The document discusses modal verbs and punctuation. It defines modal verbs as verbs used to express likelihood, ability, permission and obligation, and lists some common modal verbs like can, may, must. It provides examples of how modal verbs are used and discusses their grammatical patterns. It also covers uses of punctuation marks and recommends websites for further reference on punctuation rules.

1. Grammar Class - VI
Modal verbs and punctuation
Bruno Otilio

2. 2
From last class: Nouns and Pronouns
Chair
Desk
Airplane
Water tank They are going to return theirs too.
Bruno is going to return his book
Proper noun Possessive adjective
Subject pronoun Possessive pronoun

3. 3
Modal verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,
permission and obligation. These verbs also show the speaker’s
attitude and its intensity.
Modals
1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without ‘to').
4: Modal verbs cannot be used with another modal verbs.
These group of verbs have an unique pattern:
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html
can could may might will
would must shall should had better

4. 4
Ability
• My grandfather could play golf very well.
Obligation and Advice
• You should stop smoking.
Permission
• Could I leave early today, please?
Habits
• When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
(Will and Would)
(Can and Could)
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html

5. 5 Source: Betty S. Azar

6. 6
Being polite
Subject I*
*The subject ‘I’ is always written in capital
letters. It does not matter whether it starts a
clause or it is in the middle.
- May I borrow your cellphone?
- Could I sit here?
- Can I borrow your pen?
Subject we
- Would you pass the paper?
- Will you pass the salt?
- Can you open the door?
- Could you open the window?
Grammar tip!!!
May is used only with I or
we in polite requests.
The word May is also used to indicate the fifth month of the year!!!

7. 7 Source: Betty S. Azar

8. 8 Source: Betty S. Azar

9. 9 Source: Betty S. Azar

10. 10 Source: Betty S. Azar

11. 11 Source: Betty S. Azar

12. 12 Source: Betty S. Azar

13. 13 Source: Betty S. Azar

14. 14 Source: Betty S. Azar

15. 15 Source: Betty S. Azar

16. 16 Source: Betty S. Azar

17. 17 Source: Betty S. Azar

18. 18 Source: Betty S. Azar
How can we show degrees?

19. 19 Source: Betty S. Azar

20. 20 Source: Betty S. Azar

21. 21 Source: Betty S. Azar

22. 22 Source: Betty S. Azar

23. 23 Source: Betty S. Azar

24. 24 Source: Betty S. Azar

25. 25 Source: Betty S. Azar

26. 26 Source: Betty S. Azar
Would and used to; when to use?

27. 27 Source: Betty S. Azar

28. 28 Source: Betty S. Azar

29. 29 Source: Betty S. Azar

30. 30 Source: Betty S. Azar

31. 31
Semi-modal verbs:
How dare you?
Ought to
Need
Used to
Dare
Did you remember the modal verbs patter, which was cited previously?
They have no to-infinitive form nor -ing form
Past form / -ed
Modal verbs do not change form for tense or person
Semi-modal because in some ways
they are formed like modal verbs and
other acts as a main verbs.

32. 32
Semi-modal verbs:
Dare
He doesn’t dare (to) go there. (ordinary verb)
Dare anyone go there? (semi-modal verb)
Doesn’t he dare (to) go there? (ordinary verb)
Daren’t he go there? (semi-modal verb)
Need
You needn’t take off your shoes.
Need we write this down?
You don’t need to mention this to your father
You needn’t mention this to your father.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms
formal

33. 33
Semi-modal verbs:
Ought to*
We ought to do more exercise.
Used to
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms
We ought not to have ordered so much food.
Ought she to call the police?
*For tag questions,
should is preferred
over ought to.
There ought to be a speed limit here, shouldn’t there?
There ought to be a speed limit here, oughtn’t there?
It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.
Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?
Used to refers to actions and situations in the past
which no longer happen or are no longer true. Be used
to means ‘be accustomed to’ or ‘be familiar with’. It can
refer to the past, present or future.

34. 34
“Be aware to pick up the
most convenient modal
verb when you talk to
your professor, boss,
relatives or friend.”

35. 35
Ponctuation
Space
Period -> .
Commas -> ,
Semicolons -> ;
Colons -> :
Quotation marks -> “”
Parenthesis -> ()
Apostrophes -> ‘
Hyphen -> -
Dashes -> —
Ellipses -> …
Question mark -> ?
Exclamation points -> !
Slashes -> /
Ampersand -> &
Brackets -> []
I highly recommend the following sites:
• http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/
• http://www.tameri.com/edit/punctuation.html

36. 36
You can do this now!!!
ability