1. The document presents a term paper on the electronic properties of graphene. 2. Graphene is a single-atom thick sheet of carbon that has extraordinary mechanical, optical, and electronic properties due to its atomic structure and pi orbitals. 3. The paper discusses graphene's properties, electronic band structure, quantum Hall effect, and applications in areas like biosensing, optoelectronics, energy storage, and photovoltaics.

1. Term Paper Presentation
NTY320:: Applied Nanotechnology
Topic : Graphene Electronic Properties
Submitted to:
Mr. Amit Sachdeva
Deptt. Of Nanotechnology
Lovely Professional University
Submitted by:
Vir Sapan Pratap Anand
11202530
Section : B1205
Roll No. : A10

2.  Ever thought of a non metal or
semiconductor with zero band Gap?
Ever thought of 2-D Compounds ?
Ever thought of a material with
tensile strength of 130GPa and even
you can pick it like a child’s play..?
Ever thought of a conducting material
that can transmit 97.7% of light ??
 Ever thought of a conducting
material with 20 times stretchable
capacity of its length??

3. Its None another than

4. Graphene : Electronic Properties
Topics To be discussed
Introduction to Graphene
Why Graphene is So special?
Properties of Graphene
More about Electronic properties
Hall Effect
Extraordinary Properties,
Extraordinary Applications
Summary

5. Graphene : A brief
introduction
 It is a 2-D allotrope of Carbon at
atomic scale with hexagonal lattice.
Graphene – a combination of “Graph”
and suffix “-ene” named by Hanns
peter Boehm in 1962.
It has atomic thickness of 0.345nm
and 200 times stronger than steel.

6. Why So Special ??
 Sp2 Hybridization
 0.345nm thickness.
 Atoms 1.42 A apart.
These properties enable graphene to be
extraordnary in terms of:
1. Strength
2. Electricity
3. Heat Conduction
And many More…

7. Properties of Graphene:
 Chemical property : Highest ratio of
edge atoms of any allotrope, defects
within a sheet increase its reactivity.
 Optical Property: Able to transmit
97.7% of light; reflectance and
transmittance studied as function of v,
temp. and Carrier density.
 High Conductivity of Graphene :
1500-2500 W/mK

9. Mechanical Properties of
Graphene
1. Tensile strength = 130
GPa
Young’s Modulus = 1 TPa
Weight of 1 sq. meter
Graphene sheet =
any Guesses ?
Only 0.77 mg

10. Could 2-D compounds exist ?
 Till 2004, no one believed so.
 Due to their thermal instability when
separated
 Graphene made it POSSIBLE.
 Carbon – Carbon bonds in Graphene
are so small and strong that they
prevent thermal fluctuations from
destroying it.

11. Electronic Properties of
Graphene:
 Carbon – 6 electrons : 2 in inner shell
and 4 in outer shell which are
available for chemical bonding.
 But in Graphene, each atom
connected to other three C atoms.
 Which leaves one e- freely available in
3rd Dimension for e- conduction (pi
electron)
 They overlap and help in C-C bond
formation in graphene.

12. Brillouin Zone and Dirac
Points:
 Brillouin Zone: In Solid State
Physics, it is a uniquely defined
primitive cell whose boundaries are
given by planes related to points on
the reciprocal lattice.
 Dirac Points: The electrons and
holes and the six corners of Brillouin
zone are called Dirac Points

13. Hall effect:
 Production of a voltage difference
(the Hallvoltage) across an electrical
conductor, transverse to an electric
current in the conductor and a
magnetic field perpendicular to the
current.
 It was discovered by Edwin Hall in
1879.

14. Quantum Hall Effect
Observed in 2-D e- systems
Subjected to low temperatures
In strongly applied Magnetic field
Hall conductance can be studied
I = Channel current, e = elementary
charge

15. Extra Ordinary Electronic
Applications of Graphene:
 Bioelectric Sensor
Optical Electronic Properties
Photovoltaic cell
Ultra Filtration
Energy Storage

16. Applications continued…
1. Biological Sensing Devices : due
to large surface area and high
conductivity, it can be used to
monitor Glucose levels, haemoglobin
levels, cholesterol level and even
DNA Sequencing.
2. Optical Electronics: As it Transmits
97.7% of light and has high
conductivity, It can be used in LCDs,
Org. LEDs

17. Applications Continued…
3. Ultrafiltration: Pore size of 5nm,
graphene can be employed in water
filtration, desalination system and
viable biofuel creation.
4. Photovoltaic cell: absorbs a
photon, generates multiple electrons.
Able to work in all wavelengths, can
be used to power our homes through
curtains and to recharge mobile
phones.

18. Applications Continued:
Energy Storage:
- Can be used to make super
capacitors.
- Able to charge very quickly.
- Could be used in high energy
applications such as electric vehicles,
laptops, smart phones, tablets, PCs at
significantly low size and weight.

19. Summary
1. Graphene is single atom thin sheet of
Carbon
2. It has extraordinary mechanical, optical and
electronic properties.
3. C-C bonds are so small and strong and give
it 2-D Structure
4. Electronic Properties dictated by Pi-Orbitals
5. Quantum Hall effect used to study voltage
and conductance
6. It has variety of applications in biosensors,
optical elctronics, energy storage,
photovoltaic cell etc.