Experimental Evaluation of Reverse Direction Transmissions in WLAN Using the WARP Platform
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Presentation of the paper "Experimental Evaluation of Reverse Direction Transmissions in WLAN Using the WARP Platform" at the IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC 2015)
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Experimental Evaluation of Reverse Direction Transmissions in WLAN Using the WARP Platform
- 1. IEEE ICC 2015, 8–12 June, London, UK Raul Palaciosa, Francesco Francha, Francisco Vazquez-Gallegob, Jesus Alonso-Zarateb, and Fabrizio Granellia aDISI, University of Trento, Italy bCTTC, Barcelona, Spain Experimental Evaluation of Reverse Direction Transmissions in WLAN Using the WARP Platform
- 2. 2 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Outline Scope •Wi-Fi Footprint •IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer •Energy Issues •Weaknesses of Theoretical Analyses and Simulations Contribution •BidMAC: Reactive Reverse Direction TXs •Implementing BidMAC on WARPv3 •Experiments Outcome •Energy Efficiency •Net/AP/STAs •Vs. Traffic Load •Vs. Data packet Length •Vs. PHY Data Rate
- 3. 3 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Residential Public Enterprise WLAN AP (Wi-Fi) User Wi-Fi-enabled devices The Big Picture Source: Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA), Informa, Nov. 2011 • Wide deployment of Wi-Fi hotspots worldwide. • Increasing diversity of Wi-Fi- enabled devices. 3.300.000 Public Hotspots Worldwide in 2013
- 4. 4 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Wi-Fi Footprint • The number of Wi-Fi public hotspots will increase by 350% from 2011 to 2015. • Wi-Fi home and hotspots will contribute by 31%-34% to the overall yearly cloud energy consumption, being the second main contributor after mobile networks. Source: The Power of Wireless Cloud, Alcatel-Lucent’s Bell Labs, Centre for Energy-Efficient Telecommunications (CEET), University of Melbourne, Apr. 2013 Source: Wireless Broadband Access (WBA), Informa, Nov. 2011 1% 1% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.1 3.3 4.5 5.8 350% Number of Wi-Fi Public Hotspots in the World (in million), 2009-2015 Metro & Core Networks Data centers Local (Wi-Fi Home/Wi-Fi Hotspots) Mobile access networks (4G LTE) 2012 2015 Lo 2015 Hi 9173 32424 42957 57% 55% 59% 16% 26% 1% 34% 31%10% 9% Total Annual Wireless Cloud Energy Consumption (GWh), 2012-2015
- 5. 5 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Nokia N95 Energy Consumption • Downloading data using the WLAN radio interface consumes more energy that what is consumed by the CPU or the display in a Nokia N95 smart phone. N95 8GB Downloading data using HSDPA Downloading data using WLAN Sending an SMS Making a voice call Playing an MP3 file Display backlight Normalisedenergyconsumption(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: Nokia Research Centre, 2012
- 6. 6 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Energy Efficiency via the MAC Layer MAC PHY NET Channel Status Transmission Control Reliable data Routing information Takes decisions on the usage of the wireless interface to regulate the access to the channel Best place for energy consumption control and energy saving through cross-layer methods
- 7. 7 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK DCF Example (With RTS/CTS) STA1 AP Other STAs RTS CTS DATA ACK TDIFS TDIFSTSIFS TSIFS TSIFS T0 CTS TSIFS TSIFS TSIFS Time + ACK Time + Time + NAV RTS RTS DATA NAV CTS NAV DATA NAV RTS NAV CTS NAV DATA Pi Pt Pr PtPr T1 Pi Pr Pi TDIFSTBO TRTS TDATA TCTS TACKTCTS TACK TRTS TDATATBO DIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS DIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS DIFS RTS/CTS exchange RTS/CTS exchange AP: Access Point STA: Wireless Station DIFS: DCF Interframe Space SIFS: Short Interframe Space RTS: Request-To-Send CTS: Clear-To-Send ACK: Acknowledgment NAV: Network Allocation Vector BO: Slotted Backoff Time
- 8. 8 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK DCF Energy Inefficiencies Control packet overhead Silent and backoff periods Idle listening and overhearing Collisions of control and data packets
- 9. 9 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK IEEE 802.11n RDP RDP Allocate unused TXOP time To one or more receivers Reverse direction transfer Good for bidirectional traffic Reduce channel contention
- 10. 10 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Proactive RD Protocols [1],[2] •RD transfer initiated by the transmitter •Grant remaining TXOP duration •Based on 802.11n RDP operation Types of RD-based Protocols Reactive RD Protocols [3]-[6] •RD transfer initiated by the receiver •Reserve extended TXOP duration •More adaptive to receiver needs [1] M. Ozdemir, G. Daqing, A. B. McDonald, and J. Zhang, “Enhancing MAC Performance with a Reverse Direction Protocol for High-Capacity Wireless LANs,” in IEEE VTC 2006, Sep. 2006, pp. 1–5. [2] D.Akhmetov,“802.11n: Performance Results of Reverse Direction Data Flow,” in IEEE PIMRC 2006, Sep. 2006, pp. 1–3. [3] H. Wu, Y. Peng, K. Long, S. Cheng, and J. Ma, “Performance of Reliable Transport Protocol over IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN: Analysis and Enhancement,” in IEEE INFOCOM 2002, vol. 2, Jun. 2002, pp. 599–607. [4] D.-H. Kwon, W.-J. Kim, and Y.-J. Suh, “A Bidirectional Data Transfer Protocol for Capacity and Throughput Enhancements in Multi-rate Wireless LANs,” in IEEE VTC 2004, vol. 4, Sep. 2004, pp. 3055–3059. [5] W. Choi, J. Han, B. J. Park, and J. Hong, “BCTMA (Bi-directional Cut- Through Medium Access) Protocol for 802.11-based Multi-hop Wireless Networks,” in ACM ISSADS 2005, Jan. 2005, pp. 377–387. [6] N. S. P. Nandiraju, H. Gossain, D. Cavalcanti, K. R. Chowdhury, and D. P. Agrawal, “Achieving Fairness in Wireless LANs by Enhanced IEEE 802.11 DCF,” in IEEE WiMob 2006, Jun. 2006, pp. 132–139.
- 11. 11 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK BidMAC [7],[8]: A Reactive RD Protocol for Infrastructure WLANs BidMAC Receiver- initiated bidirectional transmissions Transmit data after receiving data Backwards compatible with IEEE 802.11 DCF Balanced DL/UL channel share Improved WLAN performance [7] R. Palacios, F. Granelli, D. Gajic, and A. Foglar, “An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Infrastructure WLAN Based on Modified PCF/DCF Access Schemes Using a Bidirectional Data Packet Exchange,” in IEEE CAMAD 2012, Sep. 2012, pp. 216–220. [8] R. Palacios, F. Granelli, D. Kliazovich, L. Alonso, and J. Alonso- Zarate, “Energy Efficiency of an Enhanced DCF Access Method Using Bidirectional Communications for Infrastructure-based IEEE 802.11 WLANs,” in IEEE CAMAD 2013, Sep. 2013, pp. 38–42.
- 12. 12 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK BidMAC Example (Without RTS/CTS) AP: Access Point STA: Wireless Station DIFS: DCF Interframe Space SIFS: Short Interframe Space ACK: Acknowledgment NAV: Network Allocation Vector BO: Slotted Backoff Time RD: Reverse Direction
- 13. 13 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Motivations of The Paper Analysis No channel errors No collisions Infinite queues Saturated conditions Simulation No channel errors Infinite queues Infinite retransmissions No underlying physical layer
- 14. 14 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Anlys Simul Exp Complete performance assessment 802.11g DCF BidMAC Contributions of The Paper
- 15. 15 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK MAC Prototyping Platforms WARP • Wi-Fi compliant • Flexible • Open source Platforms TUTWLAN WARP CALRADIO USRP
- 16. 16 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK WARPv3 and Its HW Features RF Interface B RF Interface A Virtex-6 FPGA LX240T UserI/O DDR3-SO-DIMM Slot FMC HPC Slot Ethernet A Ethernet B UserI/O JTAG SDCard Power Supply Power Switch UART I/O header Displays DIPswitch Fig. 2. WARP v3 and its hardware features [13], [14]. analyzed. In contrast, EA P sat D C F is obtained when the AP ca
- 17. 17 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK 802.11g Reference Design for WARPv3 BidMAC is implemented here!
- 18. 18 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Testbed Layout 1 m 1m 1m PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 Experiment Controller + Energino Software E 2 E 3 E 1 Switch PWC 2 PWC 3 PWC 1 WARP STA 2 WARP STA 1 Wired System: Gigabit Ethernet NetworkWireless System: IEEE 802.11g WLAN WARP AP Energino Software PWC: 12 V Power Charger E: Energino Shield + Arduino Board EPS: 9 V External Power Supply Energino Software EPS 1 EPS 2 EPS 3
- 19. 19 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Energino Hardware Arduino UNO Board ACS712 Low Current Sensor Breakout Relay Omron G6E-134PL-ST-US Screw Terminals (2 Pin) Diode 1N4001 Transistor NPN 2N3904 Arduino Stackable Header - 8 Pin Arduino Stackable Header - 6 Pin Arduino Stackable Header - 8 Pin Resistor 1K Resistor 10K Resistor 100K Resistor 100K USB Connector (Standard-B Plug) External DC Power Supply (7-12V) Energino PCB from Fritzing Fig. 5. Energino shield on top of the Arduino UNO board [12], [16]. using amechanical relay. Thespecific features of Energino can be found in [16]. Three Energino shields on top of Arduino UNO boards are built following the instructions given in [16] and redesigned in software to achieve sampling rates of 15 7.2.3 The LabView Program In order to collect the measurements performed by Energino, it has been used a program in developed with theLabVIEW software. LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument EngineeringWorkbench) isasystem-design p and development environment for visual programming language from National Instruments feature of LabVIEW over other development environments is the extensive support for ac instrumentation hardware. Theprogram developed providesan easy-to-useinterfaceto manage Energino and acqui ples of voltage (V), current (I), and power (P) of a generic DC appliance, such as a Wi-Fi Figure7.3isreported ascreenshoot of thevisual interfaceof theprogram. Thebehaviour of v current and power arevisiblein Figure. Figure7.4: TheLabView Interface Fig. 6. Visual interfaceof thecustom-design softwarein LabVIEW Energino [15]. general BidMAC operation considered in the analys Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c, respectively, show the network, average per-STA energy efficiencies of DCF and Energino Software Arduino UNO Board ACS712 Low Current Sensor Breakout rew Terminals (2 Pin) de 001 Transistor NPN 2N3904 Arduino Stackable Header - 6 Pin Arduino Stackable Header - 8 Pin Resistor 1K Resistor 10K Resistor 100K Resistor 100K USB Connector (Standard-B Plug) External DC Power Supply (7-12V) CB ng ield on top of the Arduino UNO board [12], [16]. relay. Thespecific features of Energino can Three Energino shields on top of Arduino 7.2.3 The LabView Program In order to collect the measurements performed by Energino, it has been used a program interface developed with theLabVIEW software. LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument EngineeringWorkbench) isasystem-design platform and development environment for visual programming language from National Instruments. A key feature of LabVIEW over other development environments is the extensive support for accessing instrumentation hardware. Theprogram developed providesan easy-to-useinterfaceto manage Energino and acquiresam- ples of voltage (V), current (I), and power (P) of a generic DC appliance, such as a Wi-Fi AP. In Figure7.3isreported ascreenshoot of thevisual interfaceof theprogram. Thebehaviour of voltage, current and power arevisiblein Figure. Figure7.4: TheLabView Interface Fig. 6. Visual interfaceof thecustom-design software in LabVIEW to con Energino [15]. general BidMAC operation considered in the analysis. Energino: An Energy Consumption Monitoring Toolkit
- 20. 20 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Network Energy Efficiency Vs. Traffic Load
- 21. 21 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Downlink Energy Efficiency Vs. Traffic Load
- 22. 22 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Saturation Network Energy Efficiency Vs. Data Packet Length
- 23. 23 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Summary •Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC): Not energy efficient •IEEE 802.11n RDP(proactive, transmitter-initiated, RD-based protocol): outperforms DCF but is not an optimal solution Problem •BidMAC: reactive (receiver-initiated) RD-based protocol (i.e., transmit after receive) for infrastructure WLANs •More adaptive to the actual needs of a network than RDP Solution •BidMAC implementation on an IEEE 802.11g WARPv3 platform •Experimental results of energy efficiency in a proof-of-concept network formed by an AP and 2 STAs Contribution •Maximum energy efficiency gains of BidMAC versus DCF: •From 63% to 29% as the packet length grows •From 15% to 29% as the PHY data rate increases Result •Improve the current BidMAC implementation by incorporating packet aggregation and block ACK •Evaluate the new implementation with different traffic classes Future Work
- 24. 24 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Thanks for your kind attention! Fabrizio Granelli granelli@disi.unitn.it
- 25. 25 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK MAC/PHY System Parameters* Parameter Value Parameter Value SIFS, DIFS, EIFS 10, 28, 88 μs ACK size 14 bytes Slot time 9 μs MAC Header 24 bytes Preamble 16 μs WARPv3 LLC Header 8 bytes Signal 4 μs MSDU Size 50-1500 bytes Signal Extension 6 μs Data Rate 6-54 Mbps CWmin, CWmax 15, 1023 Control Rate 6,12,24 Mbps Service 6 bits WARPv3 Power Consumption 18.95 W Tail 16 bits Trial Time 30 s x10 times *IEEE 802.11g MAC/PHY
- 26. 26 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Saturation Network Energy Efficiency Vs. PHY Data Rate
- 27. 27 IEEE ICC 2015 London, UK Uplink Per Station Energy Efficiency Vs. Traffic Load
Editor's Notes
- The outline of the presentation is as follows. First, I will describe the problem we are focusing on. Then, I will present our solution. Finally, I will show some results of energy efficiency and energy consumption as a function of the traffic load and the data rate. But first, let me introduce the topic.
- A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) typically consists of an access point that is usually connected to the cloud through a cable and multiple mobile devices that communicate with the access point using the same share channel. WLAN access points, also known as Wi-Fi hotspots, have been widely deployed in public and private areas, such as university campuses, business parks, and user homes. Currently, more than 3 million WLAN access point have been deployed in the world. In addition, more and more portable devices are equipped with WLAN chipsets, for instance tables, smart phones, and laptops. Now let me give you more information about that.
- In these figures you can see that the number of Wi-Fi public hotspots will increase by 350% in 2015. Wi-Fi home and hotspots will contribute by 31 to 34% to overall yearly cloud energy consumption, being the second main contribution after mobile networks.
- In this figure, you can see that downloading data using the WLAN interface is the second main energy consuming action in a Nokia N95. So, the wireless technologies, and not the CPU or the display, can dominate the energy consumption in some smart phones.
- To address all these issues of energy consumption, we focus on the medium access control layer because it takes decisions affecting the usage of the wireless interface to regulate the access to the channel which is the main task of this layer. Because of this direction interaction with the physical layer we believe that it is the best place for energy consumption control and energy saving through cross-layer methods. The IEEE 802.11 Standard defines the specifications of the physical and medium access control layers for WLANs.
- The main limitations of DCF are the overhead generated by the exchange of control packets, silent periods, channel sensing and backoff periods, and collisions of packets.
- Reverse Direction Protocol (RDP)