History is the systematic study of past events through organized knowledge. The purpose is not just to list events but to find patterns and meaning. Historians study surviving records to write histories and interpret the past. Studying history helps understand the present, develop a sense of identity, and provides context for other disciplines. It also teaches critical thinking skills. Historians rely on primary and secondary sources as evidence to support their work, including written documents, oral histories, and artifacts. The field of Ethiopian historiography has developed over centuries from early written accounts to the contributions of missionaries, travelers, and foreign scholars.
This chapter describes the topography and physiographic divisions of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia's landscape is diverse, ranging from high plateaus and rugged mountains to deep river valleys and plains. It is divided into three main physiographic units - the Western Highlands and Lowlands, Southeastern Highlands and Lowlands, and the Rift Valley. The Western Highlands are further divided into the Tigray Plateau, North Central Massifs, Shewa Plateau, and Southwestern Highlands. The Southeastern Highlands consist of the Arsi-Bale-Sidama Highlands and Hararghe Plateau. Major lowland areas include the Western, Wabishebelle, and Ghenale
The document provides an overview of the topography of Ethiopia. It describes how geological activities in the Cenozoic Era shaped the landscape, resulting in highlands and mountains that make up over half the country's land area. The highlands are further divided into three major physiographic units - the Western Highlands and Lowlands, the Southeastern Highlands and Lowlands, and the Rift Valley. Each unit contains highland and lowland regions with distinct climatic and environmental characteristics that have influenced the human geography of Ethiopia.
the basic introduction to Machine Learningssuserf4b76e
The document discusses human evolution and cultural development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It notes that the East African Rift Valley is considered the cradle of humanity, as many important fossil finds have been discovered there dating back millions of years, including some of the earliest hominids. It describes various Australopithecus and Homo species found in the region, including Lucy, dated to 3.2 million years ago. The development of the genus Homo is also discussed. The document then briefly outlines the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age in the cultural evolution of humans.
History is the systematic study of past events through organized knowledge. The purpose is not just to list events but to find patterns and meaning. Historians study surviving records to write histories and interpret the past. Studying history helps understand the present, develop a sense of identity, and provides context for other disciplines. It also teaches critical thinking skills. Historians rely on primary sources like documents and artifacts as well as secondary sources like histories to research and interpret the past. The historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn has developed over time from early accounts to modern historical studies using a variety of written and oral sources.
This document discusses human evolution and cultural development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa based on archaeological and fossil evidence. It notes that:
1) Early human ancestors like Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and various species of Homo emerged in the region between 4-2 million years ago based on fossil discoveries.
2) Stone tool technologies evolved from Oldowan to Acheulean to Sangoan modes associated with these early humans.
3) The Neolithic revolution began around 10,000 years ago when humans transitioned to sedentary agriculture and animal domestication, evidenced by sites containing crops, tools and domesticated animal remains.
4) The region is ethnically
Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
This power point is important for all Ethiopian first year freshman universities students for the common course of Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011), It is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanations, important maps & explanatory images are included.
This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS and WATER RESOURCE of ETHIOPIA & THE HORN Chapter 4 ( GeES 1011)
0.7 % of the surface of Ethiopia is covered with water including lakes, swamps and rivers. This power point is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanation and it is best for all freshman first year students to understand the objective of the Course GeES 1011 (Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn)
objectives:-
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
Describe the major drainage systems in Ethiopia and the Horn,
Examine the surface and ground water resource potentials of Ethiopia,
Understand economic potentials of the water sector in Ethiopia.
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
This chapter describes the topography and physiographic divisions of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia's landscape is diverse, ranging from high plateaus and rugged mountains to deep river valleys and plains. It is divided into three main physiographic units - the Western Highlands and Lowlands, Southeastern Highlands and Lowlands, and the Rift Valley. The Western Highlands are further divided into the Tigray Plateau, North Central Massifs, Shewa Plateau, and Southwestern Highlands. The Southeastern Highlands consist of the Arsi-Bale-Sidama Highlands and Hararghe Plateau. Major lowland areas include the Western, Wabishebelle, and Ghenale
The document provides an overview of the topography of Ethiopia. It describes how geological activities in the Cenozoic Era shaped the landscape, resulting in highlands and mountains that make up over half the country's land area. The highlands are further divided into three major physiographic units - the Western Highlands and Lowlands, the Southeastern Highlands and Lowlands, and the Rift Valley. Each unit contains highland and lowland regions with distinct climatic and environmental characteristics that have influenced the human geography of Ethiopia.
the basic introduction to Machine Learningssuserf4b76e
The document discusses human evolution and cultural development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It notes that the East African Rift Valley is considered the cradle of humanity, as many important fossil finds have been discovered there dating back millions of years, including some of the earliest hominids. It describes various Australopithecus and Homo species found in the region, including Lucy, dated to 3.2 million years ago. The development of the genus Homo is also discussed. The document then briefly outlines the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age in the cultural evolution of humans.
History is the systematic study of past events through organized knowledge. The purpose is not just to list events but to find patterns and meaning. Historians study surviving records to write histories and interpret the past. Studying history helps understand the present, develop a sense of identity, and provides context for other disciplines. It also teaches critical thinking skills. Historians rely on primary sources like documents and artifacts as well as secondary sources like histories to research and interpret the past. The historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn has developed over time from early accounts to modern historical studies using a variety of written and oral sources.
This document discusses human evolution and cultural development in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa based on archaeological and fossil evidence. It notes that:
1) Early human ancestors like Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and various species of Homo emerged in the region between 4-2 million years ago based on fossil discoveries.
2) Stone tool technologies evolved from Oldowan to Acheulean to Sangoan modes associated with these early humans.
3) The Neolithic revolution began around 10,000 years ago when humans transitioned to sedentary agriculture and animal domestication, evidenced by sites containing crops, tools and domesticated animal remains.
4) The region is ethnically
Chapter 2 Geology of Ethiopia and the Horn. The geology of Ethiopia includes rocks of the Neoproterozoic East African Orogeny, Jurassic marine sediments and Quaternary rift-related volcanism. Events that greatly shaped Ethiopian geology is the assembly and break-up of Gondwanaland and the present-day rifting of Africa.
This power point is important for all Ethiopian first year freshman universities students for the common course of Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn (GeES 1011), It is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanations, important maps & explanatory images are included.
This power point mainly focuses on the geological history of the Earth in general and Ethiopia in particular. It is the best source of for all first year university freshman student of Ethiopia. if you are studying this course for A+ this material will definitely help. this material proven to be helpful by students of number of universities for the past four years.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS and WATER RESOURCE of ETHIOPIA & THE HORN Chapter 4 ( GeES 1011)
0.7 % of the surface of Ethiopia is covered with water including lakes, swamps and rivers. This power point is prepared on the bases of the module with additional explanation and it is best for all freshman first year students to understand the objective of the Course GeES 1011 (Geography of Ethiopia and the Horn)
objectives:-
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
Describe the major drainage systems in Ethiopia and the Horn,
Examine the surface and ground water resource potentials of Ethiopia,
Understand economic potentials of the water sector in Ethiopia.
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
The document summarizes drainage systems and water resources in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It describes that about 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with 97.5% found in oceans and 2.5% as freshwater. In Ethiopia, the diverse topography and proximity to the equator result in large surface and groundwater resources. The major drainage systems in Ethiopia are the Western, Southeastern, and Rift Valley systems, which include many important rivers like the Blue Nile, Awash, and others. Ethiopia's lakes are also described, which are mostly located in the Rift Valley system. The document outlines the hydroelectric, irrigation, transportation, fishing, and recreation importance
This document describes the topography and physiographic divisions of Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's terrain is characterized by great diversity, ranging from 125 meters below sea level to 4620 meters above sea level. The country is divided into three major physiographic units: the Western highlands and lowlands, the Southeastern highlands and lowlands, and the Rift Valley. The Rift Valley was formed by geological processes and is characterized by faults and tectonic depression. Relief strongly impacts Ethiopia's biophysical and socioeconomic conditions.
This document summarizes the climate of Ethiopia and the Horn region. It discusses how Ethiopia's climate is controlled by factors like the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the country's complex topography. Temperature and rainfall patterns in Ethiopia vary significantly based on altitude, latitude, and seasonal shifts. The country experiences a wide range of climatic zones from hot lowland areas to cooler highland regions. Climate change is causing the climate in Ethiopia to become more extreme with increasing occurrences of droughts and floods.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed for Ethiopian students in higher education and covers the history of the region from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The objectives of the course are for students to understand the diverse histories of the peoples in the region and how interactions between groups and with outside influences shaped the history. Specific topics that will be covered are outlined for each of the seven units.
Global Affairs Ch - 1 @freshman_course.pptxGadisaKanchora
Nationalism led to the emergence of nation-states in the 19th century as revolutions and wars caused the collapse of old empires. A nation is a cultural community with a shared identity and practices, while a state is a political organization that pursues goals. The combination of a nation and state formed the concept of the nation-state. International relations involve interactions between various actors including states, international organizations, corporations and individuals. The levels of analysis in IR include the individual, state, and international system, with the system level focusing on the distribution of power between states. The international system can be unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar depending on how power is distributed.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
This document provides an overview of international political economy (IPE) and discusses several national political economy systems. It defines IPE as the relationship between governments, businesses, and social forces across borders and over time. IPE has both a political dimension concerning power and decision making, as well as an economic dimension regarding resource distribution. The document then examines theoretical perspectives on IPE including mercantilism, liberalism, and Marxism. It also analyzes prominent national systems including the market-oriented capitalism of the US, developmental capitalism of Japan, and social market capitalism of Germany.
This chapter discusses soils, natural vegetation, and wildlife resources in Ethiopia. It describes the six major soil types in Ethiopia and factors involved in soil formation. Soil degradation due to factors like deforestation and overgrazing is also covered, as well as conservation measures. The major natural vegetation types distributed across Ethiopia based on altitude are identified. Degradation of natural vegetation from population pressure, land clearing, and overexploitation is summarized. The chapter aims to explain the significance of these natural resources and strategies for their conservation.
Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa between 30N and 150N latitudes and 330E and 480E longitudes. It has a total area of 1.1 million km2, making it the 8th largest country in Africa. Ethiopia's shape is described as elongated, as it extends about 1,639 km east-west and 1,577 km north-south. The country's large size means it has diverse agro-ecological zones and natural resources but also demands greater infrastructure investment. Maps are important geographical tools that can provide spatial details and analyses of physical and human features in a region.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on global affairs and international relations. It covers several key topics:
- The course details including name, instructor, code and chapters on international relations and concepts like nationalism, nations, and states.
- International relations is defined as comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and related to contemporary issues like foreign policy, globalization and the global political system.
- Key concepts in international relations like power, anarchy, sovereignty and theories like liberalism and realism are introduced. Different levels of analysis including the individual, group, state and system levels are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the geology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses the major geological processes that have shaped the region, including continental drift, tectonic activity, volcanic activity, erosion and deposition. These processes have resulted in key landforms like the Rift Valley, block mountains, and plateaus. The document also outlines the geological time scale and different dating techniques used to determine the age of Ethiopia's rocks and geological structures.
The document summarizes the topography and physiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa region. It describes three major physiographic units in Ethiopia: 1) The Western highlands and lowlands, 2) The South-eastern (Eastern) highlands and lowlands, and 3) The Rift Valley. It provides details on the sub-divisions within each unit, including the highland and lowland areas, major mountain ranges and rivers, differences in climate, and historical and economic significance.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The document discusses population change over time using the Demographic Transition Model. The model outlines 4 stages of population growth:
1) High birth/death rates and slow population increase
2) Decreasing death rates lead to faster population growth
3) Declining birth rates despite low death rates lead to slower growth
4) Low, stable birth and death rates and population levels off
The document analyzes factors like improved sanitation, medicine, and food production that contribute to lower death rates in stages 2-3. It also notes criticisms of the model, like its failure to account for migration or population decline in some countries.
The document provides an overview of politics, economy, and society in Ethiopia from the late 13th to early 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) The restoration of the Solomonic dynasty and their claims of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
2) Power struggles during this period resulting in the establishment of a royal prison to contain rival family members.
3) The consolidation and expansion of the Christian kingdom under Emperor Amde Tsion in the 14th century, bringing new territories under its control.
4) The rise of Muslim sultanates like Ifat and Adal centered around trade routes, and the resulting rivalry with the Christian kingdom over control of trade.
This document provides an overview of the course "Logic and Critical Thinking". It discusses the following key points:
1. The course covers 6 chapters, including introductions to logic, basic logic concepts, critical thinking, logical reasoning and fallacies, categorical propositions.
2. Chapter 1 defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses its major fields including metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. It emphasizes that philosophy questions apparent truths.
3. Logic is the study of arguments and their structures. An argument consists of premises that provide support for a conclusion. Identifying premises and conclusions is important for evaluating arguments.
This document provides an overview of drainage systems and water resources in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa region. It discusses the following key points:
- Ethiopia has three major drainage systems: the Western, Southeastern, and Rift Valley systems. The Western system includes the Abay, Tekeze, Baro-Akobo, and Ghibe rivers and drains 40% of the country.
- Major lakes include Lake Tana, Abaya, Chamo, and Ziway. Rivers and lakes provide surface water resources while groundwater potential is estimated between 12-30 billion cubic meters.
- Ethiopia's water resources have potential for hydroelectric power, irrigation, fishing and recreation.
This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents and evidence. History focuses on important events like wars and revolutions. There are different types of historical sources, including government records, personal letters, artifacts, and oral traditions. The study of history involves addressing questions through historical analysis and methodology. Historians must consider different perspectives like positivism, which relies on empirical evidence, and postcolonialism, which examines history from the viewpoint of formerly colonized nations. The interpretation of sources and facts is influenced by the historian's own context, so absolute historical truth may not be possible. However, rigor and methodology allow historians to study the past as objectively
The document summarizes drainage systems and water resources in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It describes that about 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with 97.5% found in oceans and 2.5% as freshwater. In Ethiopia, the diverse topography and proximity to the equator result in large surface and groundwater resources. The major drainage systems in Ethiopia are the Western, Southeastern, and Rift Valley systems, which include many important rivers like the Blue Nile, Awash, and others. Ethiopia's lakes are also described, which are mostly located in the Rift Valley system. The document outlines the hydroelectric, irrigation, transportation, fishing, and recreation importance
This document describes the topography and physiographic divisions of Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia's terrain is characterized by great diversity, ranging from 125 meters below sea level to 4620 meters above sea level. The country is divided into three major physiographic units: the Western highlands and lowlands, the Southeastern highlands and lowlands, and the Rift Valley. The Rift Valley was formed by geological processes and is characterized by faults and tectonic depression. Relief strongly impacts Ethiopia's biophysical and socioeconomic conditions.
This document summarizes the climate of Ethiopia and the Horn region. It discusses how Ethiopia's climate is controlled by factors like the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the country's complex topography. Temperature and rainfall patterns in Ethiopia vary significantly based on altitude, latitude, and seasonal shifts. The country experiences a wide range of climatic zones from hot lowland areas to cooler highland regions. Climate change is causing the climate in Ethiopia to become more extreme with increasing occurrences of droughts and floods.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed for Ethiopian students in higher education and covers the history of the region from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The objectives of the course are for students to understand the diverse histories of the peoples in the region and how interactions between groups and with outside influences shaped the history. Specific topics that will be covered are outlined for each of the seven units.
Global Affairs Ch - 1 @freshman_course.pptxGadisaKanchora
Nationalism led to the emergence of nation-states in the 19th century as revolutions and wars caused the collapse of old empires. A nation is a cultural community with a shared identity and practices, while a state is a political organization that pursues goals. The combination of a nation and state formed the concept of the nation-state. International relations involve interactions between various actors including states, international organizations, corporations and individuals. The levels of analysis in IR include the individual, state, and international system, with the system level focusing on the distribution of power between states. The international system can be unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar depending on how power is distributed.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
This document provides an overview of international political economy (IPE) and discusses several national political economy systems. It defines IPE as the relationship between governments, businesses, and social forces across borders and over time. IPE has both a political dimension concerning power and decision making, as well as an economic dimension regarding resource distribution. The document then examines theoretical perspectives on IPE including mercantilism, liberalism, and Marxism. It also analyzes prominent national systems including the market-oriented capitalism of the US, developmental capitalism of Japan, and social market capitalism of Germany.
This chapter discusses soils, natural vegetation, and wildlife resources in Ethiopia. It describes the six major soil types in Ethiopia and factors involved in soil formation. Soil degradation due to factors like deforestation and overgrazing is also covered, as well as conservation measures. The major natural vegetation types distributed across Ethiopia based on altitude are identified. Degradation of natural vegetation from population pressure, land clearing, and overexploitation is summarized. The chapter aims to explain the significance of these natural resources and strategies for their conservation.
Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa between 30N and 150N latitudes and 330E and 480E longitudes. It has a total area of 1.1 million km2, making it the 8th largest country in Africa. Ethiopia's shape is described as elongated, as it extends about 1,639 km east-west and 1,577 km north-south. The country's large size means it has diverse agro-ecological zones and natural resources but also demands greater infrastructure investment. Maps are important geographical tools that can provide spatial details and analyses of physical and human features in a region.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on global affairs and international relations. It covers several key topics:
- The course details including name, instructor, code and chapters on international relations and concepts like nationalism, nations, and states.
- International relations is defined as comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and related to contemporary issues like foreign policy, globalization and the global political system.
- Key concepts in international relations like power, anarchy, sovereignty and theories like liberalism and realism are introduced. Different levels of analysis including the individual, group, state and system levels are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the geology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses the major geological processes that have shaped the region, including continental drift, tectonic activity, volcanic activity, erosion and deposition. These processes have resulted in key landforms like the Rift Valley, block mountains, and plateaus. The document also outlines the geological time scale and different dating techniques used to determine the age of Ethiopia's rocks and geological structures.
The document summarizes the topography and physiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa region. It describes three major physiographic units in Ethiopia: 1) The Western highlands and lowlands, 2) The South-eastern (Eastern) highlands and lowlands, and 3) The Rift Valley. It provides details on the sub-divisions within each unit, including the highland and lowland areas, major mountain ranges and rivers, differences in climate, and historical and economic significance.
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
The document discusses population change over time using the Demographic Transition Model. The model outlines 4 stages of population growth:
1) High birth/death rates and slow population increase
2) Decreasing death rates lead to faster population growth
3) Declining birth rates despite low death rates lead to slower growth
4) Low, stable birth and death rates and population levels off
The document analyzes factors like improved sanitation, medicine, and food production that contribute to lower death rates in stages 2-3. It also notes criticisms of the model, like its failure to account for migration or population decline in some countries.
The document provides an overview of politics, economy, and society in Ethiopia from the late 13th to early 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) The restoration of the Solomonic dynasty and their claims of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
2) Power struggles during this period resulting in the establishment of a royal prison to contain rival family members.
3) The consolidation and expansion of the Christian kingdom under Emperor Amde Tsion in the 14th century, bringing new territories under its control.
4) The rise of Muslim sultanates like Ifat and Adal centered around trade routes, and the resulting rivalry with the Christian kingdom over control of trade.
This document provides an overview of the course "Logic and Critical Thinking". It discusses the following key points:
1. The course covers 6 chapters, including introductions to logic, basic logic concepts, critical thinking, logical reasoning and fallacies, categorical propositions.
2. Chapter 1 defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and discusses its major fields including metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. It emphasizes that philosophy questions apparent truths.
3. Logic is the study of arguments and their structures. An argument consists of premises that provide support for a conclusion. Identifying premises and conclusions is important for evaluating arguments.
This document provides an overview of drainage systems and water resources in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa region. It discusses the following key points:
- Ethiopia has three major drainage systems: the Western, Southeastern, and Rift Valley systems. The Western system includes the Abay, Tekeze, Baro-Akobo, and Ghibe rivers and drains 40% of the country.
- Major lakes include Lake Tana, Abaya, Chamo, and Ziway. Rivers and lakes provide surface water resources while groundwater potential is estimated between 12-30 billion cubic meters.
- Ethiopia's water resources have potential for hydroelectric power, irrigation, fishing and recreation.
This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents and evidence. History focuses on important events like wars and revolutions. There are different types of historical sources, including government records, personal letters, artifacts, and oral traditions. The study of history involves addressing questions through historical analysis and methodology. Historians must consider different perspectives like positivism, which relies on empirical evidence, and postcolonialism, which examines history from the viewpoint of formerly colonized nations. The interpretation of sources and facts is influenced by the historian's own context, so absolute historical truth may not be possible. However, rigor and methodology allow historians to study the past as objectively
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to history and historical sources. It defines history as the study of the past based on written documents. It distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are original materials created during the period under study by eyewitnesses or participants. Secondary sources are analyses and interpretations of primary sources created later. The document lists different types of primary sources like published documents, unpublished documents, oral histories, and visual artifacts. It provides guidelines for evaluating both primary and secondary sources. The document emphasizes that both types of sources are important for historical research but primary sources are more credible evidence.
This document outlines the agenda and activities for a Theory of Knowledge class focusing on historical method. It includes an activity where students verbally relay an account of an event to demonstrate how details can be lost or altered over transmission. The document then covers core principles of history, different approaches to history through time in various cultures, and potential patterns and uses of history. It poses discussion questions about the nature of history, objectivity, and the relationship between history and other areas of knowledge.
This document discusses the definition and nature of history. It provides several definitions of history from different historians and describes history as the study of past events and people over time. It also discusses the relevance of history in understanding societies and cultures and its importance for citizenship. Additionally, the document outlines different approaches to historiography such as positivism and post-colonialism. It emphasizes the importance of primary sources in writing objective history and highlights examples of primary sources.
This document provides an overview of history as an academic discipline. It defines history as the study of past events and societies using written documents and other sources. The objectives are to define history, discuss its relevance, and examine historical methodology. It explores the nature of history as the study of continuity and change over time. It also discusses different philosophical schools of thought, including positivism which requires empirical evidence, and postcolonialism which examines histories of formerly colonized nations.
The document discusses the importance and significance of studying history, particularly world history, for Filipinos. It explains that studying history provides context for how societies developed over time and helps people understand the present. The document also outlines different types of historical sources historians use, such as primary sources like documents and artifacts from a time period, and secondary sources like later analyses and interpretations of events.
This document discusses sources and importance of history. It defines history and provides examples of definitions. It outlines key sources of historical information including oral traditions, historical sites, written records, and archives. It describes functions, advantages and limitations of oral traditions, historical sites, and written records as sources. Studying history is important as it allows understanding of how societies developed, cultural and technological advancements, and skills like critical thinking. History provides context to understand the present and predict the future.
1. Historians and archaeologists study artifacts and other evidence to reconstruct prehistoric life before writing was developed. Artifacts are objects made by people that provide clues about their tools, weapons, clothing and other aspects of daily life.
2. Geography influences how people live by determining what resources are available based on location and environment. Scarcity of resources in an area can affect things like economic systems and prices.
3. A civilization is a highly organized society with cities, economic and political systems, religions, job specialization, public works, writing, and cultural achievements like art and architecture.
This document provides an overview of history as a discipline, including definitions of key terms like historiography and primary and secondary sources. It discusses the incompleteness of historical records and the role of historians in critically examining sources. Key challenges for historians in reconstructing the past are outlined. Ancient historiographies from China, Greece, Rome, and Islam are summarized. Qualities of objective historians and examples of famous early historians from Herodotus to Al-Tabari are provided. The emergence of historical associations and the role of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in historical preservation are described.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in history and historiography. It discusses:
1) The meaning and relevance of history, how it is derived from the Greek word for knowledge through investigation, and how it has existed for over 2,400 years.
2) Important aspects of history including monarchs, heroes, wars, and revolutions. It also discusses how history teaches about people and societies.
3) Key concepts in historiography like primary and secondary sources, external and internal criticism, and how historians interpret sources within their own contexts. Historians must critically analyze sources to determine their authenticity and accuracy.
This document discusses the definition and study of history. It defines history as the study of the recorded past based on evidence from sources like hieroglyphs, cuneiform tablets, and cave drawings. Primary sources are first-hand accounts while secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources. The work of Herodotus is discussed, who published the first systematic historical analysis of the Greco-Persian Wars in his work "The Histories". Studying history helps understand the present and past, build empathy, and solve mysteries by piecing together clues from various sources.
- Historians investigate history through various means such as archaeology, oral history, and analyzing primary and secondary sources. Archaeologists and oral historians directly collect information from sites and interviews to help reconstruct past events and cultures. Linguists also study how language evolves over time to provide clues about history.
- Studying history is important to understand human nature, cultural roots, and lessons from past mistakes. It involves gathering clues from primary sources like documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts and piecing them together to interpret the past.
introduction to history-120418200614-phpapp02.pptxRheaAgramonte2
The document discusses what history is, why it is studied, and how it is written. It provides definitions of history from sources like dictionaries and scholars. History is the systematic study of past events and people through investigations of written documents, oral traditions, and physical evidence. It aims to establish facts and causal relationships to understand events. Studying history helps people learn from past mistakes, understand how societies developed over time, and provide context for current events and human behavior. Historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and other scholars all contribute to writing history by investigating various sources of information about the past.
This document discusses what history is and why it is important to study. It defines history as a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events. Key reasons to study history include: to understand the roots of our current culture, learn from past mistakes, examine trends that repeat throughout history, learn historical facts, and understand how different factors shape society. The document outlines that historians investigate the past through a variety of primary sources like artifacts, documents, memoirs, and oral histories to piece together clues and fill in gaps to understand historical events. Secondary sources like textbooks and encyclopedias then interpret and analyze these primary sources.
This document discusses what history is and why it is important to study. It defines history as a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events. Key reasons to study history include: to understand the roots of our current culture, learn from past mistakes, examine trends that repeat throughout history, learn historical facts, and understand how society has been shaped over time. The document outlines that historians investigate the past through a variety of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were created during the time period being studied, while secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.
IS HISTORY RELIABLE?
History always has been deeply politicized and has always followed the order of rulers.
No wonder there is a saying that winners write history.
It is especially annoying that after the time of those who write and rewrite history is gone, we are left with a shamelessly distorted history, and generation after generation, piles up lies on lies.
Of course, working with primary sources partially solves the problem of these lies, but the fact is that those who rewrite history at the same time eliminate, or at least permanently “lose” the sources that are objectionable to them, hiding them so that no one can find them.
The main enemy of history is interpretation, and without some sort of interpretation it is impossible to tell about a single historical episode, since the very selection of facts depends on the historian.
In addition, human memory is poorly adapted to an unbiased memorization of facts. Iven witness accounts most often do not include a description of what happened, but the interpretation that the witness gives to an event.
Therefore, unintentionally, any historical event is distorted even by its direct witnesses. The true historic situation is hardly accessible for objective study. Even at the very moment of the event, few are aware of what is really happening.
In addition to everything, any generalization and comparison of some historical events with others leads to even greater distortion.
But, unfortunately, we have no other source than historical facts for discussing the philosophy of world politics and its evolution. What has changed and what remains the same? Where is the world going? Is there any truth to conspiracy?
These issues concern us because everyone knows that world disasters can ruin our lives and the lives of our children and grandchildren. The fact of the matter is that there are not so many prosperous countries in the world whose inhabitants frankly do not give a damn about world processes. And such seemingly calm countries periodically break into the depths of economic crises, terror and even wars.
That is why history is not an idle pursuit at all. This is dynamite, which is often put under our lives. Under the guise of restoring historical justice, a lot of blood and bitter tears are shed.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
1. Historyof Ethiopiaandthe Horn (Hist.1012)
UNIT ONE: INTRODUCTION
.History is a systematic study & organized knowledge
of the past.
.The purpose of historical study is not simply to
produce a mere list of chronological events about the
deeds of the dead but to find patterns & establish
meaning through the rigorous study & interpretation of
surviving records.
.Historiography refers to the history of history.
.It explores changes in historical interpretations
through time.
1
2. 1.1.TheNature&Usesof History
A. Nature of History
• The term history derived from the Greek word Istoria,
meaning “inquiry” or “an account of one’s inquiries”.
• The first use of the term is attributed to one of the
ancient Greek historians, Herodotus (c.484–425
B.C.E.), who is often held to be the “father of history.”
• In ordinary usage, history means all the things that
have happened in the human past.
• The past signifies events, which have taken place & the
facts of the past, which are kept in writing.
2
3. Cont’d
• The distinction is b/n what actually happened in the
past or that part which exists independently of the
historian & still awaits to be recorded & the accounts
of the past provided by historians, that is, ‘history’.
• Historians apply their expertise to surviving records &
write history in the form of accounts of the past.
• Academically, history can be defined as an organized
& systematic study of the past.
• The study involves the discovery, collection,
organization, & presentation of information about
past events.
3
4. Cont’d
• What actually happened in the past is almost
infinite.
• Historians select which topics & problems they wish
to study.
• The major concern of history is the study of human
society & its interaction with the natural
environment, which is also the subject of study by
many other disciplines.
• What differentiates history from other disciplines is
that while the latter study the interaction b/n
humans & their environment in the present state,
history studies the interaction b/n the two in the
past within the framework of the continuous
process of change taking place in time.
4
5. Cont’d
• B/c of the longevity of that time, historians organize
& divide the human past into discrete periods after
identifying significant dev’ts in politics, society,
economy, culture, environment etc. through the
rigorous study of documents & artifacts left by
people of other times & other places.
• Then they give a label to each period to convey the
key characteristics & dev’ts of that era.
• Accordingly, history is conventionally divided into
ancient, medieval & modern history.
• This is what we call periodization in history; one of
the key characteristics of the discipline.
5
6. Cont’d
• When historians talk about continuities or
persisting patterns, they are not implying that a
particular pattern applied to everyone in the
world or even in a particular country or region.
• Nor are they claiming that absolutely nothing
changed in the pattern they are describing.
• All aspects of human life that is, social, cultural,
economic, & political in the past have been
changing from time to time; & none of them
were practiced in exactly the same way in the
lifetime of our ancestors.
6
7. Cont’d
• Nevertheless, some things stay more or less the
same for long periods, since few things ever change
completely.
• For e.g., we continue to speak the languages of our
ancestors; follow their beliefs & religious practices;
wear the costumes they were wearing; continue to
practice their agricultural or pastoral ways of life;
maintain the fundamental components or structures
of their social organization.
• In the same vein, the basic fabric of society in
Ethiopia & the Horn remains similar & continues to
have special characteristics.
7
8. B. Usesof History
History Helps Better Understand the Present
• History is the only significant storehouse of
information available for the examination &
analysis of how people behaved & acted in the
past.
• People need to produce some sort of account of
their past b/c it is difficult to understand problems
that face humanity & society today without tracing
their origins in the past.
• Knowledge of relevant historical background is
essential for a balanced & in-depth understanding
of many current world situations.
8
9. Cont’d
History Provides a Sense of Identity
• Knowledge of history is indispensable to understand
who we are & where we fit in the world.
• As memory is to the individual, history is to the
society.
• An individual without memory finds great difficulty
in relating to others & making intelligent decisions.
• A society without history would be in similar
condition.
• It is only through sense of history that communities
define their identity, orient themselves, &
understand their relationships with the past & with
other societies.
9
10. Cont’d
History Provides the Basic Background for Other
Disciplines
• Historical knowledge is extremely valuable in the
pursuit of other disciplines such as literature, art,
philosophy, religion, sociology, political science,
anthropology, economics, etc.
10
11. Cont’d
History Teaches Critical Skills
• Studying history helps students to develop key
research skills.
• These include:
how to find & evaluate sources;
how to make coherent arguments based on various
kinds of evidence &
present clearly in writing.
• These analytical & communication skills are highly
usable in other academic pursuits.
• Gaining skills in sorting through diverse
interpretations is also essential to make informed
decisions in our day-to-day life.
11
12. Cont’d
History Helps Develop Tolerance & Open-
Mindedness
• Most of us have a tendency to regard our own
cultural practices, styles, & values as right &
proper.
• Studying different societies in the past is like
going to a foreign country, which contributes to
free ourselves from some of our inherent
cultural provincialism.
• By studying the past, students of history acquire
broad perspectives that give them the range &
flexibility required in many life situations.
12
13. Cont’d
History Supplies Endless Source of Fascination
• Exploring the ways people in distant ages
constructed their lives offers a sense of beauty &
excitement, & ultimately another perspective
on human life & society.
13
14. Cont’d
• History should be studied b/c it is essential to the
individual & the society.
• Only through studying history can we grasp how &
why things change;
• Only through history are we able understand what
elements of a society persist despite change.
• Aesthetic & humanistic goals also inspire people to
study the past.
• History can also be abused.
• Such abuses come mainly from deliberate
manipulation of the past to fit current political
agenda.
14
15. Cont’d
• In such cases, history is written backwards.
• That is, the past is described & interpreted to
justify the present.
• While personal biases are not always avoidable,
a historian is d/t from a propagandist in that the
former takes care to document his judgment &
assertions so that they can be subjected to
independent & external verification.
15
16. 1.2.Sources&Methods of HistoricalStudy
• Historians are not creative writers like novelists.
• The work of historians must be supported by evidence
arising from sources.
• Sources are instruments that bring to life what appear to
have been dead.
• It is said that “where there are no sources, there is no
history”.
• Sources are key to the study & writing of history.
• Historical sources are broadly classified into 2 types:
Primary & Secondary.
• Primary sources are surviving traces of the past
available to us in the present.
• They are original or first-hand in their proximity to the
event both in time & in space.
16
17. Cont’d
• E.g.: manuscripts (handwritten materials), diaries,
letters, minutes, court records & administrative files,
travel documents, photographs, maps, video &
audiovisual materials, & artifacts such as coins,
fossils, weapons, utensils, and buildings.
• Secondary sources are second-hand published
accounts about past events.
• They are written long after the event has occurred,
providing an interpretation of what happened, why
it happened, & how it happened, often based on
primary sources.
17
18. Cont’d
• E.g. articles, books, textbooks, biographies, &
published stories or movies about historical events.
• Secondary materials give us what appear to be
finished accounts of certain historical periods &
phenomena.
• Nevertheless, no history work can be taken as final,
as new sources keep coming to light.
• New sources make possible new historical
interpretations or entirely new historical
reconstructions.
18
19. Cont’d
• Oral data constitute the other category of historical
sources.
• Oral sources are especially valuable to study &
document the history of non-literate societies.
• They can also be used to fill missing gaps &
corroborate written words.
• In many societies, people transmit information from
one generation to another, for e.g., through folk
songs & folk sayings. This type of oral data is called
oral tradition.
• People can also provide oral testimonies or personal
recollections of lived experience. Such source
material is known as oral history.
19
20. Cont’d
• For the history of Ethiopia & the Horn, historians use a
combination of the sources described above.
• However, whatever the source of information-primary or
secondary, written or oral- the data should be subjected to
critical evaluation before it is used as evidence.
• Primary sources have to be verified for their originality &
authenticity because sometimes primary sources like letters may
be forged.
• Secondary sources have to be examined for the reliability of
their reconstructions.
• Oral data may lose its originality & authenticity due to
distortion through time.
• Therefore, it should be crosschecked with other sources such
as written documents to determine its veracity or
authenticity.
20
21. 1.3.HistoriographyofEthiopiaandthe Horn
• Historiography is the history of historical writing,
• studying how knowledge of the past, either recent
or distant, is obtained & transmitted.
• People have had some sense of the past perhaps
since the beginning of humanity.
• Historiography as an intentional attempt to
understand & represent descriptions of past events
in writing has rather a briefer career throughout the
world.
21
22. Cont’d
• The organized study & narration of the past was
introduced by ancient Greek historians notably
Herodotus & Thucydides (c.455-400B.C.E.)
• The other major tradition of thinking & writing
about the past is the Chinese.
• The most important early figure in Chinese historical
thought & writing was the Han dynasty figure Sima
Qian (145–86 B.C.E.).
• History emerged as an academic discipline in the
second half of the 19th C first in Europe &
subsequently in other parts of the world including
the US.
22
23. Cont’d
• The German historian, Leopold Von Ranke (1795–
1886), & his colleagues established history as an
independent discipline in Berlin with its own set of
methods & concepts by which historians collect
evidence of past events, evaluate that evidence, &
present a meaningful discussion of the subject.
• Ranke’s greatest contribution to the scientific study
of the past is such that he is considered as the
“father of modern historiography.”
23
24. Cont’d
• Historiography of Ethiopia & the Horn has changed
enormously during the past hundred years.
• The earliest known reference that we have on history of
Ethiopia & the Horn is the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea,
written in the 1st C A.D by an anonymous author.
• Another document describing Aksum’s trade & the then
Aksumite king’s campaigns on both sides of the sea is the
Christian Topography composed by Cosmas Indicopleustes, a
Greek sailor, in the 6th C A.D.
• Inscriptions aside, the earliest written Ethiopian material
dates from the 7th C A.D.
• The document was found in Abba Gerima monastery in Yeha.
• This was followed by a manuscript discovered in Haiq
Istifanos monastery of present day Wollo in the 13th C A.D.
24
25. Cont’d
• Yet, for historians, they have the benefit of providing
insights into the country’s past.
• For e.g., the manuscript cited above contains the list of
medieval kings & their history in brief.
• The largest groups of sources available for medieval
Ethiopian history are hagiographies originating from
Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
• Invariably written in Ge’ez, an important function of
hagiographies is enhancing the prestige of saints.
25
26. Cont’d
• A parallel hagiographical tradition existed among
Muslim communities of the country.
• One such account offers tremendous insight into the life
of a Muslim saint, Shaykh Ja’far Bukko of Gattira, in
present day Wollo, in the late 19th C.
• Besides the saint’s life, the development of indigenous
Islam & contacts b/n the region’s Muslim community &
the outside world are some of the issues discussed in
this document.
• Ethiopia had also an indigenous tradition of history
writing called chronicles.
• Chronicles in the ancient Ethiopian Ge’ez tongue first
appeared in the 14th C & continue (sometimes in
Amharic) into the early 20th C.
26
27. Cont’d
• Kings or their successors entrusted the writing of
chronicles to court scribes or clergymen of recognized
clerical training & calligraphic skills.
• The earliest and the last of such surviving documents are
the Glorious Victories of Amde-Tsion & the Chronicle
of Abeto Iyasu & Empress Zewditu respectively.
• Chronicles incorporate both legends & facts-past &
contemporary about the monarch’s genealogy,
upbringing, military exploits, piety & statesmanship.
• Chronicles are known for their factual detail & strong
chronological framework, even if it would require
considerable labor to convert their relative chronology
to an absolute one.
27
28. Cont’d
• They are also averse to quantification.
• Chronicles also explain historical events mainly in
religious terms;
• they offer little by way of social & economic devt’s even
in the environs of the palace.
• However, in conjunction with other varieties of written
documents, such as hagiographies & travel accounts by
foreign observers, chronicles can provide us with a
glimpse into the character & lives of kings, their
preoccupations & relations with subordinate officials &,
though inadequately, the evolution of the Ethiopian
state & society.
28
29. Cont’d
• Written accounts of Arabic-speaking visitors to the coast also
provide useful information on various aspects of the region’s
history.
• For e.g.., al-Masudi & Ibn Battuta described the culture,
language & import-export trade in the main central region of
the east African coast in the 10th & in the 14th Cs respectively.
• For the 16th & 17th Cs we have 2 documents composed by
Yemeni writers who were eyewitnesses to the events they
described.
• The first document titled Futuh al Habesha was composed by
Shihab ad-Din, who recorded the conflict between the
Christian kingdom & the Muslim principalities in the 16th C.
29
30. Cont’d
• Besides the operation of the war including the conquest of
northern & central Ethiopia by Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-
Ghazi, the document describes major towns & their
inhabitants in the SE part of Ethiopia, although the discussion
abruptly ends in 1535.
• The other first-hand account was left to us by Al-Haymi, who
led a Yemeni delegation in 1647 to the court of Fasiledes (r.
1632-67).
• Other materials that appeared in the 16th C include Abba
Bahrey’s Geez script on the Oromo written in 1593.
• Notwithstanding its limitations, the document provides us
with first-hand information about the Oromo population
movement including the Gadaa System.
30
31. Cont’d
• The contribution of European missionaries & travelers to the
development of Ethiopian historiography is also significant.
• From the early 16th until the late 19th Cs, missionaries
(Catholics & Protestants) came to the country with the
intention of staying, & who, nevertheless, maintained intimate
links with Europe.
• Thus, the missionaries’ sources provide us with valuable
information covering a considerable period.
• Some of the major topics covered by these sources include
religious & political dev’ts within Ethiopia, & the country’s
foreign relations.
• An e.g. of such account is The Prester John of the Indies,
composed by a Portuguese priest, Francisco Alvarez who
accompanied the Portuguese mission to the court of Lebne-
Dengel in 1520.
31
32. Cont’d
• Travel documents had important contribution to the
development of Ethiopian historiography.
• One e.g. of travel documents is James Bruce’s Travels to
Discover the Source of the Nile.
• Like other sources, however, both the missionaries &
travelers’ materials can only be used with considerable
reservations & with care for they are socially & politically
biased.
• Foreign writers also developed interest in Ethiopian studies.
• One of these figures was a German, Hiob Ludolf (1624-1704).
• Ludolf was the founder of Ethiopian studies in Europe in the
17th C.
• He wrote Historia Aethiopica (translated into English as A
New History of Ethiopia).
32
33. Cont’d
• Ludolf never visited Ethiopia; he wrote the country’s history
largely based on information he collected from an Ethiopian
priest named Abba Gorgorios (Abba Gregory) who was in
Europe at that time.
• In the 19th C, August Dillman published 2 studies on ancient
Ethiopian history.
• Compared to Ludolf, Dillman demonstrated all markers of
objectivity in his historical research endeavors.
• Historical writing made some departures from the chronicle
tradition in the early 20th C.
• This period saw the emergence of traditional Ethiopian
writers who made conscious efforts to distance themselves
from chroniclers whom they criticized for adulatory tone
when writing about monarchs.
33
34. Cont’d
• The earliest group of these writers include Aleqa Taye Gebre-
Mariam, Aleqa Asme Giorgis & Debtera Fisseha-Giorgis
Abyezgi.
• Later, Negadrases Afework Gebre-Iyesus & Gebre-Hiwot
Baykedagn joined them.
• Unlike chroniclers, these writers dealt with a range of topics
from social justice, administrative reform & economic
analysis to history.
• Taye & Fisseha-Giorgis wrote books on the history of Ethiopia.
• Asme produced a similar work on the Oromo people.
• Notwithstanding his other works, Afework wrote the first
Amharic novel, Tobiya, in Ethiopian history
• Gebre-Hiwot has Atse Menilekna Ityopia (Emperor Menilek &
Ethiopia) & Mengistna Yehizb Astedader(Government &
Public Administration) to his name.
34
35. Cont’d
• The most prolific writer of the early 20th C Ethiopia was,
however, Blatten Geta Hiruy Wolde-Selassie.
• Hiruy published 4 major works namely Ethiopiana Metema
(Ethiopia & Metema), Wazema (Eve), Yehiwot Tarik (A
Biographical Dictionary) & Yeityopia Tarik (A History of
Ethiopia).
• In contrast to their predecessors, Gebre-Hiwot & Hiruy
exhibited relative objectivity & methodological sophistication
in their works.
• Unfortunately, the Italian occupation of Ethiopia interrupted
the early experiment in modern history writing & publications.
• After liberation, Tekle-Tsadik Mekuria formed a bridge b/n
writers in pre-1935 & Ethiopia professional historians who
came after him.
35
36. Cont’d
• Tekle-Tsadik has published about 8 historical works.
• Tekle-Tsadik made better evaluation of his sources than his
predecessors.
• Another work of importance in this period is Yilma Deressa’s
Ye Ityopiya Tarik Be’asra Sidistegnaw Kifle Zemen (A History
of Ethiopia in the 16th C).
• The book addresses the Oromo population movement & the
wars between the Christian kingdom & the Muslim
sultanates as its main subjects.
• Blatten Geta Mahteme-Selassie Wolde-Meskel also
contributed his share.
• Among others, he wrote Zikre Neger.
• Zikre Neger is a comprehensive account of Ethiopia’s prewar
land tenure systems & taxation.
36
37. Cont’d
• Another work dealing specifically with aspects of land tenure is left
to us by Gebre-Wold Engidawork.
• Another writer of the same category was Dejazmach Kebede
Tesema.
• Kebede wrote his memoir of the imperial period, published as
Yetarik Mastawesha in 1962 E.C
• The 1960s was a crucial decade in the development of Ethiopian
historiography for it was in this period that history emerged as an
academic discipline.
• The pursuit of historical studies as a full-time occupation began with
the opening of the Department of History in 1963 at the then Haile
Selassie I University (HSIU).
• The production of BA theses began towards the end of the decade.
• .The Department launched its MA & PhD programs in 1979 & 1990
respectively.
37
38. Cont’d
• Since then researches by faculty (both Ethiopians &
expatriates) & students have been produced on various topics.
• Although mainly a research organization, the Institute of
Ethiopian Studies (IES) is the other institutional home of
professional historiography of Ethiopia.
• The IES was founded in 1963.
• Since then the Institute housed a number of historians of
whom the late Richard Pankhurst, the first Director &
founding member of the Institute is worthy of note here.
• Pankhurst’s prolific publication record remains unmatched.
• He has authored or co-authored 22 books & produced several
hundred articles on Ethiopia.
38
39. Cont’d
• Since its foundation, the IES has been publishing the Journal
of Ethiopian Studies for the dissemination of historical
research.
• The Institute’s library contains literary works of diverse
disciplines & has its fair share in the evolution of professional
historiography of Ethiopia.
• The professionalization of history in other parts of the Horn is
a post-colonial phenomenon.
• With the establishment of independent nations, a deeper
interest in exploring their own past quickly emerged among
African populations, perhaps stimulated by reactions to
decades of education in an alien imperial historiography.
• With this came an urgent need to recast the historical record
& to recover evidence of many lost pre-colonial civilizations.
39
40. Cont’d
• The decolonization of African historiography required new
methodological approach (tools of investigation) to the study of the
past that involved a critical use of oral data & tapping the percepts
of ancillary disciplines like archeology, anthropology & linguistics.
• At the same time, European intellectuals’ own discomfort with the
Euro-centrism of previous scholarship provided for the intensive
academic study of African history, an innovation that had spread to
North America by the 1960s.
• Foundational research was done at the School of Oriental & African
Studies (SOAS) in London & the Department of History at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
• Francophone scholars have been as influential as Anglophones.
• Yet African historiography has not been the sole creation of
interested Europeans.
• African universities have, despite the instabilities of politics & civil
war in many areas, trained their own scholars & sent many others
overseas for training who eventually published numerous works on
d/t aspects of the region’s history
40
41. 1.4.TheGeographicalContext
• The term “Ethiopia and the Horn” refers to that part of NE
Africa, which now contains Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, &
Somalia.
• The region consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the
formation of the Great Rift Valley.
• The Rift Valley is a fissure in the Earth’s crust running down
from Syria to Mozambique & marking the separation of the
African & Arabian tectonic plates.
• The major physiographic features of the region are a massive
highland complex of mountains & plateaus divided by the
Great Rift Valley & surrounded by lowlands, semi-desert,
deserts & tropical forests along the periphery.
• The diversity of the terrain led to regional variations in
climate, natural vegetation, soil composition, & settlement
patterns.
41
42. Cont’d
• People across the region are also remarkably diverse: they
speak a vast number of d/t languages, profess to many
distinct religions, live in various types of dwellings, & engage
in a wide range of economic activities.
• However, peoples of the region were never isolated; they
interacted throughout history from various locations.
• Thus, as much as there are many factors that make people of a
certain area unique from the other,
• there are also many areas in which peoples of Ethiopia & the
Horn share common past.
• The history of Ethiopia & the Horn has been shaped by
contacts with others through commerce, migrations, wars,
slavery, colonialism, & the waxing & waning of state
systems.
42
43. Cont’d
• The evolution of human history owed much to geographical
factors notably location, landforms, resource endowment,
climate & drainage systems.
• Spatial location in r/sh to other spaces & locations in the
world is one geographical factor that has significant bearing on
the ways in which history unfolds.
• Ethiopia & the Horn lies between the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden &
Indian Ocean on the one hand, & the present-day eastern
frontiers of Sudan & Kenya on the other.
• Since early times, the Red Sea & the Gulf of Aden linked NE
Africa to the Eastern Mediterranean, the Near & Middle East,
India, & the Far East.
• Likewise, the Indian Ocean has linked East Africa to the Near
& Middle East, India & the Far East.
43
44. Cont’d
• Another element of geographical factor that had profound
impact on human history is drainage system.
• Ethiopia & the Horn has 5 principal drainage systems.
A. The Nile River- flowing from Uganda in the south to the
Sudan in the north, the White Nile meets the Blue Nile (Abay
in Ethiopia that starts from the environs of Tana Lake) in
Khartoum & eventually, drains into the Mediterranean Sea
through Egypt.
B. The Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake systems- is a self-contained
drainage basin, and includes a string of lakes stretching from
Lake Ziway in the north to Lake Turkana (formerly known as
Rudolf) on the Ethio-Kenyan border.
C. Gibe/Omo–Gojeb River System-links southern Ethiopia to
the semi-desert lowlands of northern Kenya.
44
45. Cont’d
D. The Awash River System is entirely confined to Ethiopia &
links the cool rich highlands of Central Ethiopia with the hot,
dry lowlands of the Danakil Depression.
E. Genale/Jubba-Shebele-The Shebele & Genale rivers originate
in the Eastern highlands & flow southeast toward Somalia &
the Indian Ocean.
Only the Genale (known as the Jubba in Somalia) makes it to
the Indian Ocean; the Shebele disappears in sand just inside
the coastline.
.The above watersheds are very important in the life & history
of the peoples inhabiting the region.
.Besides providing people with the source of their livelihood,
the drainage systems facilitated the movement of peoples &
goods across diverse environments, resulting in the exchange
of ideas, technology, knowledge, cultural expressions, &
beliefs.
45
46. Cont’d
• Ethiopia and the Horn can be divided into 3 major distinct
environmental zones.
• The vast Eastern lowland covers the narrow coastal strip of
northeastern Eritrea, widens gradually & descends southwards to
include much of lowland Eritrea, the Sahel, the Danakil Depression,
the lower Awash valley, & the arid terrain in northeast of the
Republic of Djibouti.
• It then extends to the Ogaden, the lower parts of Hararghe, Bale,
Borana, Sidamo & the whole territory of the Republic of Somalia.
• There is no much seasonal variation in climatic condition in this
zone. Hot & dry conditions prevail year-round along with periodic
monsoon winds & irregular (little) rainfall except in limited areas
along the rivers Awash, Wabe-Shebele & Genale/Jubba that
traverse the region & a few offshore islands in the Red Sea, Gulf of
Aden & Indian Ocean that are inhabited by people closely related to
those of immediate mainland districts.
46
47. Cont’d
• Much of the lowland territories are covered by shrub & bush as its
major vegetation.
• Immediately to the west of & opposite to the eastern lowland
region forms the highland massif that starts from northern Eritrea
& continues all the way to southern Ethiopia.
• The eastern extension of the highland massif consists the Arsi, Bale
& Hararghe plateau.
• The major divide b/n the western & eastern parts of this zone is the
Rift Valley.
• The major physiographic features of the zone are complex of
mountains, deep valleys, & extensive plateaus.
• Further to the west, along the western foothills or on the periphery
of the plateau & on borderlands of the Sudan stretching from north
to south are hot lowlands that were characterized in earlier times
by thick forests chiefly on the banks of the Nile & its tributaries.
47
48. Cont’d
• Despite the varied physical environments, the countries of the
Horn of Africa are, for the most part, linguistically & ethnically
linked together as far back as recorded history goes.
• Population movements had caused a continuous process of
interaction, creating a very complex picture of settlement
patterns.
• The high degree of interaction & the long common history of
much of the population had weakened ethnic dividing lines in
large parts of the region.
• Linguistic & cultural affinities are therefore as important as
ethnic origin in the grouping of the population.
48