The document discusses the Great Migration (1915-1930), highlighting the push-pull factors that influenced the migration of over 6.4 million African Americans from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities and freedom from oppression. It details the impact of events such as World War I, natural disasters, and systemic racism on migration patterns, leading to significant demographic changes in cities like Chicago and Detroit. Additionally, it references notable individuals and cultural movements associated with the migration, such as the Harlem Renaissance.

1. “GREAT MIGRATION”
Dr. G. J. Giddings

3. Characteristics
Human
Propelled – push-pull (E. Lee, 1966)
Impactful – consequential … cause/effect
Dynamic – leaderless …democratic …

4. Demographics

5. Demographics
1.2 million, 1915-’30
6.4 million, 1980
(Caribbean:
140,000,1899-1937)

7. Precursors
Post-Reconstruction, 1877-1914
Rural - Urban
Westward – “Black Exodus”
Henry Adams (LA)
89,000 migrants/interest
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton (TN)
“Advantage of Living in a Free State”
Thousands migrated
Emigration
Bishop Henry M. Turner,
Mary Ann Shadd Cary

8. Precursors …
U.S. Empire
Berlin Conf.,1884
Philippines, 1898
Puerto Rico, Guam
Hawaii,
(Cuba)
Haiti, (1915-’34)
U.S. Virgin Isl.,1916
Guyana, 1941
Atkinson Airstrip

10. 6
Great Migration
Caribbean
140,000,1899-1937
M. M. Garvey
C. Powel
DJ Kool Herc
S. Chisholm
G. J. Giddings

11. Great Migration
“PUSH”
-Boll weevil, 1915/6
-Mississippi flood, 1927
-Racist Terroism
-Racist laws: Jim Crow

12. Great Migration
“PULL”

13. E. World War I, 1914-1919
(367,000 AAs served)
European immigration desisted
Chicago Defender
“To die from the bite of frost is more glorious than by the
hands of a lynch mob”
“Every Black man for the sake of his wife and daughter
should lave even at a financial sacrifice every spot in the south
where his worth is not appreciated enough to give him the
standing of a man and a citizen in the community.”

14. Great Migration
IMPACT
Detroit, MI
611 % increase
Urban League, 1911
National League of Urban Conditions among Negroes, NY
Rep. Oscar DePriest (R)
Chicago Alderman, 1915; U.S. Rep, 1929-’35
1970s: Chicago had more Blacks than Mississippi!
Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1932
L. Hughes, “Negro Artist …”

15. Some pastors followed migrants.

16. Return Migration/RE-PATRIATION
Post-Industrial
“Reverse migration”
1980-present
Service economy
“Sun Belt” industrial service areas
Destinations
Atlanta, GA; Charlotte, NC, Houston, TX, …
(F&H, chap. 23)

17. GREAT MIGRATION
Franklin & Higginbotham (F&H)
1, (12),13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23 …

18. Great Migration
The Warmth of Other Suns, 2010
Isabel Wilkerson, Pulitzer laureate
National Book Critics Circle award
“best non-fiction ...” NY Times
1,200 interviews

19. I.M. Gladney
G. Starling
R. P. Foster

20. Wilkerson …
Ida Mae Gladney
1934
MS – Chicago, IL

21. Wilkerson …
George Starling
1945
Florida–New York
(Detroit)

22. Wilkerson …
Robert Foster, MD
1953
Louisiana –
Los Angeles, CA

24. Giddings’ migration…
1963, Guyana
Atkinson Airport
Mom, aunties, grandmother, great aunt, friends

25. Giddings’ migration…
~1970, Guyana
Siblings

26. Giddings’ migration…
~1972, Guyana
Cousins
4 Guyanese
1 Canadian

27. Giddings’ migration…
~1983
9 Guyanese &
3 Americans

29. Giddings Migration…
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