Grotius, Hobbes Development of INR – Week 3 Hobbes Relationship between Natural Law and Law of Nations? Mediated by the idea of the state of nature as the predicament of insecurity: Natural right: self-preservation. Natural law: the observation of promises and contracts. For states: minimum observation of natural law in the form of consenting to agreements. Written agreement: treaty-making Unwritten agreements: customary law Hobbes State of Nature: the condition in which individuals find themselves in a perpetual condition of war. Natural right to self-preservation: We each have the right to judge what is in our interest for self-preservation. Conflict occurs because of: Competition Diffidence Glory Different meanings for words in the State of Nature; no ability in the State of Nature to determine whose judgment is valid (Wolin). Life in the state of nature: “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” Commonwealth Commonwealth by institution: Social contract: it is the collective agreement among all individuals in the state of nature to establish: Sovereign power Able to speak and act for a multiplicity of people (which becomes a unified group). State The unity of sovereign power and the unified people. Sovereign is the man or assembly that carries the person of the State. State is the Leviathan: the mortal God on earth. Sovereigns come and go but the State remains. Consequences The implication: fear is displaced from the condition of the state of nature to the relation between individual and state. What continues to bind the state is fear of a return to the State of Nature: the relation between individual and state is one of protection in exchange for obedience. Private vs. public conscious: does one need to truly believe (i.e. like a Christian) or does the appearance of belief suffice? “belief and unbelief never follow men’s commands.” Loyalty only to those that are in power? Historical context: The Norman Yoke and the English Civil Wars Stability should not sacrificed as a result of ‘injustice’. The rise of the ‘mechanical’ centralized administrative state. Grotius Dutch legal theorist 16th century; Along with Vitoria and Gentili laid the foundation for the Law of Nations (Public European Law) on Natural Law. Moves away from a theological conceptualization of Natural Law to a secular one. Develops the notion of Natural Rights which becomes key for understanding human morality and law. Notion of natural right emerged out of the massacre of St. Bartholomew (25 August 1572). Attempted to establish limitation on the Sovereign’s power: notion of individual right that the state cannot transgress. Grotius: “a RIGHT is a moral quality annexed to the person, justly entitling him to possess some privilege, or to perform some particular act” Four Fundamental Rights 1) the right for others not to take my possessions. 2) the right of restoration of property in case of injury. 3) honoring promises. 4) punish wrongdoing. Natural.

1. Grotius, Hobbes
Development of INR – Week 3
Hobbes
Relationship between Natural Law and Law of Nations?
Mediated by the idea of the state of nature as the predicament of
insecurity:
Natural right: self-preservation.
Natural law: the observation of promises and contracts.
For states: minimum observation of natural law in the form of
consenting to agreements.
Written agreement: treaty-making
Unwritten agreements: customary law
Hobbes
State of Nature: the condition in which individuals find
themselves in a perpetual condition of war.
Natural right to self-preservation:
We each have the right to judge what is in our interest for self-
preservation.
Conflict occurs because of:
Competition
Diffidence
Glory
Different meanings for words in the State of Nature; no ability
in the State of Nature to determine whose judgment is valid
(Wolin).
Life in the state of nature: “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and
short”

2. Commonwealth
Commonwealth by institution:
Social contract: it is the collective agreement among all
individuals in the state of nature to establish:
Sovereign power
Able to speak and act for a multiplicity of people (which
becomes a unified group).
State
The unity of sovereign power and the unified people.
Sovereign is the man or assembly that carries the person of the
State.
State is the Leviathan: the mortal God on earth.
Sovereigns come and go but the State remains.
Consequences
The implication: fear is displaced from the condition of the
state of nature to the relation between individual and state.
What continues to bind the state is fear of a return to the State
of Nature:
the relation between individual and state is one of protection in
exchange for obedience.
Private vs. public conscious: does one need to truly believe (i.e.
like a Christian) or does the appearance of belief suffice?
“belief and unbelief never follow men’s commands.”
Loyalty only to those that are in power?
Historical context: The Norman Yoke and the English Civil
Wars
Stability should not sacrificed as a result of ‘injustice’.
The rise of the ‘mechanical’ centralized administrative state.
Grotius
Dutch legal theorist 16th century;
Along with Vitoria and Gentili laid the foundation for the Law
of Nations (Public European Law) on Natural Law.

3. Moves away from a theological conceptualization of Natural
Law to a secular one.
Develops the notion of Natural Rights which becomes key for
understanding human morality and law.
Notion of natural right emerged out of the massacre of St.
Bartholomew (25 August 1572).
Attempted to establish limitation on the Sovereign’s power:
notion of individual right that the state cannot transgress.
Grotius: “a RIGHT is a moral quality annexed to the person,
justly entitling him to possess some privilege, or to perform
some particular act”
Four Fundamental Rights
1) the right for others not to take my possessions.
2) the right of restoration of property in case of injury.
3) honoring promises.
4) punish wrongdoing.
Natural Law and the Law of Nations
Natural Law emerges out of two competing ideas about human
beings:
Our “sociableness”
Our desire for self-preservation.
So important are these two aspects and so ingrained are they
that they would constitute Natural Law even if God didn’t exist.
Law of Nations:
Derivable from the Natural law but more specific (fills the gaps
of Natural Law).
Embodied in the very rules that define inter-state behavior.
Not an objective derivation form natural law, but reflective of
historical and empirical knowledge.
Emanates from the “Will” hence it is reflective of the will of
political communities.

4. Mare Liberum (1609)
The sea belongs to all of humanity and cannot be limited to a
particular power (i.e. Spain and Portugal).
Denial of a “right” to deny access.
Possession is not applicable to the sea.
Also concerned with the English claim of sovereignty over their
waters.
Dutch were concerned with the Straits of Malacca for East
Indian trade routes.
“Every nation is free to travel to every other nation, and to
trade with it.”
The sea cannot be occupied; destined for common use – no one
can dominate it.