This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents and evidence. History focuses on important events like wars and revolutions. There are different types of historical sources, including government records, personal letters, artifacts, and oral traditions. The study of history involves addressing questions through historical analysis and methodology. Historians must consider different perspectives like positivism, which relies on empirical evidence, and postcolonialism, which examines history from the viewpoint of formerly colonized nations. The interpretation of sources and facts is influenced by the historian's own context, so absolute historical truth may not be possible. However, rigor and methodology allow historians to study the past as objectively

1. CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTIONTO
HISTORY
DEFINITION, ISSUES, SOURCES, AND METHODOLOGY

2. Definition and Subject Matter
•History has always been known as the study of the past.
•History was derived from the Greek word HISTORIA which
means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation.”
•History as a discipline existed for around 2,400 years and is
as old as mathematics and philosophy.

3. •History is the account of the past of a person or a group
of people through written documents and historical
evidences
•History also focused on writing about wars, revolutions,
and other important breakthroughs
•No document, no history

4. Some valid historical documents
•Government Records
•Chronicle’s Accounts
•Personal letters
•Receipts, etc.

5. Other kinds of historical sources
•Epics and songs
•Artifacts
• Architecture
• Memory

6. Question and Issues in history
• History is a story form the past and it a discipline that ancient
people had experienced before. It terms historiography is where
you can find all the answer of all questions about history, and
History is a lessons from the past that can use and make sense of
the presents
• History as a disciplined turned into complex and dynamic inquiry.
This dynamism invetably produced various perspective in
discipline.

7. Question and Issues in history
• History helps you to find the answer of your question about
ancient people on how they suffered and experienced a life that
they have before, and also it increase your knowledge and
understanding of the facts and historians context and
historiography is important because it teaches every individuals to
be critical of history.

8. Question and Issues in history
•History has played various roles in the part and it states
use to unite a nation. It is a tool to legitimize forge a sense
of collective identify through collective memory .Being
reminded of a great post can inspire people to keep their
good practices to move forward.

9. Question and Issues in history
• Positivism: Requires empirical and observable evidence before one
claim that a particular knowledge is true and emerged between the
18th and 19th century.
• POSIVITISM-in the discipline of history the mantra stems from this
very same truth.Where historians were required to show writers
primary documents in order to write particular historical narrative.
Positivitist historians are objective and inpartial in arguments and
other conduct of historical research.

10. Question and Issues in history
•Postcolonialism: Formerly Colonized Nations grappled with
the idea of creating their shadows of their colonial past,
and it is emerged in the early 20th century.
•POSTCOLONIALISM-school of thoughts that emerged at
the early 20th century when formerly colonized Nations
grappled with the idea of creating their identities and
understand their societies against the shadow of their
colonial past.
•Postcolonial history is a reaction and an alternative to
colonial history that colonial powers created and thought .

11. History and the historian
•If history is written with agenda or is heavily influenced by
the historian, is it possible to come up with an absolute
historical truth? Is history an objective discipline? If it is not,
is it worthwhile to study history?
•It is the historian’ s job not just to seek historical evidences
and facts but also to interpret these facts. “facts cannot
speak for themselves.”
•The historian is a person of his own is influenced by his
context, environment, ideology, education, and influences,
among others.

12. History and the historian
•Historical research requires rigor.
•Historical methodology comprises certain techniques
and rules that historians follow in order to properly
utilize sources and historical in writing history.
•TheAnnales school of history is a school born in France
that challenged the cannons of history.

13. History and the historian
•Annales scholars like Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch,
Ferdinand Braudel, and Jacques Le Goff studied other
subjects in historical manner.

14. Historical Sources
•With the past as history subject matter, historian’s most
important research tools are historical sources.
•In general, historical sources can be classified between
primary and secondary sources.
•Primary sources are those sources produced at the same
time as event, period, or subject being studied.
•On the other hand, secondary sources are those sources,
which were produced by an author who used primary
sources to produce the material.

15. Historical Sources
•The historian should be able to conduct an external and
internal criticism of the source, especially primary source
which can age in centuries.
•External criticism is the practice of verifying the
authenticity of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical
characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the
materials used for the evidence.

16. Historical Sources
• Internal criticism, on the other hand is the examination of the
truthfulness of the evidence.
• Internal criticism look at the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the
agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and
its intended purpose, among other.
• One of the most scandalous cases of deception in Philippine history
is the hoax code of kalantiaw.

17. Historical Sources
•Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a decorated
world war ll soldier who led a guerilla unit called ang
Maharlika.This claim, however was disproven when
historians counterchecked Marcos’s claims with the war
records of the united states.
•The task of historian is to look at the available historical
source and select the most relevant and meaningful for
history and for the subject matter that he is studying.

18. Historical Sources
•Philippine historiography underwent several changes since
the precolonial period until the present. Ancient Filipinos
narrated their history through communal songs and epics
that they passed orally from a generation to another.