GRP4-Water-Resources-Engineering.pdf

Water
Resources
Engineering
Reporter: Llanes, Genesis Jan
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
1. Water Resources Engineering and its
Coverage
Water Resources Engineering
•
•
•
Water resources engineering is the study and management of
equipment, facilities and techniques that are used to manage and
preserve life’s most plentiful resource, which pertains to water-
related activities.
Branch of Civil Engineering
Water resources engineering focuses on supplying water for human
use, removing water when humans are finished using it and
developing methods of avoiding damage from natural disaster
related to water.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Coverage
What is the work of Water Resource
Engineer ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Planning and designing water distribution systems, sanitary and storm
water collection systems, and the pumping and storage infrastructure
required by these systems
Designing highway drainage systems and conveyance structures such as
culverts and bridges.
Managing floodplains and municipal streams and developing floodplain
maps and management plans.
Managing rivers and reservoirs for recreation, flood control, irrigation,
and other multi-use functions.
Developing groundwater resources and remediating polluted
groundwater resources.
Designing the hydraulic features of new hydraulic structures such as
dams, locks, hydroelectric stations, levees, erosion control measures,

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Coverage
Key skills for Water Resource Engineer
•
•
•
•
•
•
Excellent analytical skills
Team-working skills
Problem solving skills
Good time management
IT skills
Communication skills

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Coverage
Where does the Water Resource Engineer
Works?
Water resources engineer jobs are found in local,
state or federal government agencies and in
private corporations. They usually spend most of
their days planning and mapping for a specific
location's water needs, and may need to
occasionally travel to more accurately assess the
local water resource situation.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
2. Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle,
also known as the water
cycle is a way of
describing the material
flow of water throughout
the Earth. These specific
steps result in the
circulation of water
between oceans, the
atmosphere, and the land.
The water cycle involves
natural phenomena that
include precipitation such
as rain and snow,

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
2.1 PRECIPITATION AND ITS TYPES
Rain
1.
Drizzle
2.
Definition
-precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that
falls under gravitational pull from clouds.
Definition:
Most commonly observed, drops
larger than drizzle are considered
rain while, smaller drops are also
called raindrops.
Definition:
Fine drops that are very close together. It
appears to float while following air currents,
but unlike fog droplets, it falls to the ground.
Quite often fog and drizzle occur together.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Ice Pellets
(Sleet)
3.
Definition:
A transparent or translucent pellets
of ice, which are round or irregular
hard grains of ice consisting of frozen
raindrops, or largely melted then
refrozen snowflakes.
Hail
4.
Definition:
A small balls or other pieces of ice falling
separately or frozen together in irregular
lumps. Associated with thunderstorms,
individual hail stones are ¼ inch (5 mm) or
greater in diameter. Hail sizes of 1 inch (2.5
cm) or more are indicative of severe

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Small Hail (Snow
Pellets)
5.
Definition:
Precipitation of white, opaque grains
of ice that are round or sometimes
conical. Diameters are less than ¼
inch (5 mm).
Snow
6.
Definition:
Precipitation of snow crystals that
are mostly branched and in the form
of six-pointed stars.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
Snow Grains
7.
Definition:
Precipitation of very small, white,
and opaque grains of ice.
Basically, this is frozen drizzle.
Ice Crystal
8.
Definition:
Generally occurring in very cold regions,
they are falling crystals of ice in the form of
needles, columns, or plates. Also called
'diamond dust', ice crystals appear like fog
with individual water particles forming
directly as ice. The shape of the individual
ice crystals causes the 'light pillar' optical

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
2.2 Infiltration; factors affecting its rate
Soil characteristics
The porosity of soils is critical in determining the infiltration capacity. Soils that
have smaller pore sizes, such as clay, have lower infiltration capacity and slower
infiltration rates than soils that have large pore size, such as sands.
Soil compaction also impacts infiltration capacity. Compaction of soils results in
decreased porosity within the soils, which decreases infiltration capacity.
Hydrophobic soils can develop after wildfires have happened, which can greatly
diminish or completely prevent infiltration from occurring.
Soil moisture content
Soil that is already saturated has no more capacity to hold more water, therefore
infiltration capacity has been reached and the rate cannot increase past this point.
This leads to much more surface runoff. When soil is partially saturated then
infiltration can occur at a moderate rate and fully unsaturated soils have the
highest infiltration capacity.

Water
Resources
Engineering
1
2
2.1
cont.
2.2
cont.
2.2 Infiltration; factors affecting its rate
Organic materials in soils
Organic materials in the soil (including plants and animals) all increase the
infiltration capacity. Vegetation contains roots that extend into the soil which
create cracks and fissures in the soil, allowing for more rapid infiltration and
increased capacity. Vegetation can also reduce surface compaction of the soil
which again allows for increased infiltration.
Land cover
If land is covered by impermeable surfaces, such as pavement, infiltration cannot
occur as the water cannot infiltrate through an impermeable surface. This
relationship also leads to increased runoff. Areas that are impermeable often
have storm drains which drain directly into water bodies, which means no
infiltration occurs.
Slope
When the slope of land is higher runoff occurs more readily which leads to lower
infiltration rates.

Water
Resources
Engineering
Reporter: Capinpin, John Joshua
2.3-2.3.
1
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
2.3 Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
combination of two separate processes whereby water is lost on the one hand
from the soil surface by evaporation and on the other hand from the crop by
transpiration is referred to as evapotranspiration.
2.3.1 Evaporation
Evaporation
is the process whereby liquid water is converted to water vapour (vaporization)
and removed from the evaporating surface (vapour removal). Water evaporates
from a variety of surfaces, such as lakes, rivers, pavements, soils, and wet
vegetation.

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
2.3.1 Evaporation
Factors affecting it’s rate:
1. Temperature of the
liquid.
2. Exposed surface
area of the liquid.
3. Substances in the
liquid.
--hot water will evaporate
more quickly than cold
water.
- The same amount of water will
evaporate more quickly in a wide
shallow bowl than in a tall
narrow glass.
- Pure water will evaporate
more quickly than salt
water.
4. Air movement. 5. Concentration of the evaporating substance in
the air.
-Clothes that is hanging outside
will dry quickly in a windy day
-a cloth will dry quickly when the air
contains less water vapor.

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
2.3.2 Transpiration
Transpiration
consists of the vaporization of liquid water contained in plant tissues and the
vapor removal to the atmosphere. Crops predominately lose their water through
stomata. These are small openings on the plant leaf through which gases and
water vapor pass. The water, together with some nutrients, is taken up by the
roots and transported through the plant. The vaporization occurs within the leaf,
namely in the intercellular spaces, and the vapor exchange with the atmosphere
is controlled by the stomatal aperture. Nearly all water taken up is lost by
transpiration and only a tiny fraction is used within the plant.
Factors Affecting Infiltration Rate:
Atmospheric
Temperature
1
Light
2
Relative
Humidity
3
- A high
temperature
opens stomata
even in darkness.
Besides producing
a heating effect, it
lowers the relative
humidity of the air
- In most plants’
stomata open in
the presence of
light and close in
darkness. A
strong light
further increases
transpiration
- is the percentage
of water vapor
present in the air
at a given time and
temperature.

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
2.3.2 Transpiration
Factors Affecting Infiltration Rate:
Wind
4
Atmospheric
Pressure
5
- lower in the still
air because water
vapors
accumulate
around the
transpiring
organs and reduce
the DPD (Diffusion
Pressure Deficit)
of the air.
- Low atmospheric
pressure enhances
evaporation,
produces air
currents, and
increases the rate
of transpiration.

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
3. Distribution of Water Resources
Distribution of Water Resources
The distribution of water on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of
water on the surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides on the ocean which is
salty water.

Water
Resources
Engineering
2.3-2.3.
2.3.1
2.3.2
cont.
3
4-4.1-4.
2
4.0 Sources of Water
Sources of Water
Source water refers to bodies of water (such as rivers, streams, lakes,
reservoirs, springs, and ground water) that provide water to public
drinking-water supplies and private wells.
4.1 Surface Water
Surface Water
is any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes,
wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is
also considered surface water. Surface water participates in the
hydrologic cycle, or water cycle, which involves the movement of water to
and from the Earth’s surface.
4.2 Rainwater
Rainwater
Is simply the water that has fallen as or been obtained from rain. It is also
an important source of water, although on a relatively small scale.
Collecting rain from roofs or other hard-surfaced areas and storing it until
it is needed can provide a valuable source of water for many purposes.

Water
Resources
Engineering
Reporter: Espejo, Al-justine
4.3-5.0-5.
1
5.2-5.3
6.0

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
4.3 Groundwater
Groundwater
Groundwater is water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the
land surface. The water that your well draws from under the ground is an
example of groundwater. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below
the water table.

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
5.0 Water Selection Source
Water Selection Source
First and foremost, while planning for a water supply system, the total water
demand of the society needs to be worked out. The quantity and quality of water
available, the distance and elevation of the source, and the topography of the
surrounding area are to be considered while selecting a particular source of
water.

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
5.1 Water quality
Water quality
Water quality can be thought of as a measure of the suitability of water
for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics.
The following are examples of good and bad water
quality:
Potable
water
Palatable
water
Contaminated (polluted)
water
Infected water

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
5.1 Water quality
The following water properties are important in determining
water quality:
Temperature
Acidity – pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Turbidity
Specific Conductance
Hardness
Suspended Sediment

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
5.2 Water Quantity
Water Quantity
Water quantity is the timing and total yield of water from a watershed
and is measured by total yield and peak flow over a specified period of
time.

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
5.3 Socio-cultural Consideration
Socio-cultural Consideration
The social value of water resources must be considered when
reforming water prices, improving water policy, protecting water
resources, and devising allocation methods. For many religions and
beliefs, water plays a leading role in rituals and practices.

Water
Resources
Engineering
4.3-5.0-5.
5.2-5.3
6.0
6.0 Depletion and Contamination of Water
Depletion and Contamination of
Water
Water Depletion means severe reduction in the total amount of usable
water due to human activities and change in the environment.
Groundwater depletion, a term often defined as long term water-level
declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping. Water
Contamination or water pollution on the other hand, occurs when
harmful substances such as chemicals and microorganisms.

Water
Resources
Engineering
Reporter: Pabustan, Kyle Nicole D.
6.1
cont.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.

6.1
cont.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.
6.1 Water Source Depletion
Causes for Water Depletion
1. Excessive
demand of
water
Definition:
due to over population, the demand
of water has increased considerably.
2.
Evaporation
Definition:
due to global warming and change in
the climate, more amounts of surface
water and ground water is being
evaporated due to excessive heat.
3.
Pollution
Definition:
most of the industrial waste water are
dumped to these water sources..
4.
Deforestation
Definition:
This can be considered a major cause
for water depletion.

6.1
cont.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.
5.
Poor Storage
Definition:
due to poor storage facilities, lots of
rain water is wasted.
6.
Saltwater
Definition:
deep within the ground, the water
gets mixed with salt water and it is
termed as saltwater contamination.
7.
Low Rainfall
Definition:
rainfall has reduced considerably
over the years.
8.
Urbanization
Definition:
the government and the people have
behind urbanization.

6.1
cont.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.
9.
Agriculture
Definition:
agricultural activities steadily
increasing by the day which means
more water is pumped for use.
10.
Seepage
Definition:
when the collected water is
transported through the canals and
pumps, a lot of water is seeped into
the ground and lost.

6.1
Contamination
Expensive
Resource
Deep Wells
Effects of Water Depletion
- as a result of water
depletion, deep wells
need to be dug because
of the water shortage.
- water being a
renewable resource, it
will become very
expensive due to
limited availability.
- one of the major
effects of depletion is
contamination.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.
Marine Life
- due to the depletion,
contamination and
evaporation of
surface water, the
marine life gets
affected.
Agriculture
- agricultural
productivity depends
on the availability of
water. Agriculture
cannot exist without
adequate supply of
water.
Aquifers
- an aquifer is a
permeable rock that
holds ground water.
This can be used for
water supply for
agriculture and other
human activities.

6.1
Awareness
Technology
Alternative
Source
EFFECTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT
- any other alternative
source of water should
be discovered so as to
avoid further depletion.
- newer technology
should be developed
so that proper storage
of ground water can be
attained without
leakage.
- the government
should organize
effective campaign
and make people
aware of the how
precious and priceless
the water resources
are.
6.2
cont.
7
7.1
cont.
Plant more
trees
- afforestation can
reduce depletion
to a great extend.
Don’t pollute
water
- throwing of
industrial waste
and other harmful
chemical into the
water should be
banned completely.
Ground water
pumping
- no measures are
adopted to check the
pumping of ground
water. So more and
more water is being
pumped because it’s
free of cost.

6.1
cont.
6.2
cont.
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
6.2 Water Source Contamination
7
7.1
cont. Sources of Water Contamination :
Three Primary Sources

Sources of Water Contamination :
7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
7.1
cont. 7. Water Demand and Supply
Water is essential to human life and to many industries. While by far the largest body
of water on Earth is the saltwater of the oceans, freshwater is required for most human
activities. However, most freshwater is locked up in glaciers and polar ice caps. Water
supplies are drawn mainly from rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
Water supply
Definition:
- Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial
organizations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of
pumps and pipes. Public water supply systems are crucial to properly functioning
societies. These systems are what supply drinking water to populations around
the globe. Aspects of service quality include continuity of supply, water quality
and water pressure. The institutional responsibility for water supply is arranged
differently in different countries and regions (urban versus rural). It usually
includes issues surrounding policy and regulation, service provision and
standardization.

7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
7.1
cont. 7. Water Demand and Supply
Water Demand
Definition:
-Water Demand is defined as the volume of water requested by users to
satisfy their needs. In a simplified way it is often considered equal to water
abstraction, although conceptually the two terms do not have the same
meaning.
Types of Water Demand:
Domestic Public
Commercial and
Industrial

7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
7. Water Demand and Supply
Water Demand
Definition:
meaning.
Water Consumption Domestic Public Commercial and
Industrial
7.1
cont.
7.1 Irrigation
Irrigation
Definition:
- It is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to fulfil their water
requirements. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The
various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and
even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development,
germination and other related functions.
Types of Irrigation
There are different types of irrigation practiced for improving crop yield. These types of irrigation
systems are practiced based on the different types of soils, climates, crops and resources. The
main types of irrigation followed by farmers include:

7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
Water Demand
Definition:
meaning.
Industrial
7.1
cont.
7.1 Irrigation
1. Surface
Irrigation
2. Localized
Irrigation
3. Sprinkler
Irrigation
4. Drip Irrigation

7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
Water Demand
Definition:
meaning.
Industrial
7.1
cont.
7.1 Irrigation
5. Centre Pivot
Irrigation
6. Sub Irrigation
7. Manual
Irrigation

7.1.1
7.1.2
Industrial Water
Consumption
3
Domestic Water
Consumption
2
Rainwater
1
It is usually
safe to drink,
but rainwater
has become
increasingly
contaminated
due to air
pollution in
various areas
of the world.
Storm water
runoff can
pollute rivers,
streams and
lakes, and
much of the
contaminatio
n comes from
agriculture
and industry.
Water from
underground
aquifers is
usually safe to
drink, but over
the past few
years
contamination
has increased.
Water that is
deep
underground
7
Water Demand
Definition:
meaning.
Industrial
7.1
cont.
7.1 Irrigation
Methods of Irrigation
Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods:
Traditional Methods
1
Modern Methods
2

Water
Resources
Engineering
Reporter: Maliwat, Lyka Marie
7.1.1-7.1.
2
7.1.2
cont.
7.2-7.2.
1
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont.

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
cont.
7.2-7.2.
1
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont.
7.1.1 Agriculture
Agriculture
Definition:
- The study or practice of farming which includes preparing the land for
plant growth as well as raising animals for their meat, wool and other
goods.
7.1.2 Livestock Farming
Agriculture
Definition:
- Managing and rearing domesticated animals for the purpose of
harvesting their meat and other products like milk, eggs,
leather, etc is known as livestock farming. It can be also be
characterized as a economic activity that include raising
domestic animals for human consumption in order to get milk,
meat, wool, fur and other products like honey.

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
7.2-7.2.
1
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont. 7.1.2 Livestock Farming
Intensive
Livestock
farming
1
-Involves
providing the
animals with
housing, food and
medical attention
they need to grow
animals quickly
and healthily.
Breeds are chosen
in this system
based on the
various sorts of
production. It is
Semi intensive
livestock
farming
2
- Involves
housing and
feeding the
animals but
allowing them to
roam the farm
or graze in a
confined area to
forage for food.
Extensive
livestock farming
3
Types of Livestock farming:
- Huge tracts of
land, such as
meadows,
pastures or
mountains are
used for
extensive
livestock
farming so that
animals can
graze there and
benefits from
the local

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
7.2-7.2.
1
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont. 7.1.2 Livestock Farming
Nomadic
livestock
farming
4
- Animals like
cattle are grazed
on the vast area
of land as part of
nomadic
livestock farming
so they can have
a natural diet. In
this system, the
animals travel to
numerous
locations to eat
different foods
Transhumant
Livestock
5
- Depending on
the time of year,
transhumant
Livestock farming
involves moving
the animals to
location with
available fields for
feeding. This
livestock farming
method had
several benefits
since it makes the
Organic livestock
farming
6
Types of Livestock farming:
- The goal of
organic farming
is to produce
food of the best
quality without
the use of
synthetic
chemicals Luke
pesticides,
chemical,
fertilizers, etc.
Animals also
required a lot of

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
7.2-7.2.
1
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont.
7.2.1 Domestic water consumption
Definition:
Domestic water consumption use includes indoor and outdoor uses at
residences. Also, it’s fundamentally necessary for hygiene purposes,
food preparation, laundry as well as for drinking.
Domestic water use includes potable and non potable water provided
to household, wherein potable water is the stored water that is
suitable for human consumption and it’s filtered to make it safe for the
use. Unlike non potable water is typically gathered rainwater that has
not been treated in any way but may still used for many other
purposes depending on its quality.
7.2 Drinking water
Definition:
Drinking water is water that is utilized in the preparation of food or
beverages. Depending on the factors including physical activity level,
age, health conditions and environmental factors, different amounts of
drinking water are necessary to maintain good health..

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
7.2
cont.
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont.
7.2.2 Industrial Water Consumption
Definition:
Manufacturing and other industries use water during the production
process for either creating their products or cooling equipment used in
creating their products.
Why is the water important in
industry?
-The amount of water used in production
phase is referred to as water intensity
and can differ greatly depending on the
product produces. If not used in
production process itself, many
industries use water to clean their
machinery and buildings.

Water
Resources
Engineering
7.1.1-7.1.
7.1.2
7.2
cont.
7.2.2
cont.
7.2.3
cont.
7.2.3 Tourist water consumption
:
For many developing nations, tourism holds great economic potential
and is a significant factor in wealth distribution globally. However, it
uses a lot of water and has an unusual effect on the ecosystem.
Example: A hotel can use an average of 1,500 liters per room
per day which can vastly exceed that of local populations in
water-scarce destinations. In some areas, tourism uses on
average nearly eight times as much water as local residents do.
Why does the tourism affect the
demand for water?
- We already consume a lot of food and
liquids that need a lot of water to make.
When compared to residents, tourists
frequently drink far more water than
they do at home. In areas with a
shortage of water, this can entail taking
water from the community’s own source.
But why water is
important to tourists?
:
- Tourism affects fresh water use
significantly and depends on
available supplies. When tourists
wash their hands or go to the
bathroom, when they engage in
activities like ski or golf tourism
(snowmaking and irrigation), when

Thanks for
Listening!
Group 4
Members:
Llanes, Genesis Jan
Capinpin, John Joshua
Espejo, Al-Justine
Pabustan, Kyle Nicole
Maliwat, Lyka Marie

SOURCES:
https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/water-resource-engineer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)
https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/preciptypes
https://www.fao.org/3/x0490e/x0490e04.htm https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_sources.html
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/explain-how-groundwater-is-recharged-class10-biology-cbse-5fda10797dd0d60c2b1a8425
https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater
https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/ocean/waterquality.html
https://wood-energy.extension.org/water-quality-andquantity/#:~:text=Water%20quantity%20is%20the%20timing,a%20specified%20period%20of% 20time.
https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/21/1/73/64404/Defining-and-evaluating-the-social-value-of
https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2021/en/cultural-values-water,

SOURCES:
https://naturalenergyhub.com/environmental-hazards/water-depletion-causes-effects-effective-water-management/
https://www.epa.gov/ccl/types-drinking-water-contaminants#:~:text=The%20Safe%20Drinking%20Water%20Act,substance%20or%20matter%20in%20water.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/energy-government-and-defense-magazines/water-supply-and-demand
https://www.britannica.com/technology/water-supply-system/Municipal-water-consumption
https://byjus.com/biology/irrigation/
https://www.livestocking.net/livestock-farming-overview
https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article/70/7/1002/83539/Defining-domestic-water-consumption-based-on
https://www.aquatechtrade.com/news/industrial-water/industrial-water-essential-guide/
https://www.covac.co.uk/blog/the-difference-between-potable-and-non-potable-water
https://wentworthplumbing.ca/blog/how-does-the-industrial-sector-use-water/
https://realonomics.net/what-are-the-similarities-between-domestic-and-industrial-water-use/
https://www.wearewater.org/en/tourism-and-water-a-difficult-relationship-that-should-be-exemplary_282641
https://sustainablehospitalityalliance.org/our-work/water-stewardship/

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