it is for educational purposes only

1. Definition, Issues,
Sources,
and Methodology
Prepared by:
PATRICE JOY B. PINCA
Course Teacher
IN TRODUCTION TO HIS TORY:

2. DEFINITIONAND ETYMOLOGY OF HISTORY
Greek word: HISTORIA
“Knowledge acquired
through inquiry or
investigation.”

3. DEFINITIONAND ETYMOLOGY OF HISTORY
• as a discipline, it existed for around 2,400 years and is as old as
mathematics and philosophy.
• was then adapted to classical Latin and historia became known as
the account of the past of a person or of a group of people
through written documents and historical evidences. This meaning
stuck until the early parts of the twentieth century.
• became an important academic discipline.

4. DEFINITIONAND ETYMOLOGY OF HISTORY
• is the continuous process of
interaction between the
historian and his facts
• an unending dialogue between
the present and the past
• A mirror to examine the present
and a compass to guide the
future.

5. KASAYSAYAN IN THE LANGUAGE AND
PERSPECTIVE OF FILIPINO
KASAYSAYAN
• saysay (narrative or salaysay)
• saysay (relevance, importance)
If relevant, for whom?
“Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo
ng tao (meaningful stories for a group of people).”
-Zeus Salazar
(Ama ng Bagong Histograpiyang Pilipino)
• HISTORY VS. KASAYSAYAN

6. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY
HISTORIOGRAPHY
• The history of history.
• History – The object of study is the past, the event that
happened in the past, and the causes of such events.
Historiography – The object of study is history itself
(How was a certain historicaltext written? Who wrote it? What was
the context of the publication?What particular historicalmethod
was employed? What are the sources used? )

7. QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY
HISTORIOGRAPHY
• letting students have better understanding of history because
they are provided with the understanding of the facts and the
historian’scontexts, the methods employed by the historian
and the theory and perspective, which guided him.
• significant for someone studying history because it teaches
the students to be critical in the lessons of history presented
to him.

8. POSITIVISM
• school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th
century that believes empirical and observable evidence is
required before one can claim that a particular knowledge is true.
• the mantra “no document, no history” stems from this very truth.
• positivists historians are also expected to be objective and
impartial not only in their arguments but also on their conduct of
historicalresearch.

9. POSTCOLONIALISM
• the school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century
when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of
creating their identitiesand understandingtheir societies against
the shadowof their colonial past.
It looks at two things in writing history:
1. First is to tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from that
of colonial discourse or knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea, of colonialism.

10. HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
If history is written with agenda or is heavily influenced by
the historian, is it possible to come up with an absolute
historical truth?
Is history an objective discipline? If it is not, is it still
worthwhile to study history?
• We cannot go back to the past.
• The historian’s job is not just to seek historical evidences and facts but
also to interpret these facts.
• Facts cannot speak for themselves and that’s why we have historians.

11. HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
• The historiansis a person of his own who is influenced by his
own context, environment, ideology, education, and influences
among others.
• In one way or another, history is always subjective.
If that is so, can history still be considered as an academic and
scientific inquiry?
Is it still based on factual evidence and accurate interpretation?
Not on emotion or just a mere opinion of the historian?

12. HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
Yes. The study of history remains scientific because of the rigor of
research and methodology that historians employ.
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY – comprises certain techniques and
rules that historians follow in order to properly utilized sources
and historicalevidences in writing history.
While bias is inevitable, the historiancan balance this out by
relying to evidences that back up his claim. The historianshave
to make sure that his biases will complement to the evidences
found in order for it to back up his claim.

13. Classification of Historical Sources
Historical sources may be classified as primary or secondary
sources.
1. Primary source is regarded as the source of the “best
evidence”, the only solid bases of historical work, the
original documents or remains, the first witnesses to a
fact.
2. Secondary source are information supplied by a person
who was not a direct observer or participant of the
event, object, or condition.

14. Internal and External criticism
1. External Criticism – is the practice of verifying the
authenticity of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics
of the time when it was produced; and the materials used
for evidence.
Examples of the things that will be examined when conducting an
external criticism of a document include the quality of the paper,
the type of the ink, and the language and words used in the
material, among others.

15. Internal and External criticism
2. Internal Criticism – examination of the truthfulness
of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source
and examines the circumstance of its production.
Does the historian’s claims complement to his
evidence? Where did he get his evidence? Is this
evidence actually existing? If so, when, what, where?
How did the historian write it?

16. PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
• Underwent several changes since the precolonial period until
present.
• Ancient Filipinos narrated their history through communal
songs and epics that they passed orally form a generation to
another.
• Spaniards came, their chroniclers started recording their
observations through written accounts.
• The Spanish colonizers narrated the history of their colony in
bipartite view. (Dilim-Liwanag)

17. PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
• Filipino historianZeus Salazar introduced the new guiding
philosophy for writing and teaching history:
• Pantayong pananaw (for us-from us perspective)
- this perspective highlights the importance of facilitating an
internal conversation an discourse among Filipinos about our
own history, using the language that is understoodby
everyone
• Dilim-Liwanag-Dilim (from the colonizers)
Liwanag-Dilim-Liwanag (from the Filipinos)
-Dr. Prospero Covar (Tripartite view)

18. QUIZ NO. 1