughts.
Talks about Personality and Individual Behavoiur for educational purposes.
* Personality
* Components of Personality
* Nature of Personality
* Framework Of Personality
** Iceberg Theory
** Psychoanalytic Theory
** The Myers Brigg Type Indicators
** The Big 5 Model
* Determinants of Personality
** Biological Factors
** Social Factors
** Cultural Factors
** Situational Factors
* Individual Behaviour
** Individual Behaviour Framework
* Causes of Individual Behaviour
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality, including:
1. Type theories like Hippocrates' four temperaments and Jung's introvert/extrovert types.
2. Trait theories like Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the "Big Five" model.
3. Allport's hierarchical trait theory categorizing traits as cardinal, central, and secondary.
4. Cattell's 16 personality factors identified through factor analysis of thousands of personality traits.
The document discusses key aspects of several influential personality theorists and debates around the concept of personality.
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
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Psychology
3 Personality and Human Development / Page 3.15 Social-Cognitive Theories
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Social-Cognitive Theories
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they
explore behavior?
The social-cognitive perspective on personality, proposed by Albert Bandura (1986,
2006, 2008), emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as
nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
The point to remember Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal
influences.
Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through
conditioning or by observing and imitating others. (That’s the “social” part.) They also
emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about a situation affects
our behavior in that situation. (That’s the “cognitive” part.) Instead of focusing solely on
how our environment controls us (behaviorism), social-cognitive theorists focus on how
we and our environment interact: How do we interpret and respond to external events?
How do our schemas, our memories, and our expectations influence our behavior
patterns?
Reciprocal Influences
Bandura (1986, 2006) views the person-environment interaction as reciprocal
determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences,” he
said, “all operate as interlocking determinants of each other” (Figure 8). We can see this
interaction in people’s relationships. For example, Rosa’s romantic history (past
behavior) influences her attitudes toward new relationships (internal factor), which
affects how she now responds to Ryan (environmental factor).
Figure 8
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3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 3.15 - Social-Cognitive Theories
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Reciprocal Determinism
Circular illustration of how internal personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors
interact. Illustration contains three text boxes forming a triangle, with two-sided arrows
pointing between each text box. The first box contains internal personal factors, like
thoughts and feelings about risky activities. The second box contains behavior, like
learning to rock climb, and the third box contains environmental factors, like rock-
climbing friends.
Courtesy of Joslyn Brugh
Multiple-Choice Question
How does the social-cognitive approach differ from the other perspectives
on personality discussed in this chapter?
The social-cognitive view emphasizes the role of internal dispositions to a
greater extent than do the ot.
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1. GSB – MBA – TM IOrganisationalBehaviour Unit II Personality and emotions 1
2. 4–2 What is Personality? Personality - All our behaviour is somewhat shaped by our personalities. – a dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system. It is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Some aggregate whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. “The dynamic organisation within an individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.” Gordon Allport
3. Personality, according to Fred Luthans, will mean how people affect others and how they understand and view themselves, as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction. How people affect others depends on external appearance (height, weight, facial features, color, and other physical aspects) and traits. 3
7. Heredity Factors that were deter –mined at conception - physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms – biological, physiological and inherent psychological make up of parents. – the heredity approach says that the ultimate explanation of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. 5
8. Research among children support the hereditary theory – shyness, fear, and distress, height, hair colour. Research among twins – separated at birth and brought up separately – one set of twins separated 39 yrs ago and raised 45 miles apart were found to drive the same model and color car, chain-smoked the same brand of cigarette, owned dogs with the same name, and regularly vacationed within 3 blocks of each other in a beach community 1500 miles away. Genetics accounts for 50% of the personality differences and more than 30% of the variation in occupational and leisure interests. 6
9. A report by the American Psychological Association concludes, “Studies over the past 20 yrs on twins and adopted children have firmly established that there is a genetic component to just about every human trait and behaviour, including personality, general intelligence and behaviour disorders.” 7
10. The report concludes: “Many genes are responsible for various aspects of people’s temperament, and those genes appear to interact with each other in complicated ways that influence several traits at once- and then likely only in very subtle ways, with any one gene likely accounting for only 1 or 2% of the variance in trait.” 8
11. Individualjob satisfaction is found to be stable over time, according to research –Depends on the person and less on external environmental factors. If personality were completely dictated by birth, no experience could change it. But personality factors are not completely dictated by heredity. The debate should not be nature or nurture, but nature and nurture that contributes to one’s personality. 9
12. Role of the brain The genes also affect brain functions that in turn affect how people interact with their environment and thus their personalities. Some people, call the brain, “the last frontier” because we still know very little about it, may hold more answers for personality 10
13. Environment Culture in which one is raised, early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends, social groups, and other influences we experience. Both heredity and environment are important. Heredity sets the parameters or outer limits, but an individual’s full potential will be determined by how well he or she adjusts tot eh demands and requirements of the environment. 11
14. Situation Influences the effects of environment on personality, which changes in different situations. Certain situations are more significant than others. 12
15. 4 Personality Theories > Traits Theory > Psychodynamic Theory > Humanistic theory > Integrative approach 13
16. 1. Traits Theory Trait is an the sum of all enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.-observable patterns of behaviour that last over time. States that to understand individuals, we must break down behaviour patterns into a series of observable behaviour. Gordon Allport, saw traits as broad , general guides that lend consistency to behaviour. Raymond Cattellidentified 16 traits that formed the basis for differences in individual behaviour. He described traits in bipolar adjective combinations, such as self-assured/apprehensive, reserved/outgoing, and submissive/dominant. 14
17. Diificulty because of large number- one study identified 17953 traits. Impossible to predict behaviour when such a large number is to be taken into account. One researcher identified 171 traits but concluded that they were superficial and lacked in descriptive power. 15
18. 4–16 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types - The world’s most widely used personality assessment, with as many as two million assessments administered annually. Fundamental to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is the theory of psychological type as originally developed by Carl Jung.
19. 17 Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions: The "rational" (judging) functions: thinking and feeling The "irrational" (perceiving) functions: sensing and intuition Jung went on to suggest that these functions are expressed in either an introverted or extraverted form.From Jung's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type,
24. 20 The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters—the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation N to distinguish it from Introversion). For instance: ESTJ: extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), judgment (J) INFP: introversion (I), intuition (N), feeling (F), perception (P) And so on for all 16 possible type combinations.
25. Primary traits (Robert Cattell) 1. Reserved vs outgoing 2. Less intelligent vs more intelligent 3. Affected by feelings vs emotionally stable 4. Submissive vs dominant 5. Serious vs happy-go-lucky 6. Expedient vs Conscientious 7. Timid vs venturesome 8. Tough-minded vs sensitive 21
26. 9. Trusting vs suspicious 10. Practical vs imaginative 11. Forthright vs shrewd 12. Self-assured vs apprehensive 13. Conservative vs experimenting 14. Group dependent vs self-sufficient 15. Uncontrolled vs controlled 16. Relaxed vs tense 22
27. It is a 100 –question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. Groups of EThe answers help to classify them under the 4 groups, ESTJ or INFPand further combined 16 personality types. e.g., INTJs are visionaries – have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes – skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn. 23
28. ESTJs are organisers – realistic, logical, analytical, and decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics. They like to organise and run activities. ENTPs are conceptualisers – innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. – resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine assignments. A recent book that profiled 13 contemporary business people who created super successful firms including Apple Computer, Federal Express, Honda Motors, MS, and Sony found that all 13 are intuitive thinkers (NTs). This result is particularly interesting because intuitive thinkers represent only about 5% of the population. 24
29. 4–25 The Big Five Model of Personality DimensionsThe 5 basic dimensions underlie all others and encompass most of the significant variations in human personality. The Big Five factors are: Extroversion (extraversion)Sociable, gregarious, and assertive AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and trusting. ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
30. 26 Emotional StabilityCalm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). Openness to ExperienceImaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism, curiosity.
31. Extroversion – a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive. – one’s comfort level with relationships. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. Agreeableness – describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, warm and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. 27
32. Conscientious - responsible, hard-working, dependable, persistent, and organised– Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, lazy, disorganised, and unreliable. Emotional stability – tests a person’s ability to withstand stress. –calm, self-confident, cool, and secure (positive) versus nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure (negative) . 28
33. Openness to experience – range of interests and fascination with novelty., imagination, artistic sensitivity, cultured, curiosity, and creativity. Those at the other end are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.- practical with narrow interests. 29
34. Criticism > Some theorists argue that simply identifying traits is not enough. Personality is dynamic and not completely stable. > Trait theories ignore the influence of situations. 30
35. 2. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic theory (the uncoscious determinants of behaviour Based on the work of Sigmund Freud, this theory emphasises the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Freud saw personality as the interaction between 3 elements of personality, viz., the id, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive element, the source of drives and impulses that operates in an uncensored manner. The superego , similar to our conscience, contains values and the ‘shoulds and should-nots’ of the personality – ongoing conflict between the id and the superego. The ego manages the conflict between the Id and the superego. 31
36. In this role, the ego compromises, and the result is the individual’s use of defense mechanisms such as denial of reality. The contribution of this theory is its focus on unconscious influences on behaviour. 32
37. 3. Humanistic theory Carl Rogers believed that all people have a basic drive toward self-actualisation, (Abraham Maslow) which is the quest to be all you can be. The theory focuses on individual growth and improvement – distinctly people centred and also emphasises the individual’s view of the world- contributes an understanding of the self to personality theory and contends that the self-concept is the most important part of an individual’s personality. 33
38. 4. Integrative Approach Personality is described as a composite of the individual’s psychological processes. Personality dispositions include emotions , cognitions, attitudes, expectancies, and fantasies. Dispositions mean the tendencies of individuals to respond to situations in consistent ways. Influenced by both genetics and experiences, dispositions can be modified. The integrative approach focuses on both permanent (Dispositions) and situational variables as combined predictors of behaviour. 34
39. More importantly, it draws on the self-concept including nature (heredity and physiological/biological dimensions) and nurture (environmental, developmental dimensions), dispositional traits, the social cognitive interactions between the person and the environment, and the sociailisation process. 35
40. Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of control Machiavellianism Narcissism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Type A personality 36
41. Locus of Control The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate. InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them. ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.
42. Research shows that people who rate high in externality are less satisfied with their jobs, have high absenteeism rates, are more alienated from the work setting and are less involved in their jobs than are internals – less likely initially to get a job. In contrast to externals, internals exhibit more motivation, and willingness to take action in their initial interviews, 38
43. Externals are more dissatisfied , as they perceive themselves as having little control over the organisational outcomes that are important to them. Internals. Similarly placed attribute organisational outcomes to their own actions. If they are dissatisfied, they will quit. Absenteeism on account of sickness is lower among internals as they assume responsibility for personal health. 39
44. Overall, internals are better performers, depending on the jobs – search more actively for information before making a decision, more motivated to achieve, make greater attempt to control their environment – more likely to assume managerial positions and prefer participative management. They show higher motivation, hold stronger beliefs that effort leads to performance, receive higher salaries and display less anxiety than externals. 40
45. Externals are more compliant, will follow instructions – succeed at well structured and routine jobs.- reluctant to participate in decision making. Internals will do well on sophisticated tasks, requiring complex information processing and learning. –More suited to jobs requiring autonomy, e.g., sales job. They may not like close supervision 41
49. Narcissism Likes to be the centre of attraction – looks into the mirror frequently – extravagant dreams - thinks he is capable of many things A person with a grandiose sense of self-importance, requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant – supervisors rate them as worse leaders. 44
50. E.g., an ORACLE Co executive described that Co’s CEO Larry Ellison as follows; “The difference between God and Larry is that God does not believe that he is Larry.” They tend to be selfish, treat others as inferior, exploitative, think others exist for their benefit. 45
51. 4–46 Self-Esteem and Self-Monitoring Self-concept is the people’s attempts to understand themselves. The self may be viewed as the personality viewed from within. Self-Esteem (SE) - Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.- people’s self perceived competence and self-image.
52. Self esteem is directly related to expectations of success – high SEs believe they have the ability to succeed at work. – take more risks at job, choose unconventional jobs. High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs. Low SEs are more susceptible to external influences- depend on positive evaluation from others – seek approval from others, conform to beliefs and behaviours of those they respect – concerned with pleasing others. They compliment individuals who give them positive feedback and cut down those who give negative feedback. 47
53. High esteem can be a good thing, but only if it is nurtured and channeled in constructive and ethical ways. Otherwise it can become antisocial and destructive. Others may treat it as boasting as egotistical. OBSE, Organisation Based Self Esteem is “the self-perceived value that individuals have of themselves as organisation members acting within an organisation context.” people with high OBSE view themselves positively. And a meta analysis found significant positive relationship with performance and satisfaction on the job. 48
54. Individuals high in self monitoring show adaptability – highly sensitive to external cues- can present contradictions between their public persona and private self. Low self monitors cannot disguise- display their true dispositions and attitudes – high behavioural consistency . 49 Self-Monitoring A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. It is the extent to which people base their behaviour on cues from other people and situations.
55. High self monitors pay more attention the behaviour of others and can conform more easily – more mobile in their careers, receive more promotions and occupy central positions needing to play multiple and contradictory roles. 50
56. 4–51 Risk-Taking High Risk-taking Managers Make quicker decisions Use less information to make decisions Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations Low Risk-taking Managers Are slower to make decisions Require more information before making decisions Exist in larger organizations with stable environments Risk Propensity Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
57. Type A personality Aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people. Type A’s are - always moving, walking, and eating rapidly, sense of time urgency – “hurry sickness” - feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place - Status insecurity (feeling unsure of oneself deep down inside) 52
58. - strive to think or do 2 or more things at a time - cannot cope with leisure time - obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. - competitiveness, - aggression and hostility in response to frustration and conflict - a quest for achievement. Has been referred to coronary-pronebehaviour 53
59. Type B ‘Rarely harried by the desire to obtain a widely increasing number of things or participate in an endless growing series of events in an ever increasing amount of time.” - never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience; - feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation; - play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost; - can relax without guilt - less coronary-prone 54
60. A’s operate under moderate to high stress levels – work under continuous time pressure, a life of deadlines – fast workers, competitiveness in long hrs, frequently make poor decisions – rarely creative because of concern with quantity and speed, rely on past experiences when faced with problems – easier to predict – do better at job interviews – type Bs make it to the top. Type As are in sales, Bs in senior positions – promotions go to those who are wise, tactful and creative than to the hasty , hostile and merely agile. 55
61. 4–56 Personality Types Proactive Personality Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. Creates positive change in the environment, regardless or even in spite of constraints or obstacles.
68. 4–59 What Are Emotions? (cont’d) Emotional Labor A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Emotional Dissonance A situation in which an employee must project one emotion while simultaneously feeling another.
69. 4–60 Felt versus Displayed Emotions Felt Emotions An individual’s actual emotions. Displayed Emotions Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job.
70. 4–61 Emotion Dimensions Variety of emotions Positive Negative Intensity of emotions Personality Job Requirements Frequency and duration of emotions How often emotions are exhibited. How long emotions are displayed.
71. 4–62 Gender and Emotions Women Can show greater emotional expression. Experience emotions more intensely. Display emotions more frequently. Are more comfortable in expressing emotions. Are better at reading others’ emotions. Men Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent with the male image. Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions. Have less need to seek social approval by showing positive emotions.
72. 4–63 Affective Events Theory (AET) Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work environment event. Personality and mood determine the intensity of the emotional response. Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance and job satisfaction variables. Implications of the theory: Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles. Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction. Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfaction. Emotions have only short-term effects on job performance. Both negative and positive emotions can distract workers and reduce job performance.
73. 4–64 OB Applications of Understanding Emotions Ability and Selection Emotions affect employee effectiveness. Decision Making Emotions are an important part of the decision-making process in organizations. Motivation Emotional commitment to work and high motivation are strongly linked. Leadership Emotions are important to acceptance of messages from organizational leaders.
74. 4–65 OB Applications… (cont’d) Interpersonal Conflict Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions are strongly intertwined. Customer Services Emotions affect service quality delivered to customers which, in turn, affects customer relationships. Deviant Workplace Behaviors Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions that violate norms and threaten the organization). Productivity failures Property theft and destruction Political actions Personal aggression
75. 4–66 Ability and Selection Emotional Intelligence An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures. Emotional Intelligence (EI) Self-awareness Self-management Self-motivation Empathy Social skills Research Findings High EI scores, not high IQ scores, characterize high performers.