1. Semester 2 Grammer Book Lola Cox

2. Table Of Contents Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenseso Presento Pasto Present perfect irregularso Subjunctive perfect tantoy tan Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. ConocerLos Mandatos Informal/Formalo Affirmativeo Negativeo Irregularo DOP + IOP placementNosotroscommando -mono verbsSubjunctive + irregularso Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion □ Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

3. Conditional Could, should, would Formed like the future -infinitive+ending Endings -ía - íamos - ías - ía - ían

4. Irregular Cabercabr- Haber habr- Poderpodr- Quererquerr- Saber sabr- Poderpondr- Tener tendr- Valer  valdr- Venir  vendr- Decir dir- Hacer  har- Salir  saldr-

5. Present Perfect Haber + past participle AR: -ado ER/IR: - ido True in past, will be true in present Action completed more recently To say “have done” or “have not done”

6. Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir - abierto Cubrir – cubierto Decir - dicho Escribir - escrito Hacer – hecho Morir - muerto Poner - puesto Resolver - resulto Romper - roto Ver - visto Volver – vuelto Ir - ido

7. Past Perfect When you have or had done something in the past Había Habías Había Habíamos Habían ^ + verb = past perfect

8. Perfect Subjunctive Shows action is completed with present / future tense verbs Haber + past participle Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos Hayan

9. Tanto y Tan Use “tan” or “tanto” and “…como” Tan = “as ____ as” Tanto = “as much ____ as” Tan -> adjectives, adverbs Tanto -> nouns, verbs, amounts

10. Impersonal Se Used to avoid specifying a subject Use the verb in the 3rd person “Se+verb+______”

11. Saber vs. Conocer Saber = facts Conocer = people, places, etc. “Yo se queestoymuriendo” “Yoconozeco el libro ‘Tess of the D’urbervilles’ esterible.”

12. Informal Commands Conjugation+: same as the usted form Conjugation-: drop ending, add opposite + ‘s’ TVDISHES -> irregular IOP / DOP – do not attach to negative, but throw it on to the positive Hablalo (+) / No lo hables (-)

13. Formal Commands Conjugation+: yo form -> opposite ending Conjugation-: yo form -> opposite ending Plural+-: add an ‘n’ to the end DOP/IOP: attach to affirmative, don’t with negative Hable (+) / no hablen (-)

14. Nosotros Commands Opposite endings of the ‘nosotros’ section Hablamos -> hablemos Mono verbs: Reflexives, drop the “s” and add the “nos” Hablemos -> Hablemonos

15. Subjunctive Conjugation: yo form -> add –o -> add opposite ending Used for opinion, uncertainty, possibility, and attitudes TVDISHES are irregular Use with expressions “que” subjunctive

16. Subjunctive Irregulars TVDISHES are irregular Dar -> dé, des, dé, demos Hay -> haya, hayas, hayan, hayamos Car, gar, zar’s: same as always

17. Trigger Phrases The impersonal expressions “Es buenoque” “Es maloque” Show desire, need, advice, etc. Expressions of emotions “Alegrarse de que..” “Sentirseque..” Show joy, sadness, fear, etc. Conjunctions of time “Cuando..” “Hastaque..” Habitual or in the past

18. Demonstrative Adjectives Este/esta – this Ese/esa – that Aquel/aquella – that (over there) Estos/estas – these Esos/esas – those Aquellos/aquellas – those (over there) Used to talk about which of what you’re talking about