The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era123 /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era123 /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document outlines the key anatomical landmarks and measurements used in Rakosi analysis to evaluate facial growth patterns and plan functional appliance therapy. The patient's analysis shows a vertical growth pattern with a posteriorly positioned mandible relative to the cranial base. Both the upper and lower incisors are proclined, making functional appliance therapy more challenging. Overall, the Rakosi analysis provides important diagnostic information but also indicates some limitations for treating this patient solely with a functional appliance due to the vertical growth pattern and proclined incisor positions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
This document provides an overview of evidence-based orthodontics. It defines evidence-based orthodontics as integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. The need for evidence-based orthodontics is that it allows practitioners to provide the currently best care available to patients. Evidence-based orthodontic practice differs from traditional practice by regularly accessing new evidence, identifying risk factors, and providing continuous, patient-centered, and efficient care. Systematic reviews are used to summarize research evidence in an unbiased manner to inform clinical decision making.
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedDr Susna Paul
The document summarizes the functional matrix hypothesis, which proposes that craniofacial bone growth is in response to mechanical stimuli from surrounding soft tissues. It revisits the hypothesis by incorporating recent understandings of mechanotransduction, the connected cellular network of bone cells, and the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Specifically, it describes how mechanical loads are sensed by bone cells and transmitted through the cellular network to regulate gene expression and bone formation. It presents the original genomic thesis of bone development being controlled by genes alone, the epigenetic antithesis of multiple developmental processes, and a resolution synthesizing both genetic and epigenetic influences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Psycological management of orthodontic patients /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Bjork's analysis, a method developed by orthodontist Arne Bjork to analyze craniofacial growth and development using lateral cephalograms. It describes Bjork's landmarks, angular and linear measurements used to construct a facial diagram. Bjork conducted studies on Scandinavian children to establish norms for comparison. His analysis helps determine the amount and distribution of facial prognathism based on configurations in the facial diagram.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Bjork's concept of jaw rotation during growth. It summarizes Bjork's landmark longitudinal study from 1951-1969 that used metal implants to track sites of growth and resorption in the mandible. Bjork observed that the mandible undergoes a downward and backward rotation during growth, with greater growth occurring posteriorly than anteriorly. He classified mandibular rotation patterns into forward and backward types based on the center of rotation. The study provided insights into mandibular growth mechanisms and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses several methods for analyzing postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs:
- Ricketts analysis evaluates asymmetries in the nasal cavity, mandible, maxilla, dentition, and craniofacial structures. Measurements are compared to clinical norms.
- Hewitt analysis assesses facial symmetry by dividing the face into triangles based on landmarks and measuring asymmetries between left and right sides.
- Svanholt & Solow analysis evaluates transverse relationships between dental arches and jaws through linear and angular measurements between defined landmarks.
- Grayson analysis involves three overlays on the radiograph corresponding to different anatomical planes to localize craniofacial asymmetries in
1. There are several methods for predicting outcomes of orthognathic surgery, including manual tracings, computer programs, and 3D modeling.
2. Accuracy of prediction varies depending on the method and software used, with 3D modeling generally providing the most accurate predictions but manual methods still common.
3. Studies have found most software to be reasonably accurate for hard tissue predictions but with more variability for soft tissues like lips and less ability to account for individual patient differences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
This document provides an overview of evidence-based orthodontics. It defines evidence-based orthodontics as integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. The need for evidence-based orthodontics is that it allows practitioners to provide the currently best care available to patients. Evidence-based orthodontic practice differs from traditional practice by regularly accessing new evidence, identifying risk factors, and providing continuous, patient-centered, and efficient care. Systematic reviews are used to summarize research evidence in an unbiased manner to inform clinical decision making.
The document discusses the history and properties of different types of archwire materials used in orthodontics. It describes the evolution from early gold alloy wires to more recent materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel-titanium wires. For each material, it covers aspects like composition, heat treatment process, mechanical properties including strength, stiffness, flexibility and factors important for clinical use. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on archwire materials.
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Functional matrix Hypothesis- RevisitedDr Susna Paul
The document summarizes the functional matrix hypothesis, which proposes that craniofacial bone growth is in response to mechanical stimuli from surrounding soft tissues. It revisits the hypothesis by incorporating recent understandings of mechanotransduction, the connected cellular network of bone cells, and the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Specifically, it describes how mechanical loads are sensed by bone cells and transmitted through the cellular network to regulate gene expression and bone formation. It presents the original genomic thesis of bone development being controlled by genes alone, the epigenetic antithesis of multiple developmental processes, and a resolution synthesizing both genetic and epigenetic influences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Psycological management of orthodontic patients /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document summarizes Bjork's analysis, a method developed by orthodontist Arne Bjork to analyze craniofacial growth and development using lateral cephalograms. It describes Bjork's landmarks, angular and linear measurements used to construct a facial diagram. Bjork conducted studies on Scandinavian children to establish norms for comparison. His analysis helps determine the amount and distribution of facial prognathism based on configurations in the facial diagram.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses Bjork's concept of jaw rotation during growth. It summarizes Bjork's landmark longitudinal study from 1951-1969 that used metal implants to track sites of growth and resorption in the mandible. Bjork observed that the mandible undergoes a downward and backward rotation during growth, with greater growth occurring posteriorly than anteriorly. He classified mandibular rotation patterns into forward and backward types based on the center of rotation. The study provided insights into mandibular growth mechanisms and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses several methods for analyzing postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs:
- Ricketts analysis evaluates asymmetries in the nasal cavity, mandible, maxilla, dentition, and craniofacial structures. Measurements are compared to clinical norms.
- Hewitt analysis assesses facial symmetry by dividing the face into triangles based on landmarks and measuring asymmetries between left and right sides.
- Svanholt & Solow analysis evaluates transverse relationships between dental arches and jaws through linear and angular measurements between defined landmarks.
- Grayson analysis involves three overlays on the radiograph corresponding to different anatomical planes to localize craniofacial asymmetries in
1. There are several methods for predicting outcomes of orthognathic surgery, including manual tracings, computer programs, and 3D modeling.
2. Accuracy of prediction varies depending on the method and software used, with 3D modeling generally providing the most accurate predictions but manual methods still common.
3. Studies have found most software to be reasonably accurate for hard tissue predictions but with more variability for soft tissues like lips and less ability to account for individual patient differences.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
There are three types of stem-changing verbs in Spanish that undergo changes in the present tense conjugation:
1) e to ie verbs like entender and pensar
2) e to i verbs like servir
3) o to ue verbs like almorzar
The verbs querer and preferir are examples of stem-changing verbs that can be used to express desires and preferences toward things, people, or activities followed by an infinitive. Another useful stem-changing verb is pensar, which can mean "to think," "to think about," or "to plan to" something when followed by an infinitive.
1 c guía para estudiantes acerca de objetivos mundialesJaneth C
El documento presenta una guía sobre los Objetivos Mundiales para el Desarrollo Sostenible (OMS) adoptados por los Estados Miembros de la ONU. Explica que los OMS buscan mejorar las condiciones de vida de forma sostenible hasta 2030 y cubren temas como erradicar la pobreza, combatir el hambre, lograr la igualdad de género, asegurar una educación inclusiva de calidad y promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, entre otros. También describe el proceso de desarrollo de los OMS
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Teledentistry uses telecommunications and information technologies to provide dental care, consultation, education, and public awareness from a distance. It has benefits like improving access to care, lowering costs, and being a needed resource for dental consulting and referrals. Teledentistry involves real-time video consultations or storing and forwarding patient information and images for later review. It uses technologies like digital cameras, videoconferencing, and radiography connected through networks, computers, and software. Teledentistry has various applications in fields like oral medicine, prosthodontics, pediatrics, endodontics, and more that can improve diagnosis and care for remote populations.
This document provides an overview of feline dentistry and oral anatomy. It discusses feline clinical anatomy, including dental structures and directional terms. Surgical techniques like extractions and flap design are covered. Common oral diseases in cats such as periodontal disease, tooth resorption, feline stomatitis/gingivostomatitis and neoplasia are also summarized. Regional nerve blocks and their implications are briefly explained. Radiographic changes associated with periodontal disease are mentioned.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Activator and its modifications /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Dokumen tersebut membahas struktur dan fisiologi telinga. Ia menjelaskan tiga bagian utama telinga yaitu telinga luar, tengah, dan dalam serta komponen-komponennya. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan mekanisme pendengaran melalui konduksi udara dan tulang.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This simplified lecture will present to you the basic concept of intracanal medicaments, their indication, classification, and their appropriate selection.
Presented to you by Iraqi Dental Academy.
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Este documento describe un proyecto escolar para diseñar y construir una maqueta de una noria. Detalla los requisitos y materiales permitidos, incluyendo una altura máxima de 30 cm, una base de tablero de madera de 33x24 cm, ruedas de hasta 20 cm de diámetro y soportes de hasta 20 cm de altura, con accionamiento eléctrico. También especifica los pasos requeridos antes de comenzar la construcción, como bocetos individuales y de grupo, planos y diagramas. Finalmente, describe los elementos que deben
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Skeletal maturity indicators /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The document summarizes several cranial nerves and associated ganglia. It describes the Trigeminal nerve as the 5th cranial nerve that provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. It also outlines the three main branches of the Trigeminal nerve - the Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular nerves. Each branch innervates different facial regions and structures such as the eyes, nose, mouth, and face. The document also briefly discusses some associated parasympathetic ganglia like the Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, and Otic ganglia.
This document provides information on various aspects of obturation in endodontics. It discusses the objectives of obturation, commonly used root canal filling materials like gutta percha and cements, and techniques like lateral condensation and warm vertical compaction. It also covers topics like root canal sealers, rejuvenation of aged gutta percha, advantages and disadvantages of different filling materials like silver points, and factors affecting the success of obturation.
Palatal rugae as an aid for personnel identification Rupal Patle
The document summarizes a study on palatal rugae patterns in 1000 subjects in Lucknow, India. The key findings are:
1. Palatal rugae patterns were compared between males and females of different age groups. No significant differences were found in the number, size, or common shapes of rugae between genders.
2. The average number of rugae was highest in subjects ages 3-5 years and lowest in those over 51. Shape did not change with age, while size increased slightly until ages 13-30.
3. Comparisons of rugae patterns in twins, siblings, and parents revealed no familial similarities, suggesting rugae features are not inherited.
4. The
Parallel angle technique vs bisecting angle technique.salman zahid
This document compares and contrasts the parallel angle technique and bisecting angle technique for periapical radiographs. The parallel angle technique positions the film parallel to the tooth's long axis with the x-ray beam directed perpendicularly, allowing for reproducible images. However, it can be uncomfortable and difficult to position. The bisecting angle technique aims the beam at 90 degrees to an imaginary line bisecting the tooth's angle to the film, making positioning easier but resulting in more variable images. Both techniques have advantages and disadvantages related to reproducibility, positioning, and distortion.
Treatment of class ii non compliant /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Growth and development (2)/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
This document defines key terms related to growth and development and summarizes research studies. It begins by defining growth, development, and related terms. It then discusses patterns of growth including differential growth and the cephalocaudal gradient. The document summarizes several major longitudinal growth studies, including the Bolton Brush, Burlington, and Iowa Child Welfare studies. It concludes by outlining different methods used to study bone growth, both at the macro and microscopic levels.
Asessment of growth and development in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides definitions and terminology related to growth and development. It discusses how growth refers to an increase in size, number, or living substance, while development connotes a maturational process involving cellular and tissue differentiation. Development encompasses all naturally occurring progressive changes in an individual from a single cell to a multifunctional unit terminating in death. The document also outlines various methods for studying growth, including longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, cephalometry, anthropometry, radiography, histology techniques, and the use of markers like isotopes and fluorescent labels.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth and development concept, theory and basicsSaeed Bajafar
This document provides definitions and concepts related to growth and development. It discusses:
- Ancient concepts of growth from texts like the Garbha Upanishad.
- Definitions of growth, development, and related terms from sources like Todd, Proffit, and Moyers.
- The patterns of growth including differential growth, the cephalocaudal gradient, and proportional changes.
- Factors that influence growth timing, rate and direction like genetics and environment.
- Major longitudinal growth studies that provide standards and norms for understanding craniofacial development.
Growth prediction (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. The document discusses growth and development, including definitions, physiology, factors affecting it, patterns, variability, and timing.
2. Key points include growth being an increase in size while development involves cellular differentiation; physiology involves hormones like HGH and IGF-1; and factors include heredity, nutrition, illness, socioeconomics, and endocrine function.
3. Growth occurs in patterns with the head growing faster early in development while the legs grow faster later. Variability exists between individuals and timing has critical periods and growth spurts.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth & development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Clinical and radiographic guidelines for prediction of growthDrAditiAcharya
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CONCEPTS OF STUDYING GROWTH
METHODS OF STUDYING GROWTH
TYPES OF GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF GATHERING GROWTH DATA
METHODS OF STUDYING BONE GROWTH
VARIABLE AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH
GROWTH ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
VISUAL TREATMENT OBJECTIVES
COMPUTERIZED GROWTH FORECASTING
CONCLUSION
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Growth and development basic concepts /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document discusses concepts related to growth and development. It defines growth, development, and differentiation according to various scholars. It also describes the fields that study growth and development, including molecular biology, developmental biology, developmental oral biology, physical growth, and behavioral development. The document further discusses growth patterns, variability, timing, and factors that influence physical growth such as heredity, nutrition, illness, race, climate, socioeconomic status, and psychological disturbance. Methods for gathering and evaluating growth data are also outlined.
Terminologies and basic concepts of growth and development /certified fixed o...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of key concepts and terminology related to growth and development. It begins by discussing how growth and development are related but distinct processes, with development encompassing growth as well as differentiation and translocation of tissues. The major themes of development discussed are changing complexity, shifts from competence to fixation, shifts from dependence to independence, and genetic control modulated by environment. The document then examines concepts like pattern, variability, timing, and the correlation between growth and development. It also explores the cellular mechanisms and processes underlying growth of hard and soft tissues.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document defines key terms related to growth and development. Growth refers to an increase in size, while development is a progress towards maturity involving cellular and tissue differentiation. Growth is quantitative while development is qualitative. Other terms defined include morphogenesis, differentiation, and maturation. Normal growth and development features like differential growth, patterns, variability and timing are also discussed. The mechanisms of growth in soft and hard tissues like intramembranous and endochondral bone formation are described. Principles of bone modeling, remodeling, displacement and rotation are explained.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
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3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
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--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
2. Definition of GrowthDefinition of Growth
• “Growth refers to increase in size” - Todd
• “Growth may be defined as the normal
change in the amount of living substance”-
Moyers
• “Growth usually refers to an increase in
size and number” – Proffitwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. • “Change in any morphological parameter
which is measurable”- Moss.
• “Size development , progressive
development (i.e, evolution, emergence,
increase or expansion)”- Webster’s
dictionary.
• “Self multiplication of living substance”-
J.S.Huxley.
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4. DIFFDIFFERENT KINDS OF GROWTHERENT KINDS OF GROWTH
• Size change
• Positional change
• Proportional
change
• Functional change
• Maturational
change
• Compositional
change
• Timing and
sequential change
• a Prenatal growth
• b Postnatal
growth
• c Maturity
• d Old age
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5. Definition of DevelopmentDefinition of Development
“Development is a progress towards maturity” –
Todd
“Development refers to all naturally occurring
progressive, unidirectional, sequential changes
in the life of an individual from it’s existence as
a single cell to it’s elaboration as a
multifunctional unit terminating in death” –
Moyers
“Development connotes a maturational processwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Major themes of developmentMajor themes of development
• Changing complexity
• Shifts from competent to fixation
• Shifts from dependent to independent
• Ubiquity of genetic control modulated by
environment
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7. Changing complexity
• Takes place at all level of organisation
from the sub-cellular to the whole
organism
• Normally complexity increases with
development .
• Most complex period of developing
dentition is transition of dentitions.
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8. Shifts from competent to fixation
• Undifferentiated cells once differentiated
become fixed.
Shifts from dependent to
independent
• Development brings greater independence at
most levels of organisation.
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9. Ubiquity of genetic control
modulated by environment
• Genetic control of development is
constantly being modified by
environmental interactions
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10. Correlation betweenCorrelation between
Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development
• Growth is basically anatomic
phenomenon and quantitative in nature
Development is basically physiologic
phenomenon and qualitative in nature
• Growth may not always be associated
with increase in size, it may at times
result in decrease in size, e.g. thymus
gland after puberty
Development on the other hand is awww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Importance of growth andImportance of growth and
development to orthodontistdevelopment to orthodontist
• Serves as a backbone to understand the
etiology of malocclusion
• Helps to assess the health and nutrition of
children
• Allows comparison of growth of an
individual child with the growth of other
children
• Helps to identify abnormal occlusal
development at an earlier stage
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12. • Makes available use of growth spurts
• Surgery is done when facial growth is
completed
• Growth affects stability of occlusion
hence retention regime should be
planned accordingly.
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13. DefinitionsDefinitions
• Morphogenesis – “A biologic process
having an underlying control at the cellular
and tissue levels”
• Differentiation – “It is a change from
generalized cells or tissues to a more
specialized kinds during development”
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14. • Translocation – “It is a change in
position”
• Maturation – “The term maturation is
sometimes used to express qualitative
changes which occur with ripening or
ageing”
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15. Normal features ofNormal features of
Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development
• Differential Growth
• Pattern
• Normality
• Variability
• Timing, rate & direction
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16. DIFFERENTIAL GROWTHDIFFERENTIAL GROWTH
Different organs grow at different
rates to a different amount and at
different times.
• Scammon’s curve of growth
• Cephalocaudal gradient of growth
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17. SCAMMON’S CURVE OFSCAMMON’S CURVE OF
GROWTHGROWTH
• LYMPHOID
• NEURAL
• GENERAL
• GENITAL
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20. PATTERNPATTERN
• Pattern in growth represents
proportionality .It refers not just to a set of
proportional relationships at a point in time
but to change in these proportional
relationships over time.
• Cephalocaudal gradient
• An important aspect of pattern is
predictablity
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21. PredictabilityPredictability
• Predictability of growth pattern is a
specific kind of proportionality that exists
at a particular time and progresses
towards another, at the next time frame
with slight variations.
• In orthodontics,
- Morphogenetic
- Developmental
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22. VariabilityVariability
• No two individuals with the exception of
monozygotic twins are like.
• Variability quantitatively is categorized
in terms of deviations from the usual
pattern, for which it is imp to understand
the concept of normality.
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23. NormalityNormality
• Normality refers to that which is usually
expected, is ordinarily seen or typical –
Moyers
• Normality may not necessarily be ideal.
• Misuse of the concept of normality can lead
to many problems in clinical orthodontics &
treatment planning.•
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24. • Statistical
• Evolutionary
• Functional
• Esthetics
• Clinical
CONCEPTS OF NORMALITYCONCEPTS OF NORMALITY
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26. Applications of growth charts.Applications of growth charts.
• Location of an individual relative to the
group can be established.
• Can be used to follow a child over time
and note for any unexpected change in
growth pattern.
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27. Timing of GrowthTiming of Growth
• One of the factors for variablity in growth.
• Timing variations arise because biologic clock of
different individuals is different.
• It is influenced by:
genetic influence
sex related differences
physique related
environmental influences
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28. Distance curveDistance curve
VsVs
Velocity curveVelocity curve
Distance
curve
Velocity
curve
Age
Height
Distance Curve (cumulative curve): In this curve growth
can be plotted in height or weight recorded at various
ages.
Velocity Curve(incremental curve): In this by amount
of change in any given interval that is growth incrementwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Growth spurtsGrowth spurts
• Defined as periods of growth acceleration
• Sex-linked
– Normal spurts are
• Infantile spurt – at 3 years age
• Juvenile spurt – 7-8 years (females); 8-10
years (males)
• Pubertal spurt – 10-11 years(females); 18-15
years (males)
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32. GROWTH STUDIES AND METHODS OF
STUDYING GROWTH.
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33. • Types of growth data
• Methods of gathering growth data
• Longitudinal growth studies
• Methods of studying bone growth
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34. Types of growth data.
Opinion
Observations.
Ratings and rankings.
Quantitative measurements.
direct data.
indirect data.
derived data.
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35. Types of growth data.
• Opinion
It is a clever guess based on experience.
they are the crudest form of scientific
knowledge.
• Observations:
They are useful for studying all or none
phenomenon.they are used in a limited way
when more quantitative data is available.
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36. • Ratings and rankings:
certain data is difficult to quantify and thus
may be compared to conventional rating
scale .ratings make use of comparisons with
such scales.rankings array data in ordered
sequence according to value.
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37. Quantitative measurements:
Includes expressing an idea or fact as a
meaningful quantity or numbers.
• Direct data: derived from measurements taken
on living persons or cadaver with a measuring
device.
• Indirect data: derived from measurements
taken from images or reproductions of the
actual person.
• Derived data: obtained by comparing at least
two other measurements.
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39. Longitudinal studies.
• These are measurements made of the same person
or group at regular intervals through time.
• Advantages: temporary temporal problems are
smoothed with time,
Variability in development within a group is put in
proper perspective,serial comparison makes study
of specific developmental pattern of individual
possible.
Disadvantages: time consuming, expensive, sample
loss or attrition,averaging.
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40. Cross sectional studiesCross sectional studies
ADVANTAGES
• Quicker
• Less costly
• Statistical treatment made easier
• Allows repeating
DISADVANTAGES
• Variation in development amongst individuals
within the sample cannot be studied
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41. Semi longitudinal studies.
• Longitudinal and cross sectional studies can
be combined to to seek the advantages of
both.in this way one might compress 15
years of study into 3 years of gathering
growth data.
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43. Longitudinal growth studiesLongitudinal growth studies
• Bolton brush growth study
• Burlington growth study
• Michigan growth study
• Denver child growth study
• Iowa child welfare study
• Forsyth twin study
• Meharry growth study
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44. • Montreal growth study
• Krogman philadelphia growth study
• Fels growth study
• Implant studies
• the mathews implant collection
• the hixon oregon implant study
• Cleft palate study
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45. Bolton Brush growth study.
• Initiated by Prof T Wingate Todd in 1926
• Aim- studying skeletal development .
• Initiated concurrently by Dr Holly Broadbent Sr in
1929.
• Aim- studying normal development of facial
skeleton.
• Sample size:5000 normal healthy children.
• Records:series of x-rays,casts,dental and medical
examination and psychological tests.
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46. • The two collections merged officially in 1970.
• In 1975 the Bolton standards of dentofacial development
growth were published by Dr Holly Broadbent jr.
• These standards are a series of averages that represent
optimum facial and developmental growth and form a
baseline for understanding and assessing craniofacial
growth.
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47. Burlington growth study
• AIM
• Malcclusion
• Evaluate preventive and interceptive orthodontic
treatment.
• Obtain a set of growth records as a database for
future studies.
• Sample size:1632 subjects followed
longitudinally.
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48. • Records :series of x-rays,
casts,photographs,height and weight
records and medical examination.
• The original concept for the study was
presented by Robert Moyers& the
records were gathered under Frank
Popovich.
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49. Burlington growth study
• More than 247 investigations & 322 studies are
based on this growth study
• Longitudinal studies by Thompson & Popovich to
derive cephalometric norms of a representative
sample was based on 210 children followed for 15
years at the Burlington growth center.
• age sex and growth type specific craniofacial
templates were derived and static and dynamic
analysis were proposed on the basis of this study.
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50. The Iowa child welfare study.
• Sample size:it is a diminishing longitudinal
study which began with 20 males and 15
female 4 year old subjects. Followed till 17
years of age. Non -orthodontically treated
patients of entirely European origin were
used.
• Records:lateral and PA views and dental
casts.
• The study as done under Samir Bishara.
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51. • Based on this study the changes in facial
dimensions & relationships as well as in
standing height were evaluated.
• The dentofacial relationships of 3 normal facial
types (long, average, short) from 5-25 yrs of
age was described & compared.
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52. CLEFT PALATE STUDIES.
• LANCASTER PA:includes 850 record sets obtained
annually from birth to 15 years.
• HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN(Toronto):over
4000 subjects ranging in age from 5-20 years
• .CENTER FOR CRANIOFACIAL
ANOMALIES(Chicago);annual records of 1000
subjects.
• Records include series of x-ray films, casts, medical
and orthodontic treatment records.
• All subjects had surgical repair and minor to extensive
orthodontic treatment.
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53. Methods of studying bone
growth
c e p h a lo m e tr y .
a n th r o p o m e tr y .
c r a n io m e tr y .
m e a s u r e m e n t a p p r o a c h e s .
a u to r a d io g r a p h y .
n u c le a r v o lu m e m o r p h o m e tr y .
r a d io is o to p e s .
p o la r is e d lig h t.
flu o r e s c e n t la b e ls .
m ic r o r a d io g r a p h y .
m in e r a lis e d s e c tio n s .
a t m ic r o s c o p ic le v e l.
fin ite e le m e n t m o d e lin g .
im p la n t m a r k e r s
a t m a c r o s c o p ic le v e l.
n a tu r a l m a r k e r s .
c o m p a r a tiv e a n a to m y .
v ita l s ta in in g .
a t b o th le v e ls .
e x p e r im e n ta l a p p r o a c h e s .
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54. CRANIOMETRY.
Involves measurements of skull
used to study the Neanderthal
and Cro-magnon skull.
give information of extinct
population and pattern of growth
Advantages: Precise measurements.
Disadvantages:All growth data must be cross sectional.
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55. ANTHROPOMETRY:
• measurements using soft tissue points overlying
bony landmarks in living individuals.
• can also be done on dried skulls but variation in
soft tissue thickness would produce different
results.
• Possible to follow the growth of an individual
directly.
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56. • CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY:
• allows direct measurement of bony skeletal
dimensions and follow up of the same individual
over time .
• Disadvantages
•:Depends upon precise orientation of head and precise
control of magnification.
• 2D representation of 3D structurewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Mineralized sections.
• Fully mineralized sections are superior to
demineralized specimens as there is less processing
distortions and both organic and inorganic matrix can
be studied simultaneously.
• Cellular details and resolutions can be enhanced by
reducing the thickness of the sections.
• Specific stains can be used to enhance both cellular and
extra cellular details.
• Thin sections can however quench more rapidly
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58. Microradiography.
• High resolution of images of bone sections
• Differential density between primary and
secondary bone.
• Strength of the bone-proportional to degree of
mineralisation.
• secondary bone has more strength than primary
bone.
• Secondary mineralisation process takes about 8
months to form and hence the minimum retention
period after active orthodontic correction should
be 6-8 months.
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59. Fluorescent labels.
• Administered in vivo calcium binding labels
• anabolic time markers of bone formation.
• Mechanism of bone growth determined by
analysis of label incidence and interlabel distance.
• Sequential use of different colored labels assess
bone growth,healing and functional adaptation.
• Tetracycline,calcein green,xylenol orange,alizarin
complexone,demeclocycline and oxytetracycline
commonly used labels.
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60. Radioisotopes.
• Radioisotopes of certain elements or compounds
are often used as in vivo markers for studying
bone growth.
• Such labeled material is injected and after some
time located within the growing bone by means
of autoradiographic techniques.
• Commonly used markers are :
1. Technetium 99
2. Calcium 45
3. Potassium 32
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61. Autoradiography.
• Histological sections are coated with a nuclear track
emulsion to detect radiographic precursor for
structural and metabolic material.
• Specific radioactive labels for protein carbohydrates
or nucleic acids are injected.
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62. • Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the label uptake
is a physiologic index of cell activity.
• Commonly used autoradiographic labels are:
• A. 3
H thymidine.
• B. 3
H proline.
• C. Bromodeoxyuridine.
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63. Polarized light.
• indicates the orientation of collagen fibers within
the bone matrix.
• Most lamellar bone consists of collagen fibers
oriented at right angles.
• However 2 other configurations can also be
noted:longitudinally aligned(L osteons).
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64. • And mixed fiber pattern.(both L and A osteons).
• Loading condition at the time of bone formation
dictate the orientation of collagen fibers . Thus
bone formation can adapt to different loading
conditions by changing the internal lamellar
organization of bone tissue.
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65. Nuclear volume morphometry.
• cytomorphometric procedure to measures the
nuclear size for assessing the stages of
differentiation of osteoblastic precursor cells.
• Pre osteoblasts have significantly larger nuclei
than their precursors.
• used in determining the relative differentiation of
PDL and other bone living cells.
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66. Teleradiology.Teleradiology.
• Introduced in 1982 at international
conference of PACS.
• Universal method of storing and
transporting digital images .
• Currently American college of radiology
have developed DICOM to allow the
transmisssion of images over the internet.
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67. Vital staining
• reported by Belchier in 1796
• John Hunter- alizarin dye
• Alizarin reacts with calcium at sites of bone
calcification i.e. sites of active skeletal growth
thus marking these locations
• Other dyes : tetracyline
trypon blue
lead acetate
procion
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68. • Vital staining aids in studying:
Manner in which bone is laid down
site of bone growth
the direction and amount of growth
and the timing and relative duration
of growth at different sites.
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69. Natural markers.
• The persistence of certain developmental features
has led to their use as natural markers by means of
serial radiography.
• Eg: trabaculae,nutrient canals and lines of arrested
growth can be used for reference to study
deposition, resorption and remodeling.
• Certain natural markers are used as cephalometric
landmarks.
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70. Implant markers.
• Bjork devised a method of implanting tiny bits of
tantalum or biologically inert alloys into growing
bone which served as radiographic reference
markers for serial cephalometric study.
• The method allows precise orientation of serial
cephalograms and information on the amount and
sites of bone growth.
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71. Mechanism of growthMechanism of growth
• 3 mechanisms at the cellular level
– Hyperplasia
– Hypertrophy
– Secretion of extracellular matter
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72. Mechanism of growth inMechanism of growth in
soft tissuessoft tissues
• In soft tissues growth occurs by a combination of two
mechanisms namely:
• hyperplasia and hypertrophy
• These result in interstitial growth.
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73. Mechanism of growth in hardMechanism of growth in hard
tissuestissues..
• The craniofascial skeleton grows by three
unique processes:
• Chondrogenesis: formation of cartilage
• Endochondral bone formation: process of
converting cartilage into bone
• Intramembranous bone formation: process of
bone formation from undifferentitaed
mesenchymal tissue.
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74. Comparison of physiologicComparison of physiologic
properties of bone and cartilageproperties of bone and cartilage
• Characteristic cartilage
bone
• Calcification Non calcified Calcified
• Vascularity Avascular Vascular
• Surface membrane Nonessential Essential
• Pressure resistance Tolerant Sensitive
• Rigidity Flexible Inflexible
• Modes of growth Interstitial
Appositional
and appositional
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75. Endochondral bone formationEndochondral bone formation
• Definition:It is the process of converting
cartilage into bone.
• Occurs in regions exposed to high levels of
compression
• In craniofacial region it is seen in areas like
• Synchondrosis at the cranial base
• Condylar cartilage
• Nasal septal cartilage
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76. Steps of chondrogenesisSteps of chondrogenesis
• Chodroblasts produce matrix
• Cells become encased in matrix
• Chondrocytes enlarge,divide and produce
matrix
• Matrix remains uncalcified
• Membrane covers the surface but is not
essential
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77. Steps of endochondral boneSteps of endochondral bone
formationformation
• hypertrophy of chondrocytes and matrix
calcifies
• Invasion of blood vessels and connective
tissue cells.
• osteoblasts differentiate and produce
osteoid tissue.
• osteoblast tissue calcifies.
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78. Intramembranous boneIntramembranous bone
formationformation
Definition: it is the process of bone formation
from undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue
• Derived from neural crest cells
• Occurs in areas exposed to tension
• It differs from endochondral bone formation
by formation of bone directly from
mesenchymal tissue
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79. –Seen in areas like:
– Cranial vault
• Maxilla
• Mandible except condylar
cartilage
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80. Steps of intramembranous boneSteps of intramembranous bone
formationformation
• Osteoblasts produce osteoid tissue.
• Cells and blood vessels are encased.
• Osteoid tissue is produced by membrane
cells.
• Osteoid calcifies.
• Essential membrane covers bone.
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81. Bone metabolismBone metabolism
• Bone is the primary calcium reservoir of the body
(99% stored in skeleton)
•Bone structure is sacrificed to maintain the critical
serum calcium levels at 10mg %
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82. Bone metabolismBone metabolism
Calcium homeostasis is supported by 3 mechanisms :
1. Rapid instantaneous flux of calcium from bonefluid (seconds) by
selective transfer of calcium ions into and out of bone fluid.
2. Shorterm control of serum calcium levels affects rates of bone
formation $ resorption
3. Longterm regulation of metabolism- have effects on skeleton
.
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83. TYPE OF BONESTYPE OF BONES
• Lamellar bone
• Non lamellar bone
• Fine cancellous bone
• Coarse cancellous bone
• Woven bone
• Bundle bone
• Composite bone
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84. LAMELLAR BONELAMELLAR BONE
• Comprises 99% of human skeleton
• Strong highly mineralised
• Mineralised in two stages:
• primary mineralisation
• secondary mineralisation
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85. Clinical significance
• Full strength of lamellar bone
supporting an orthodontically moved
tooth is not attained for upto a year after
completion of active treatment.
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86. Non Lamellar boneNon Lamellar bone
• Makes up fine cancellous bone tissue
• No distinct stratification in fibre orientation
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87. Woven boneWoven bone
• Type of non lamellar bone
• Weak , disorganised, poorly mineralised
• Not found in adult human skeleton under
normal conditions
• First bone formed in response to
orthodontic loading.
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88. Bundle boneBundle bone
• Present adjacent to periodontal ligament
• Presence of perpendicular striations called
sharpey’s fibres.
• Formed on depository side of socket, laid
dowm in the direction toward the moving
tooth root.
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89. Composite boneComposite bone
• Predominant bone type during early
retention phase
• Most rapid means of producing strong
bone
• Formed by deposition of lamellar bone
within a woven bone lattice.
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90. Fine cancellous bone tissueFine cancellous bone tissue
• Formed by periosteum and endosteum
• Marrow spaces are fine
• It is located in cortex e.g. posterior border
of a growing ramus in a child
• Fastest growing of all bone types
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91. Coarse cancellous boneCoarse cancellous bone
• Produced by endosteum only
• Irregular marrow spaces containing red or
yellow marrow
• Irregularly arranged trabeculae
• Present in medulla
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92. Mechanisms of bone growthMechanisms of bone growth
• Deposition and resorption
• Growth fields
• Modelling
• Remodelling
• Growth movements
drift
displacement
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94. Deposition and resorptionDeposition and resorption
• -periosteal bone
• -endosteal bone
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95. Enlow’s V principalEnlow’s V principal
• Most useful and basic
concept
• Deposition and
Resorption
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96. Transverse histologic section of bone:
A.Periosteal surface -
endosteal surface +
B.New endosteal bone on inner surface.
C.Endosteal layer produced covered by
periosteal layer following outward
reversal.
D.Cortex made entirely of periosteal
bone….outer surface depository and
inner surface resorptive.
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97. Example with V oriented verticallyExample with V oriented vertically
• When bone + on
coronoidprocess, the
ramus increases in
vertical dimension.
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98. Example of V oriented horizontallyExample of V oriented horizontally
• Same + of bone
posterior direction
of growth
movement.
• backward
movement of
coronoid processes
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99. • Same deposits carry
base of bone in
medial direction as in
fig 1.
• Hence, the wider part
undergoes relocation
into a more narrow
part as the whole v
moves towards the
wide part (fig 2)
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100. Growth fieldsGrowth fields
• Inside and outside of
every bone is covered
by growth fields which
control the bone
growth.
• They are both
resorptive and
depository types..
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101. Growth sitesGrowth sites
• Growth fields having
special role in the
growth of the
particular bone are
called growth sites
• e.g. mandibular
condyle, maxillary
tuberosity,
synchondrosis of the
basicranium, sutures
and the alveolar
process.
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102. Growth sitesGrowth sites
– Such special sites
do not out the
entire carry
growth process
but the entire
bone takes part
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103. Growth centersGrowth centers
• Special areas which are
believed to control the
overall growth of the bone
e.g.mandibular condyle.
• Force, energy or motor
for a bone resides
primarily within its growth
centre.
• Now believed that these
centers do not control the
whole growth process.
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107. RemodellingRemodelling
• Required differential growth activity required for
bone shaping.
• It involves deposition and resorption occuring on
opposite ends
• Four types
– Biochemical remodelling
– Haversian remodelling
– Pathologic remodelling
– Growth remodelling
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108. • E.g. The ramus moves
posteriorly by the
combination of
deposition and
resorption.
• so the anterior part of
the ramus gets
remodeled into a new
addition for the
mandibular corpus.
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110. Functions of RemodelingFunctions of Remodeling
1. Progressively change the size of whole
bone
2. Sequentially relocate each component of
the whole bone
3. Progressively change the shape of the bone
to accommodate its various functions
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111. 4. Progressive fine tune fitting of all the
separate bones to each other and to their
contiguous ,growing, functioning soft tissues
5. Carry out continuous structural adjustments
to adapt to the intrinsic and extrinsic
changes in conditions .
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112. DriftDrift
• It is remodeling
process and a
combination of
deposition and
resorption.
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113. DisplacementDisplacement
• Displacement is a physical movement of
the whole bone as it remodels
• Two types:
primary displacement
secondary displacement
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115. Primary displacementPrimary displacement
• It is a physical
movement of a
whole bone and
occurs while the
bone grows and
remodels by
resorption
deposition
• E.g. in maxilla
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116. Secondary displacementSecondary displacement
• It is the movement of
a whole bone caused
by the separate
enlargement of other
bones
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117. Combination of remodeling &Combination of remodeling &
displacementdisplacement
• Both these
mechanisms carries
out two general
functions
• Positions each bone
• Designs and
constructs each bone
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118. RotationRotation
• According to Enlow,
growth rotation is due
to diagonally placed
areas of deposition
and resorption
• Two types
– Remodelling rotations
– Displacement rotations
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119. Principle of ‘Area relocationPrinciple of ‘Area relocation’’
Both remodeling and
displacement together
cause a shift in existing
position of a particular
structures with
reference to
another
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120. Counter part principleCounter part principle
• “Growth of any given
facial or cranial part
relates specifically to
other structural and
geometric
counterparts in the
face and cranium” -
Enlow
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121. Growth equivalent principleGrowth equivalent principle
This principle proposed by Hunter & Enlow:
relates the effects of cranial base growth on
the facial bone growth.
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123. REFERENCES:REFERENCES:
• Proffit:contemporary orthodontics.
• Moyers:handbook of orthodontics.
• An inventory of United states and
Canadian growth record sets.S.Hunter ,
Baumrind S AJO 1993.
• Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics :S
Kapila et al AO 1999:69
• Essays in honour of Robert moyers
CFGS.monograph 24.
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124. ReferencesReferences
• Bone biodynamics in
orthodontics:CFGS.27
• Atlas of craniofacial growth in
Americans of African descent CFGS.26
• Growth changes in the nasal profile
from 7-8 yrs AJO 1988:94 Meng H ,R
Nanda
• Longitudinal changes in 3 normal facial
types .S Bishara,AJO1985:88
• S Bishara,J R Peterson, changes in the
facial dimensions & relationships
between the ages 5-25yrs.AJO 1984:85www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
125. ReferencesReferences
• Lewis A B, Roche AF pubertal spurts in
cranial base & mandible AJO 1985:55
• Popovich.Thompson. Craniofacial
templates for orthodontic case analysis.
• Baumrind S,Korn EL,quantitation of
maxillary remodeling. AJO 1987:91
• Atlas of craniofacial growth CFGS
monograph 2.
• Moyers,Van Der Linden standards of
human occlusal development CFGS:5
• B Grayson 3D cephalogram
theory,technique and clinical
application.
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