This document provides an overview of key concepts in history and historiography. It discusses: 1) The meaning and relevance of history, how it is derived from the Greek word for knowledge through investigation, and how it has existed for over 2,400 years. 2) Important aspects of history including monarchs, heroes, wars, and revolutions. It also discusses how history teaches about people and societies. 3) Key concepts in historiography like primary and secondary sources, external and internal criticism, and how historians interpret sources within their own contexts. Historians must critically analyze sources to determine their authenticity and accuracy.

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4. Introduction to
History

5. “ An echo of the past in the future; a reflex from the
future on the past.”
– Victor Hugo

6. "If you don’t know history, then you don’t know
anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t
know it is part of a tree."
– Michael Crichton

7. "Those who don't know history are doomed to
repeat it.”
― Edmund Burke

8. • Study of the past

9. Meaning and
Relevance of
History

10. • Derived from Greek word historia which means
“knowledge through acquired inquiry or
investigation”.
• Existed for around 2,400 years and is as old as
mathematics and philosophy.
• Account of the Past

11. • Monarchs
• Heroes
• Saints
• Nobilities
• Wars
• Revolutions
• Important
Breakthrough

12. • Traditional Historian lived with the mantra
of “no document, no history.”
• Positivism- requires imperical and
observable evidence before one can claim
that a particular knowledge is true.

13. “History is valuable because it teaches people
what they have done and thus what man is.”
(Collingwood, 1976)

14. History helps us
understand
people and
societies.
History helps us
understand change
and how the society
we live in came to
be.
History
contributes to
moral
understanding.
History provides
identity.
Studying History Is
Essential for Good
Citizenship.
Peter N. Stearns
(American Historical Association,
1998)

15. What is
History?
How was a
certain
historical text
written?
Why study
history?
History for
whom?
Who
wrote it?
What was the
context of its
publication?
What
particular
historical
method was
employed?
What
were the
sources
used?

16. • History of history
• Its objective is history itself
• Provide not only historical facts but also
understanding of the fact's and the Historian's
contexts.
• Teaches the student to be critical in the lesson of
history presented to him.

17. • Underwent several changes
• Ancient Filipinos narrate it using songs and epics
• Spaniard chroniclers record their observations through written
account.
• Spaniard narrates history in bipartite view
• Early nationalists refuted this perspective and argued the
tripartite view.
• Filipino Historian Zeus Salazar introduced the new guiding
philosophy for writing and teaching history: Pantayong Pananaw
• ( for us-from us perspective)

18. • As a narrative, any history that has been taught
and written is always intended for a certain group
of audience.
• The narrative of the past is always written from
the bias of the powerful and the more dominant
player.

19. Postcolonialism
• School of thoughts emerged in early twentieth
century.
• Idea of creating identities and understanding societies
against the shadow of their colonial past.
• Two things in writing History- tell the history of their
nations and criticize the methods, effects, and idea of
colonialism.

20. • History- it covers information derived from
largely written records of past events.
• Historians- people who write history
• Historians get the access representation of the
past through historical sources and evidences.
• “Facts cannot speak for themselves”

21. • They gave meaning, organize them into a timeline,
and write history.
• Historian's interpretation of the historical fact is
affected by his context and circumstances.
• History is always subjective
• Historical research requires rigor.

22. • Born in France
• Challenge canon of history.
• Annales scholars like Lucien Febvre, Marc Blotch,
Fernand Braudel, and Jacques Le Goff studied other
subjects in a historical manner.
• Annales thinkers married history with other disciplines
like geography, anthropology, archeology, and
linguistics.

23. Historical
Sources
~Most important research
tools~

24. • Government
Records
• Chroniclers'
accounts
• Personal
Letters
• Epics
• Songs
• Archeologist
• Linguists
• Biologists and
Biochemists
• Artifacts
• Architecture
• Memory
• Word of mouth

25. • Produced at the same time of event, period, or subject
being studied.
• These are first-hand account of an event or period that are
usually written or made during or close to the event or
period.
• These sources are original and factual, not interpretive.
• Their key function is to provide facts.

26. These may Include:
• Legislations
• Newspaper articles
• Diaries
• Interviews,
• Reports
• Artifacts
• Memorabilia
• Letters
• Census
• Government Record
• Literature and other creative
outputs.

28. • Sources which where produced by an author who used
primary sources to produce the materials.
• They explain a certain event of the past through evaluation
and interpretation of the records created during a
historical period.

29. These may include:
• Researches
• Textbooks
• Journals
• Commentaries
• Biographies
• Criticism or reviews of literary and creative works.

31. If you want to study the
Commonwealth Constitution
Convention of 1935, the primary
sources include the minutes of
convention, newspaper clippings,
Philippine commission reports of
the US commissioners, records of
the convention, the draft of the
Constitution, and even the
photographs of the event.
Its secondary sources, on the
hand, may include textbooks,
annotations, and published
opinions about the
Commonwealth Constitution
Convention.

32. External and Internal
Criticism

33. • Primary and secondary sources are
useful in writing and learning history.
• Historical method refers to the
process of probing primary sources
that will be used in writing history.

34. • The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical characteristics.
• Historians determine the authenticity of sources by examining
the date, locale, creator, analysis and integrity of the historical
sources.
• Also known as the lower criticism .
• The purpose of it is to identify the genuineness of a document.

35. • The examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.
• Looks at the content of the source and examine the
circumstance of its production.
• The purpose of internal criticism is to know the accuracy of
the contents within a documents.
• Also know as the higher cristicism.

36. Focus on the;
• Quality of the paper
• Type of ink
• Language and words used
Focus on the;
• Author of the source
• Its context
• The agenda behind its creation
• The knowledge which informed
it
• Its intended purpose, among
others.

37. • When was it Written?
• Where was it Written?
• Why did it survive?
• Who was the real author?
• Why was it Written?
• Literal meaning of the text?
• Connotations?
• Eyewitness?
• Internal Consistency?
• Connotation

38. • Used of unverified, falsified, and untruthful
historical sources can lead to equally false
conclusions.
• Without thorough criticisms of historical
deception and lies will be highly probably
(possible).