The document discusses the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors affecting human growth and development, emphasizing aspects such as nutrition, socioeconomic status, and hormonal influences. It outlines how variations in growth patterns occur based on age, season, and climatic conditions, as well as highlighting the concept of catch-up growth in malnourished children. Additionally, it describes the differential growth of various body systems and the individual variations that exist within family members.

3. • Growth and development are an extremely
complex series of events that are best evaluated
by careful examination at different stages

4. Factors affecting growth and
development
• The regulation of growth in terms
of rate, timing, form and character
depend upon a combination and
interactions of genetic and
environmental factors

5. Genetic factors
• The gene contained within the nucleus of each cell are said to
be necessary to produce an entire organism
• Polani indicated that size at birth relates as
18%
Genome of fetus
20%
Maternal genome
30%
Unknown factors

6. • Any factor affecting physical growth is expected to
be associated with effect on size & shape of cranial
vault

7. • The size of a full term infant correlates well
with the size of mother

8. • Lack of nutrition delays growth ,affects size of body part, body
properties , body chemistry ,quality & texture of some tissues
• Malnourished fetus wait for better time & with return of good
nutrition growth takes place unusually fast until genetically
determined curve is neared once mire it is called as catch up
growth

9. Rich children
Children living in favourable
socioeconomic condition tend
to be larger , display different
types of growth & show
variations in timing of growth
Poor children
Leachtig A et al concluded
that lower the socioeconomic
Status shorter are the children

10. •GROWTH HORMONE
•INSULIN
•THYROTROPIC HORMONE
Group I
[SKELETAL BONE GROWTH]
• PARATHORMONE
Group II
[OSSIFICATION OF BONE]
•ANDROGENS
•PROGESTRONE
•OESTROGEN
Group III
[PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT]
• POLACTIN
Group IV
[MISCELLENOUS]

11. • The close relation between the muscle and the bone
growth is seen due to the fact that muscles influence
the growth both as tissue affecting vascular supply &as
a force element

12. • These are peptides that transmit signals within and
between the cells
• They regulate mechanisms like generegulation,
migration & differentiation

13. • There are various factors like nutrition and
environment that may lead to difference in growth in
different races

14. • Any systemic disease or prolonged debilitating
disease has a profound affect on growth process of
child

15.  People living in cold climate tend to have more of adipose
tissue where as those living in hot climate are thinner
 Growth also varies according to the season like it is faster in
spring and summer; comparatively slower in winter

16. • There exists a definite relation between physique
and development according to somatotype

17. • It is useful for fitness and increase in muscles
mass but has no relation with linear growth

18. • In a family there will always exist a difference between the
various members of a family with respect to their individual
size,maturation level & intelligence

19. • Size and maturational changes in a large population
can be shown to occur with time

20. • These can lead to inhibition of growth depending on the
severity the severity of psychological disturbance
• This is due to the fact that in stress full condition children
will display inhibition of growth hormone

21. • The physical arrangement of the body at any one time is a
pattern of spatially proportioned parts
2 month fetus
•Head takes about 50% of total body length
•Limbs are rudimentary; trunks not developed
At birth
•30% of body is occupied by head
•Since trunk & head grows faster than head
adult
•12% of body is occupied by head
•Limb represents half of the body .lower limb > upper limb

23. Variability: since everybody is not alike it is very difficult but very
Important to decide whether an individual is merely at the extreme
of normal variation or falls outside the normal range . Thus it is
expressed quantitatively
Timing : variation from timing arises because the same event happens
for different individuals at different time

24.  The human body does not grow at the same rate throughout
the life
 Different organs grow at different rates at a different amount
and at different times called as differential growth

25. lymphoid
• It increases rapidly in late childhood & reaches almost 200% in adult
• By 18 years it undergoes involution to reach adult size
neural
• Grows very rapidly and reaches adult size by 6 – 7 yrs
• Very little growth occurs after that
genital
• This shows negligible growth until puberty
• But after that grows rapidly till adult level is achieved
general
• Grow rapid upto 2-3 yrs & a slow phase till 10 yrs
• Growth again enters a rapid phase at 10 yrs & continues till terminating
at 18-20 yrs. ‘s’ shaped curve