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- 2. Growth: It refers to an increase in physical size of the whole or any of its parts, it can be measured in inches or centimeters or pounds or kilograms. It is a quantitative changes in child’s body.
- 3. Development It refers to a progressive increase in skill and capacity to function. It is qualitative.
- 4. Maturation It refers to an increase in competence, an ability to function at a higher level depending on the child’s heredity.
- 5. 1.Growth and development are continuous process from conception until death There are highs and lows in terms of the rate of growth and development Pubertal growth spurt followed by a gradual decrease in growth until it ceases altogether by the union of epiphysis
- 6. All times an individual is learning new skills Growth is continuous, but does not mean that it always occurs at the same rate. Tremendous growth is present during infancy and decelerates about the fourth year followed by a slow and uniform rate of growth lasting till puberty
- 7. 2.Growth and development proceed in an orderly sequence Growth in height occurs only in one sequence from smaller to larger Development also proceeds in a predictable order. E.g. the majority of children sit before they creep, creep before they stand, stand before they walk, walk before they run
- 8. Occasionally a child will skip a stage one or pass through it so quickly that the mother doesn’t observe the stage Occasionally a child will progress in a different order, but most children follow a predictable sequence of growth and development
- 9. 3.Different children pass through the predictable stages at different rates All stage of development have a range of time rather than a certain point at which they are usually accomplished Two children may pass through the motor sequence at different rates. E.g. one begins walking at 9 months the other at 18 months. Both are developing normally
- 10. 4.All body systems do not develop at the same rate Certain body tissues mature more rapidly than others. E.g. lymphoid tissue is more hyperplastic during childhood and after puberty it undergoes involution. Thymus gland is large in infants and causes confusion about heart size
- 11. 5. Development is cephalocaudal ‘Cephalo’ is a Greek word meaning “head”, ‘Caudal’ means “tail”. Development proceeds from head to tail A newborn can lift only his head off the table when he lies in a prone position
- 12. By 2 months, he can lift his head and chest off the bed By 4 month, she can lift his head, chest and abdomen By 5 months, he has control enough to turn over By 9 months, he can control enough to crawl By 1 year, he can stand upright and perhaps and walk
- 13. 6.Development proceeds from proximal to distal parts; from gross skill to the refined This is closely related to cephalocaudal growth It can be easily observed by the progress of upper extremity development 7.Development proceeds from general to specific As child matures general movements become specific 8.Primitive reflexes must be lost before development can proceed 9.There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences or learning 10.A great deal of behavior and skill is learned by practice
- 16. Heredity - Parental traits - Stature, IQ Environment - Sunshine, fresh air, caring, socialization Race Nutrition - Quality and quantity - Absorption
- 17. Sex - Male child is larger and heavier than female infant Ordinal position in the family - Children learn from the older sibling - Parents gain confidence in rearing second child - First child develop more anxious than the second -Young child receives great attention
- 18. Cultural influences - Caring pregnant and lactating women - Caring baby -Weaning
- 19. Hormone - Deficiency of thyroid causes mental retardation, cretinism with stunted physical growth - Excess of thyroid produces advanced linear growth - Somatotrophic hormone or GH secretes by anterior pituitary gland has major effect on linear growth, i.e. gigantism, lack results in dwarfism
- 20. -Testosterone the male gonadal hormone stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the production of spermatozoa in young man. - Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the production of ova in young women - An excess of any of these hormones results in precocious puberty and deficiency results in delayed sexual development
- 21. Socio-economic status - Access to medical care - Education - Recreation - Nutrition
- 22. Structures of the body - A rate of growth of the neural system is rapid before school age, most rapid during the first 18 months of life. - Growth of lymphoid tissue is rapid up to 11 years and gradually declines -The growth of genital is slow until puberty and increases rapidly during adolescence
- 23. Emotion Lack of parent child attachment Lack of love and security Disturbed children neither sleep / eat well Exercise Stimulated physical activity and muscle development by increasing circulation
- 24. Intelligence Correlates to physical development Child of intelligence is likely to be taller and better developed Children with less intelligence will never excel no matter how enriched are their environment Illness and injury Reduce weight and cause hindrance in child’s progress
- 25. Intra uterine development Nutritional deficiencies, drugs and infection during pregnancy Maternal DM Rubella,TORCH Placental malfunction Smoking, alcohol
- 27. Prenatal period: conception to birth Ovum: conception to two weeks Embryo: 2 weeks to 8 weeks Fetus: 8 weeks to 40 weeks Newborn: birth to 4 weeks (28 days) Infant: one month to one year
- 28. Toddler: one year to three year Preschooler: 3 years to 6 years School age / gang age / loose tooth age: 6 – 12 years Adolescent: Early: 12 – 14 years Late: 14 – 18 years
- 29. THANKYOU