2. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Explain evidences of evolution (e.g., biogeography,
fossil record, DNA/protein sequences, homology, and
embryology)
2. Infer evolutionary relationships among organisms
using the evidence of evolution
3.
4. Fossils
• Fossils are preserved remains of previously
living organisms or their traces, dating
from the distant past.
• Scientists date and categorize fossils to
determine when the organisms lived
relative to each other. The resulting
fossil record tells the story of the past
and shows the evolution of forms over
millions of years.
5. There are four main ways of
describing fossil preservation:
• permineralization
• compression
• molds and casts
• preserved
remains
6. Permineralization
• The most common method of
fossilization is through a process
called permineralization.
• This occurs when the pores of the
plant materials, bones, and shells
are impregnated by mineral matter
from the ground, lakes, or ocean.
7.
8.
9. Compression
• Some fossils form when their
remains are compressed by
high pressure. This can leave
behind a dark imprint of the
fossil.
10.
11. Mold and Cast
• Fossil molds and casts preserve a three-
dimensional impression of remains buried
in sediment. The mineralized impression
of the organism left in the sediment is
called a mold. The mineralized sediment
that fills the mold recreates the shape
of the remains. This is called a cast.
12.
13.
14. Preserved remains
• The rarest form of fossilization is
the preservation of original skeletons
and soft body parts. Insects that
have been trapped and preserved
perfectly in amber (fossilized tree
resin) are examples of preserved
remains.
20. Body parts that perform a
similar function but differ in
structure
Analogous structures DO
NOT show common ancestry
21.
22. are remnants of organs or
structures that had a function
in an early ancestor
structures that are found in an
organism but appear to serve no
function (reduced in size)
27. Activity 4. Multiple Choice
1. These structures suggest a common
evolutionary origin among different organisms,
indicating that they inherited these traits from a
common ancestor.
A. Homologous Structure
B. Analogous Structure
C. Vestigial Structure
28. Activity 4. Multiple Choice
2. These are the remains of living organisms
that have been preserved in rocks or other
materials over millions of years.
A. Comparative anatomy
B. Fossils
C. Preserved remains
29. Activity 4. Multiple Choice
3. Structures that are found in an
organism but appear to serve no function
A. Analogous Structure
B. Vestigial Structure
C. Homologous Structure
30. Activity 4. Multiple Choice
4. What is the most common method of
fossilization is through a process?
A. Fossils
B. Compression
C. Permineralization
31. Activity 4. Multiple Choice
5. What is the rarest form of
fossilization?
A. Compression
B. Preserved remains
C. Analogous
Editor's Notes
Paleontologist
Permineralization is the process of penetration and replacement of an animal or plant’s internal structure with mineral deposits.
Depending on the type of minerals being deposited, this process can result in a very accurate stone structure of the original animal or plant.
Compression is most common for fossils of leaves and ferns, but can occur with other organisms, as well.
are anatomical features that are similar in structure and position but may have different functions. These structures suggest a common evolutionary origin among different organisms, indicating that they inherited these traits from a common ancestor.
For example, the forelimbs of mammals such as humans, bats, whales, and horses have similar bone structures, including a humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, despite their different functions (e.g., grasping, flying, swimming, or running). These similarities in limb structure suggest that mammals inherited their forelimb anatomy from a common ancestor, even though they use their forelimbs for different purposes.
An analogous structure, in the context of biology and comparative anatomy, refers to structures in different species that have similar functions but have evolved independently, usually due to adaptation to similar environmental pressures. These structures may look similar or serve the same purpose, but they do not share a common evolutionary origin.
For example, the wings of bats and birds are analogous structures. Both bats and birds have wings that enable them to fly, but the wings of bats are modified forelimbs with a flexible membrane of skin, while the wings of birds are modified forelimbs covered in feathers.
A vestigial structure is a physical characteristic in an organism that has lost its original function through the process of evolution.
These structures are generally thought to be vestigial structures. Some of these structures may still have some functions, but their primary function has been lost.
Examples of vestigial structures in humans include the appendix, which is a small pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines that appears to have lost its original digestive function; the coccyx (tailbone), which is a remnant of the tail that our primate ancestors had; and wisdom teeth, which are third molars that often fail to emerge properly in modern humans due to changes in diet and jaw size.
What is called to the scientist – paleontologist
This are preserved remains – fossils
This is the process of penetration – permineralization
This is most common – compression
It is the study – comparative anatomy
What structure – homologous
These structure may look similar – analogous
Mechanics:
The teacher will divide the students into four groups. The representative of each group will flip the bottle. The first one who can stand the bottle upright will be the first to build the puzzle within 30 seconds; then the other group will follow.
