This presentation is all about the different types of water resources on the planet Earth and this presentation also shows what kind of cycle that water undergoes to create rain, snow or hail. This presentation is also about how we can find different kinds of things that we normally do that destroys our bodies of water specially climate change and water pollution.

1. Earth Science Report
By:
Cyruss Joseph T. Tagalag
Karl Labarda
11 – San Juan

2. Water and Water Resources ~
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless
chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's streams,
lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. It is vital for all
known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic
nutrients.
Water is normally perceived as restricted to its liquid form, however,
water is also in the air, under the ground, and within our very bodies.

3. Water Vapor
Water is everywhere even in the air; this is called water vapor, the
vapor comes from the water which later turned into gas.
The process of water turning into gas is called evaporation.
Evaporation is caused by the heat that turns the water into gas.
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of
a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
Evaporation

4. Vaporization:
Vaporization of a sample of liquid is a phase transition from the
liquid phase to the gas phase.
There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling.
~Evaporation occurs at temperatures below the boiling point, and occurs
on the liquid's surface.
~Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid
is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure
of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the
surrounding atmosphere.

5. Did you know?
About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the
oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water.
The average adult human body is 50-65% water, averaging around
57-60%. The percentage of water in infants is much higher, typically
around 75-78% water, dropping to 65% by one year of age. Body
composition varies according to gender and fitness level because fatty
tissue contains less water than lean tissue.
Earth is the only planet where water in its liquid form exists. As
seen from space, Earth looks mostly blue and white because of water,
snow, ice and clouds on its surface. The part of Earth’s subsystem
containing the oceans, lakes, streams, underground water, and snow and ice
is the hydrosphere.

6. Water Resources
Water resources are sources of – usually fresh – water that are
useful, or potentially useful, to society; for instance for agricultural,
industrial or recreational use. Examples include groundwater, rivers, lakes
and reservoirs.
Groundwater - water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices
in rock.
Reservoirs - a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water
supply.
Lakes - A lake is a large body of water within a body of land.
Rivers - a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a
lake, or another such stream.

7. Water’s Importance
The human body uses water in all its cells, organs, and tissues to
help regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions. Because
the body loses water through breathing, sweating, and digestion, it's
important to rehydrate by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain
water.
Water is essential for the healthy growth of farm crops and farm
stock and is used in the manufacture of many products. It is most
important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is
clean water.

8. Water Problems
Water Pollution – Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example
lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results
when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment
Water Depletion – Water depletion means depletion means drastic
reduction in the total amount of usable water due to human activities
and change in the environment
Climate Change - Climate change intensifies water cycle because as air
temperatures increase, more water evaporates into the air.

9. Water Problems
Water problems has resulted to the emergence of commercial
potable drinking water in bottles, commonly called bottled water. The
demands for these manufactured products have been increasing as the
problem on the availability and cleanliness of tap water never stops.
Water is now considered as one of the world’s most expensive
commodities – in the same line as gasoline; it is because of the water
shortages that people face today.

10. The Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle, also known as water cycle, is the movement of
water around Earth’s surface and its subsystems. The cycle consists of
interconnected pathways and reservoirs. Reservoirs are the places where
water resides for varying amount of time, while pathways are the processes
that allow water to move between reservoirs and subsystems.

11. Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the
surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor
condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until
it returns to the surface as precipitation.
The hydrologic cycle is important because it shows how water
reaches plants, animals and people. Besides providing people, animals and
plants with water, it also moves things like nutrients, pathogens and
sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems.

12. Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic cycle involves pathogens, (a bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can cause disease) nutrients, and sediments (a naturally
occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or
ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles)

13. Hydrologic Cycle Processes
Evaporation – the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas
or vapor.
Transpiration – the process by which moisture is carried through plants
from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to
vapor and is released to the atmosphere.
Sublimation – the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the
gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.
Condensation – Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous
form (water vapor) into liquid water.
Transportation – Transportation of clouds by the wind.
Precipitation – Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of
rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail.

14. Hydrologic Cycle Processes
Deposition – The formation of ice through water vapor.
Snowmelt Runoff – Draining water of the melted snow.
Surface Runoff – Water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows
over the land surface.
Infiltration - The process by which water on the ground surface enters the
soil.
Percolation – The process of a liquid slowly passing through a filter.
Ground flow – defined as the "part of streamflow that has infiltrated the
ground.
Plant Uptake – The absorption of water by the plants.

15. Hydrologic Cycle

16. Hydrologic Cycle

17. Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology is the field of geology that deals with the
distribution, availability, and flow of groundwater in aquifers. Scientists
who specialize in this field are called hydrogeologists. They also study
groundwater contamination and how it affects the other subsystems.

18. Earth’s Water
The total amount of water in the planet, also known as the Earth’s
water budget, generally remains constant through time. Water moves and
changes in form, but is neither created nor destroyed. Only a very small
percentage is added to the hydrologic system by volcanic eruptions and
meteors from space. Most of the water on Earth today have been cycling
through the hydrologic system for billions of years.
The largest reservoir is the ocean that contains about 97.5% percent
of Earth’s total water, which is mostly saline water. This has a major effect
of humans since humans mostly depend on freshwater.

19. Freshwater
Freshwater which is only 2.5% of the Earth’s total water, is found in
glaciers (68.7%), groundwater (30.1%), permafrost (0.8%), surface water,
and atmospheric water.
Surface Water - water that collects on the surface of the ground.
Atmospheric Water - water present in the atmosphere either as a solid
(snow, hail), liquid (rain) or gas (fog, mist).
The surface water in rivers, lakes, swamps, soil moisture, living
things, atmospheric water vapor, ground ice, and permafrost, constitute
only about 0.4% of the total freshwater supply or less than 0.02% percent
of the total water on Earth.

20. Earth’s Water
Although the total amount of water in the planet remains constant,
the volume of water present in each reservoirs varies and their volumes
affect other reservoirs. For instance, the melting of glaciers and ice caps
reduces the amount of water in a region. It also leads to the increase in the
volume of water in ocean (manifested as sea level rise) which could cause
coastal flooding in low-lying coastal areas.

21. Earth’s Water
The residence time is the average length of time spent by water
molecule in a reservoir. Usually, the resident time of water is longer in
large reservoirs.
The residence time for an element in a reservoir can be calculated
by the reservoir size at steady state divided by the inflow or outflow rate.
Residence times are important because they tell how quickly or
slowly an ocean constituent can respond to a change in the constituent
supply or removal rates.

22. Water as ice
Water as ice floats on water in liquid states. This is because water
expands when it freezes, forming ice. The expansion of ice allows it to
occupy more volume per unit weight, making its density less than that of a
water. This property of water is essential in sustaining life. It protects
aquatic ecosystems during the winter because the frozen water or ice on
top insulates the bottom water. Without the insulation, the bodies of water
would have been frozen from top to bottom, killing all aquatic organisms.

23. Saltwater Reservoir
Ocean is a vast body of saline water. The saltiness of saltwater is
called salinity. The major chemical elements present in seawater are sodium
and chlorine ions. Other natural elements are also present in seawater in
very low concentrations.
Salt water is water that contains roughly 3.5% salt. It is found in the
world's oceans and seas, as well as in smaller amounts in brackish water(is
salt water and fresh water mixed together. It is saltier than fresh water, but
not as salty as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh
water).

24. Seawater
The salinity of seawater is maintained within a narrow range by the
processes in the hydrologic cycle. Evaporation removes water, making the
remaining solution saltier. Precipitation adds water, causing dilution (the action
of making a liquid more dilute). Inflow from groundwater also makes the sea
less salty. As sea water freezes salt is excluded because of its structure, making
the unfrozen seawater saltier.
There are three major zones in the ocean. The surface layer, which
consists of relatively warm, low-density water, extends from the ocean surface
to a depth of 100 m. This layer is only about 2% of the water in the ocean but it
is the home of most marine plants and animals. In the second layer called
thermocline, the temperate of water decreases rapidly with depth. At high
latitudes, the thermocline reaches the surface and extends up to 1500m. Below
the thermocline is the deep zone, where the temperature is uniformly low. 80%
of the ocean is in the deep zone.

25. Three Major zones of the ocean

26. Freshwater Reservoirs and Glaciers
Most of the freshwater on Earth is stored in glaciers situated in
inaccessible areas such as the Polar Regions and high mountains.
A Glacier is a permanent body of ice, which consists largely of
recrystallized snow. In Polar Regions and high-altitude regions, not all of
the snow that fall melts because of very cold temperature even during
summer. The unmelted snow is covered by another layer by the following
winter. The snow gradually accumulates and becomes compacted, turning
into a mass of ice. An Ice sheet is a mass of glacial land ice extending
more than 50000km².
Glaciers and ice sheets influence global climate and hydrologic cycle.

27. Glaciation and Deglaciation
Glaciation - the formation, movement and recession of glaciers. When
glaciation occurs, large amount of water becomes locked up as snow,
resulting to a decrease in the volume of runoff.
Deglaciation – the disappearance of ice from a previously glaciated
region. During deglaciation, river flow increases, and the volume of the
world ocean increases, resulting to a rise in sea level and recued land area.
Permafrost – is any ground that remains completely frozen. The total
water stored as underground ice in a permafrost is estimated to be
300000km³. It comprises about 0/8% of the total freshwater resource.

28. Surface Water Reservoirs
Surface waters include the streams, lakes and wetlands where water from
rainfall, melting snow and ice, and groundwater flows. They represent 0.3%
of Earth’s total water resource. This resource is harnessed for irrigation,
recreation, transport, fishing, drinking, and hydropower.
A stream is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward
sea level because of gravity. It has clearly-defined passageways called
channels where particles and dissolved substances are transported. A river
has a considerable volume and a well-defined channel. The smaller streams
are called tributaries. The land area in which the water flow into a particular
stream is called a drainage basic or watershed. The line that separates
individual drainage basic is called drainage divide. The narrow, elongated
landform separating individual streams within a basic is called interfluve.
During heavy rain, water moves downhill in a process called overland flow.
After a short distance, the water enters the channels and become streamflow.
Stream

29. Rivers, Lakes, and Wetlands
Rivers – River constitute about 1.6% of the total surface and
atmospheric water. The total volume of water stored in streams is
estimated to be about 2120km³.
Lakes – Lakes are large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper
surface is exposed to the atmosphere and is essentially flat.
Wetlands – Land areas where water cover the surface for significant
periods is referred to as wetlands. They vary in size – from relatively
large in flat areas to small in steep areas.

30. Types of Wetlands
Marsh – is a shallow wetland around lakes, streams and oceans where grasses
and reeds are the dominant vegetation.
Swamp – is a wetland with lush tress and vegetation found in low-lying areas
beside slow-moving rivers.
Estuary – is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from
stream meets the saltwater from the sea. It is home to many organisms that
can tolerate the sharp changes in salinity due to the constant change of salt
content.
Wetlands harbor great biological diversity. It is an important breeding
ground for fish and invertebrates. Its ability to trap water serves as a sponge that
slows down stream flow and minimizes floods, erosion, and sedimentation.

31. Floods
Flood is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged
under water. It usually occurs when the rate of precipitation is higher than the
rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams. It can
also occur even during dry periods when natural or human made reservoirs
collapse.
Fluvial or riverine flood occurs when a stream’s discharge is greaten that
the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to overflow. Flashfloods are
characterized by intense, high-velocity- torrent of water that occurs in an
existing river channel with little to no choice. Coastal flooding occurs when
water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the coasts. Pluvial or Surface water
flood occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an
overflowing steam. All effects of these floods can be reduced by vegetation.

32. Groundwater in Hydrologic Cycle
Groundwater is freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath
the surface. It is the largest reservoirs of liquid fresh water on Earth. It
contributes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet. Water-
bearing rock layers called aquifers are akin to “sponge” which holds
groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and powers between mineral grains.
Porosity is the total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock. It
determines the amount of groundwater that an aquifer can hold.
Permeability is the ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to
pass through it. The movement of groundwater within the aquifer is also
controlled by the permeability of its material.

33. Modern Purifying Methods of water
In times of calamities, available water needs to be purified before
consumption. The first step is to clean the water by removing the
suspended particles using filters. The best purification method is boiling
for at least 10 minutes. Another method is to use water purification tables
that are available in pharmaceutical stores. Unscented bleach composed of
sodium hypochlorite (main ingredient in laundry bleach) can also be used
to purify the water. Add two to four drops of bleach every liter of water.
Let the water stand for 30 minutes. Discard it and look for another source
if it did not smell like chlorine. Water can also be purified using solar
energy. Put the water in a clear two-liter plastic bottle (with PET label) and
expose it to the sun for six hours. The UV-A rays in sunlight kill germs,
viruses, bacteria, and parasites (Giardia and cryptosporidia).

34. Methods of purifying water
Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect
pure water in the form of vapor. This method is effective by the
scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than other
contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water.
Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to
treat water for home consumption. Chlorine is an effective water
purification method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing
organisms found in ground or tap water.

35. Methods of purifying water
Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification.
Water sources and or channels of distribution may render your water
unsafe. For example, parasites and germs are things you may not see by
bare eyes, but their effects can be life threatening.
Filtration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when using
the right multimedia filters it’s effective in ridding water of the
compounds. This method uses chemical and physical processes to purify
water and make it safe for human consumption. Filtration eliminates
both large compounds and small, dangerous contaminants that cause
diseases with a simple and quick filtration process.. Since filtration does
not deplete all the mineral salts, water that has been filtered is considered
healthier compared to water purified using other methods.

36. Groundwater Profile
When a well is excavated in the ground, the first layer encountered
is the moist soil layer on the surface. Beneath this is a zone in which the
spaces between the particles are filled mainly with air. This is called the
zone of aeration or unsaturated zoned. The spaces between the particles
are filled with water.
The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of
saturation is the water table. Above the water table is a layer called capillary
fringe, wherein groundwater seeps up to fill the pore spaces in the zone of
aeration via capillary action.

37. Groundwater Profile
Zone of aeration or unsaturated zone – The region between the earth's
surface and the water table. The main components of this region are soil and
rocks. Their pores are at times partly filled with water and air. Aeration occurs
when the air and water mix or come into close contact.
Water table – The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation.
Saturated zone – the area in an aquifer, below the water table, in which
relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water.
Capillary fringe – the subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a
water table by capillary action to fill pores.
Soil water – the term for water found in naturally occurring soil.
Ground water – water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in
rock

38. Groundwater Profile

39. Aquifers, Artesian Wells, And Springs
A reliable groundwater supply can be obtained from aquifers with
good porosity and permeability such as coarse-grained classic sedimentary
rocks. An aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to its natural
level is called unconfined aquifer. In a confined aquifer, the water is
trapped and held down by pressure between impermeable rocks called
aquiclude. The pressure in confined aquifer causes water to rise in well
drilled through it. Water could rise in this well without pumping if the well
is located at an elevation, which is below the recharge zone of the confined
aquifer. This is called artesian well. The Discharge zone is the area where
the groundwater flows out of the aquifer and onto land surface or even in
submarine environment. When groundwater emerges to the ground
surfaces, a spring is created.

40. Groundwater-Stream Relationship
There is an interaction between groundwater flow and stream flow.
There are streams that lose water downstream and dry up. In this type
of stream, the water flows underground and contributes to the
groundwater. This type of stream is called losing or influent stream. In
contrast, there are also stream that are fed by groundwater. This stream
is referred to as gaining or effluent stream. A stream or segments of
large streams could either be gaining or losing depending on the
amount of available water. For example, during dry seasons, the lower
part of the stream could dry up and becomes a losing stream; when
there is abundant water in the wet season, it will flow again as a gaining
stream.

41. Water as a Resource
Most of the early human civilizations were developed along the
world’s greatest rivers. Today, billions of people are still dependent on
water channels for food, water, transportation, and recreational, and
religious activities.
Throughout the world, there is an increasing pressure in Earth’s
water resources. This is mainly due to how human activities have sped
up and caused climate change and variations in natural conditions.

42. Activities Affecting the Quality of Water
Population Growth, particularly in water-short regions
Movement of large number of people from the countryside to towns
and cities.
Demands for greater food security and higher living standards
Increased competition between different uses of water resources
Pollution from factories, cities and farmlands
Deforestation
Sedementation

43. Degradation of ecosystems
The degradation of ecosystems is one of the serious threats, which
occurs due to changes to landscapes – deforestation, conversion of natural
landscapes into farm or residential areas, urban growth, road-building, and
surface mining. These activities have led to too much soil and sediments
delivered to streams in a process of sedimentation. Mining of certain
metals have also caused surface water to become acidic, producing a
discharge called acid mine drainage. Improper waste disposal contributes
significantly to the degradation of streams and lakes in urban areas. These
result to damages in the aquatic ecosystems, impairs water quality, and
hihnders water transport in large bodies of inland waters.

44. Degradation of ecosystems
Wastes produced by human activities pollute the air, land and water.
They affect rainwater and water resources both surface and underground.
The sources of freshwater pollution include industrial wastes, sewage,
runoff from farmlands, cities, and factory effluents, and the building-up of
sediment. Emissions from factories and vehicles also pollute the
atmospheric water and results to acid rain. Nutrients coming from sewage
and from farmland runoff may lead to eutrophication in the receiving
water reservoir and cause excessive aquatic plant growth that could have
damaging ecological effects.

45. Overexploitation of water
Overexploitation of the surface and ground water resources often
causes irreversible effects. Lakes and streams have dried up in some
regions due to excessive water withdrawal and improper management.
Over exploitation and excessive use of resources will lead to water
crisis. People will have to hunt for proper drinking water which will be
difficult to get. It means the loss of a valuable resource without which life
on earth is unimaginable. So, water is precious and needs conservation for
energy and life on earth.

46. Consequence of excessive use of groundwater
The consequences of excessive groundwater withdrawal include
reduced spring yields, diminished river flow, poorer water quality,
damage to natural habitats, and the gradual sinking of land known as
subsidence.
Natural phenomenon such as climate change also contributes
significantly to the existing stress in the water sources. Extreme
conditions such as drought have forced people to pump out more
groundwater or divert stream flows. During extreme wet seasons,
floods are very common and more sever, causing an increase in
sedimentation from already denuded landscapes. Global warming also
plays a vital role in the shrinking of glaciers and the consequent rise of
sea level

47. Water Resource Management
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing,
distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-
set of water cycle management. The field of water resources management
will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the
allocation of water.
It is a very important issue from several angles such as development
of water bodies for future, protection of available water bodies from
pollution and over exploitation and to prevent disputes. Extensive
hydrological information is necessary to develop water resources and
protect them.

48. Water Resource Management
The ever-increasing pressure in water resources calls for an effective
water resources management. It involves planning, developing,
distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. Successful
management requires accurate knowledge of the available resources and
demands, and mechanisms necessary to translate policies into actions. In
response to growing water demands, various countries and regions have
become determined in addressing the natural viability of their water
resources. These include rainwater harvesting for direct consumption and
for replenishment of groundwater. Surface water is also diverted into
basins in recharge zones to increase infiltration, reduce evaporation, and
improve water quality. Dams and reservoirs are build to provide additional
water storage.

49. Laws for Water Resources:
In the Philippines, several laws and regulations have ben enacted for the
protection, conservation and management of freshwater resources.
Presidential Decree (PD) no. 424 of 1974 created the National Water
Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water resources
development.
PD No. 1067 (1976) instituted the Water Code which consolidated the
laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation,
development, conservation, and protection of the water resources
subject to regulation by the NWRC.

50. Laws for Water Resources:
Executive Order (EO) No. 222 of 1995 established the Presidential
Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which was
tasked to prepare a nationwide Water Conservation Plan.
Republic Act (RA) No. 8041 or the National Water Crisis Act of 1995
addressed the country’s water problems through an integrated water
management program and development of new water resources and
conservation of identifies watersheds, among other provisions.
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 also provided a comprehensive
water quality management.
The full implementation of these laws by concerned authorities is crucial in the
proper management and conservation of the dwindling water resources.