The document explains SQL concepts including the GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY clauses, illustrating how to group and filter data from a salary statistics table. It highlights the difference between WHERE and HAVING clauses, noting that WHERE is applied before grouping, and HAVING can filter results based on aggregated values. Additionally, it provides examples of SQL queries to analyze payroll and student results.

1. GROUP BY,HAVING and ORDER
BY clause
DEEPAM AGGARWAL
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2. org payroll
X 1500
Y 3500
Z 3000
GROUP BY Clause
SELECT Statement – Grouping Rows
Find the payrollof each organization.
SELECT org, sum(salary) payroll
FROM salary_statistics GROUP BY org
Result:
salary_statistics
emp org salary
A X 500
B X 1000
C Y 1000
D Y 2500
E Z 3000
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3. org payroll
X 1500
Z 3000
HAVING Clause
Find the organizations with payroll less than $3200.
SELECT org, sum(salary) payroll
FROM salary_statistics
GROUP BY org HAVING payroll < 3200
Result:
salary_statistics
emp org salary
A X 500
B X 1000
C Y 1000
D Y 2500
E Z 3000
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4. The Difference Between WHERE and HAVING Clauses
 WHERE gets processed before any GROUP BY, and so it doesn't have access
to aggregated values (that is, the results of min(), max(), etc. functions).
 HAVING gets processed after GROUP BY and so can be used to constrain the
result set to only those with aggregated values that match a certain
predicate.
Find the organizations with payroll less than $3200.
SELECT org, sum(salary) payroll
FROM salary_statistics }✗Incorrect
WHERE payroll < 3200
GROUP BY org
SELECT org, sum(salary) payroll
FROM salary_statistics }✓ Correct
GROUP BY org
HAVING payroll < 3200
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5. SELECT Statement – ORDER BY Clause
Find students ordered by merit position.
SELECT *
FROM result
ORDER BY marks DESC
result
student marks
A 25
B 56
C 82
D 25
E 39
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