Rizal

1. PRESENTED BY: GROUP 2
Caesar, Silver John
Catacutan, Kyla
Init, Angelyn
Lafuente, Ma. Krishena
Tajanlangit, Kiara
Vendiola, Kyra
Social: education,
rise of th
e chinese
mestizo and inquilino

2. SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
a. Discover the different reasons behind the rise of the
Chinese Mestizo and the rise of Inquilino, leading to
economic growth and development
b. Identify the factors affecting the rise of the Chinese
Mestizo and the rise of the Inquilinos that contributed to
our economic development

3. EDUCATION

4. • King Philip II mandated the government in the Philippines to
educate and teach the natives how to read and write the Spanish
language.
• First formal schools established were parochial schools by the
Roman Catholic (Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustians, and
Dominicans).
• Reading, writing, arithmetic, vocational subjects, practical art
subjects, History, Latin, Geography, Mathematics, Philosophy, as
well as religious doctrines were taught.

5. • Strict discipline and corporal punishments were applied.
• In the 17th century, universities were opened for Spanish citizens
and Spanish Mestizos. In the 19th century, they were then
opened for Filipino natives and the curriculum became centered
on religion.
• To accommodate more students from the different social
stratification like Spanish Citizens, mestizos, and Filipino natives,
a Royal decree instituted the establishment of a public-school
system in the Philippines.

6. • Growing numbers of educated Filipino natives gave
rise to a new social class called ilustrados.
• Educated Filipino natives still suffered from racial
discrimination coming from the Spanish citizens.
• With the opening of the Suez Canal, illustrados were
attracted to seeking higher education in Europe.

7. CHINESE
MESTIZO

8. INTRODUCTION
One of the one hundred ethnic groups in
the Philippines is the Chinese Mestizo, also
known as the Mestizo de Sangley. Chinese
immigrants married indigenous people
during the Spanish colonial era, giving rise
to the Chinese Mestizo.

9. INDIO
CHINESE MESTIZO
• Any person born of a Chinese
father and an Indio mother was
classified a Chinese mestizo.
• Subsequent descendants were
listed as Chinese mestizo.
• A mestiza who married a
Chinese or mestizo, as well as
their children, was registered as
a mestizo.
• The Malayan, native born
inhabitants of the Philippine
islands were called “indio” or
“indigenta.”
• This class or group occupied
the lowest level in a highly
stratified class society.

10. SOCIAL
STRUCTURE OF
THE
PHILIPPINES
DURING 19TH
CENTURY

11. • Highest class- the people that belong in this
class include the Spaniards, peninsulares and
the friars.
• Middle Class- the people that belong into this
class includes the natives, mestizos and the
criollos.
• Lowest class - this class includes the Filipinos
only.

13. KNOWN PEOPLE WHO ARE CHINESE MESTIZO
Jose P. Laurel
Sergio Osmeña

14. KNOWN PEOPLE WHO ARE CHINESE MESTIZO
Ferdinand E. Marcos
Elpidio
Quirino
Ramon Magsaysay

15. KNOWN PEOPLE WHO ARE CHINESE MESTIZO
Apolinario
Mabini
Dr. Jose Rizal General Emilio Aguinaldo

16. Father Jose Burgos , Father
Mariano Gomez, and Father
Jacinto Zamora (known as
GOMBURZA)
KNOWN PEOPLE WHO ARE CHINESE MESTIZO

17. REASONS BEHIND THE RISE
OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO

18. Although the Chinese who settled in the islands
before the Spanish colonization had intermarried
with native women, the emergence of the Chinese
mestizo as a legally distinct class began only with
the Spanish colonial regime.

19. Repulsion of Chinese expulsion orders in 1788
Government granting them freedom of occupation and
residence
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, immigration into the
archipelago, largely from the maritime province of Fujian on
the southeastern coast of China, increased, and a growing
proportion of Chinese settled in outlying areas.

20. Chinese offering indispensable services
Performing multiple services as traders, artisans
and domestic servants, the Chinese became
indispensable to the needs of the capital.
Encouraged to come and settle, the Chinese
population increased by leaps and bounds.

21. With the rapid increase of Chinese population, the
Spaniards saw a potential threat to their own rule.
They feared that the Chinese would be unloyal to
the Spanish regime. However, since the Spaniards
wanted their indispensable services, they made a
policy wherein the Chinese would be converted
through marriage between Catholic Chinese and
Catholic Indios.
Marriage between Catholic Chinese and Catholic
Indios

22. RECLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION FOR TAX PAYMENT
As the Chinese mestizo population increased, the question of
their legal status arose. The legal status of the Chinese
mestizo were ultimately resolved in 1741 when the whole
population was reclassifîed for purposes of tribute or tax
payment into four classes : Spaniards and Spanish mestizos
who were exempted from the tribute; Indios, Chinese
mestizos, and Chinese who were all tribute-paying classes
although each class was assessed a different amount.

23. FACTORS AFFECTING
THE RISE OF CHINESE
MESTIZOS LEADING TO
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

24. Long before the Spanish conquest of the country,
Chinese merchants carried on trading activities with
native communities along the China coast. During
most of the Spanish colonial era, the Chinese
controlled trading and commercial activities, serving as
retailers, artisans, and food providers for various
Spanish settlements in the country.

25. Chinese merchants carried on a rich trade between Manila and
the China coast.
Imports from China are distributed into the area of Central
Luzon, to the immediate north and east of Manila. Chinese
also acted as provisions of Manila and other Spanish
settlements, buying food in the rural areas and bringing it to
the colonial settlements. Some Chinese were engaged in
various forms of retail trade; others worked as artisans,
producing goods for the use of Spanish in Manila and other
settlements.

26. Offering various services
Spanish policy encouraged immigrants to become
agricultural laborers. Some became gardeners, supplying
vegetables to the towns, but most shunned the fields
and set themselves up as small retailers and
moneylenders.

27. Emergence of haciendas of sugar, coffee, and hemp,
typically owned by enterprising Chinese-Filipino
mestizos.
To promote the economic development of the Philippines,
the Spanish government reversed its previous immigration
policies, and Chinese immigration, in almost unrestricted
volume, was permitted. The Chinese were allowed to settle
almost anywhere in the archipelago. This resulted in the
penetration of Chinese enterprise into provinces where the
Chinese had never been before.

28. THEY DOMINATE THE RETAILING AND THE SKILLED
CRAFT OCCUPATIONS IN THE COUNTRY.
They dominate the retailing and the skilled craft
occupations in the country. Chinese also acted as
provisions of Manila and other Spanish settlements,
buying food in the rural areas and bringing it to the
colonial settlements. Some Chinese were engaged in
various forms of retail trade; others worked as artisans,
producing goods for the use of Spanish in Manila and
other settlements.

29. Most Chinese in the Philippines are business owners
Their lives center around the family business, usually
small and medium enterprises. These family businesses
play a significant role in the Philippine economy. A handful
of these entrepreneurs run large companies and are
respected as some of the most prominent business
tycoons in the country.

31. The personalities highlighted in the table are
Filipinos who resided in the Philippines for
quite a long period. They may have claimed
Filipino citizenship; however, these
personalities' family names are not of Filipino
ancestry and ethnicity.

32. INQUILINOS

33. • Also called “lessees” or “tenants”
• Inquilinos are leaseholders of
agricultural land owned by friars
• They also sublease parcels of the
land to sharecroppers.

34. SMALL INQUILINOS
BIG INQUILINOS (THE RICH ONES)
• Employed overseers/katiwala
• They had numerous aparceros
whose access to land is
controlled by them
• They had numerous aparceros
whose access to land is
controlled by them
• They had numerous aparceros
whose access to land is
• Often in debt to big inquilinos
• They also pay fixed rent but
rent smaller plots of land.
• Their condition of life is more
on those aparceros than being
in inquilinos.
• This type of inquilinos pass
their land to their heirs for
generations.
Inquilinos are divided into two:

35. REASONS BEHIND THE RISE
OF THE INQUILINO
LEADING TO ECONOMIC
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

36. Declinement of Ranching
As ranching declined in the 17th century,
resulting in low-wage labor, many estates turned
to the inquilino system of land tenure.
Many people switched from animal farming to
crop farming, allowing for more intensive rice
cultivation and crops like sugar cane and tobacco.

37. Expansion of friar estates
As the friar estates expanded, a three-rung
structure was developed: the landowner at
the top, the leaseholder or inquilino at the
middle and the sharecropper or kasama at
the bottom.
Landowner
Leaseholder or
Inquilino
Sharecropper or
Kasama
Three-rung
Structure
Many of these lessees (inquilinos) turned
the task of cultivation over to
sharecroppers (kasamas), paid the fixed
annual rent called canon to the
landowners, and reaped a middleman's

38. Expanding commercial trade in rice and sugar
Stimulated by expanding commercial trade in rice and
sugar, many of the monastic orders began to lease pasture
and idle land to agricultural entrepreneurs for cultivation.
It was the stimulus of this commercial activity that
encouraged the monastic orders to lease these lands to the
inquilinos, thus, this is how the inquilinos were able to
acquire farmlands and rent from religious states
Rise of Commercial
Trade
more
lands to
more cultivation more products

39. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
RISE OF THE INQUILINOS
THAT CONTRIBUTED TO
OUR ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

40. The inquilino system, born on the friar estates
in the eighteenth century, was an innovation in
Philippine society and an alternative response
to the growing commercialization of the
economy.
Inquilino System

41. Hierarchy in the
Inquilino System
Farm land in the
Philippines are mostly
owned by friars and
Secular Spanish.
·The estate management was
granted to an administrator who is
a Spanish mestizo or Filipino lay
brother.
·The administrator collects the rent of the
inquilinos and remit to the estate owners.
Inquilinos paid a fixed rent and the amount was
determined by the size and quality of the land being
worked on.
As the portions of land leased to Inquilinos increased, they subleased
parcels of their land to the sharecroppers or kasamas.

42. Expansion of land owned by friar states
With the expansion of land owned by friar
states, the proportions of farmlands leased to
Inquilinos also increased allowing many of
them to sub-lease parcels of their land to
sharecroppers or kasamas.

43. There were three primary means of land acquisition during
the nineteenth century that contributed to the spread of
landlordism in the Central Plain and elsewhere in the
Philippines: royal grants, purchase of realengas, and pacto
de retroventa procedures. The royal grant and the
purchase of realenga resulted in a pattern of large blocks
of consolidated landholdings allowing the improvement of
the structure of agricultural holdings and farms. The lands
acquired through pacto de retroventa resulted in a pattern
consisting of unconsolidated holdings of numerous small
parcels of land devoted to the cultivation of rice, sugar
Primary means of land acquisition

44. Thank
you!

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