The classes used in this study (Class A and Class B) were held at the same campus in Wichita, KS during June through September 2010 by the same instructor. These two classes were held on a Thursday and a Friday night with Class A being held on Thursday and Class B being held on Friday. Class A completed with 13 students and Class B completed with 16 students. The most interesting thing about these two groups of students is that the one group was overprotected through most classes leading up to the class in question and their general attitudes during this class reflected their attitudes prior to this specific class, while the other group was a group of first term students. These first term students were told up front what was expected of them and little to no tolerance was given for late work submission (this rule was also applied to the group that had been overprotected prior to this class).
The document provides examples and explanations of how to calculate and use z-scores. Some key points:
- A z-score indicates how many standard deviations a score is from the mean of a distribution.
- It can be calculated using the formula: z = (x - μ) / σ, where x is the score, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.
- Examples are given of z-scores for different data sets and distributions.
- Z-scores can be used to standardize scores from different data sets or scales onto a common scale.
- Several word problems demonstrate calculating z-scores and using them to determine actual values or scores.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations
This document discusses variance and standard deviation. It defines variance as a measure of how data points differ from the mean. It explains that variance can show how two data sets that have the same mean and median can still be different. The document then provides formulas and examples for calculating variance and standard deviation. It states that standard deviation is a measure of variation from the mean and that a higher standard deviation indicates more spread and less consistency in the data.
This document summarizes chapter 3 section 2 of an elementary statistics textbook. It discusses measures of variation, including range, variance, and standard deviation. The standard deviation describes how spread out data values are from the mean and is used to determine consistency and predictability within a specified interval. Several examples demonstrate calculating range, variance, and standard deviation for data sets. Chebyshev's theorem and the empirical rule relate standard deviations to the percentage of values that fall within certain intervals of the mean.
This document discusses standard deviation and related statistical concepts. It defines standard deviation as a measure of variability around the mean and explains how to calculate it from both ungrouped and grouped data. It also defines related terms like variance, standard error of the mean, and confidence limits of the mean. Standard deviation is calculated using the formula that sums the squared deviations from the mean, divided by n-1. Standard error is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size, and confidence limits refer to ranges around the mean within which we can be certain the population mean falls.
The document provides examples and explanations of how to calculate and use z-scores. Some key points:
- A z-score indicates how many standard deviations a score is from the mean of a distribution.
- It can be calculated using the formula: z = (x - μ) / σ, where x is the score, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.
- Examples are given of z-scores for different data sets and distributions.
- Z-scores can be used to standardize scores from different data sets or scales onto a common scale.
- Several word problems demonstrate calculating z-scores and using them to determine actual values or scores.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples
9.4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations
This document discusses variance and standard deviation. It defines variance as a measure of how data points differ from the mean. It explains that variance can show how two data sets that have the same mean and median can still be different. The document then provides formulas and examples for calculating variance and standard deviation. It states that standard deviation is a measure of variation from the mean and that a higher standard deviation indicates more spread and less consistency in the data.
This document summarizes chapter 3 section 2 of an elementary statistics textbook. It discusses measures of variation, including range, variance, and standard deviation. The standard deviation describes how spread out data values are from the mean and is used to determine consistency and predictability within a specified interval. Several examples demonstrate calculating range, variance, and standard deviation for data sets. Chebyshev's theorem and the empirical rule relate standard deviations to the percentage of values that fall within certain intervals of the mean.
This document discusses standard deviation and related statistical concepts. It defines standard deviation as a measure of variability around the mean and explains how to calculate it from both ungrouped and grouped data. It also defines related terms like variance, standard error of the mean, and confidence limits of the mean. Standard deviation is calculated using the formula that sums the squared deviations from the mean, divided by n-1. Standard error is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size, and confidence limits refer to ranges around the mean within which we can be certain the population mean falls.
This document defines variance and standard deviation and provides formulas and examples to calculate them. It states that variance is the average squared deviation from the mean and measures how far data points are from the average. Standard deviation tells how clustered data is around the mean and is the square root of the variance. It provides step-by-step instructions to find variance and standard deviation, including calculating the mean, deviations from the mean, summing the squared deviations, and taking the square root. Worked examples are shown to find the variance and standard deviation of students' test scores and people's heights in a room.
Standard deviation was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1893 as a more scientific way to measure dispersion than existing methods. It is calculated by taking the deviations of individual observations from the mean, squaring them, summing them, and dividing by the total observations. The square root of the result is the standard deviation. It is the most useful and popular measure of dispersion as it is always calculated from the arithmetic mean rather than the median or mode.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distribution
6.6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial
Excel can create a visual timeline chart and help you map out a project schedule and project phases. Specifically, you can create a Gantt chart, which is a popular tool for project management because it maps out tasks based on how long they'll take, when they start, and when they finish.
The document defines and provides examples for calculating the coefficient of variation, which is a measure used to compare the dispersion of data sets. It gives the formula for coefficient of variation as the standard deviation divided by the mean, expressed as a percentage. Two examples are shown comparing the stability of prices between two cities and production between two manufacturing plants, with the data set having the lower coefficient of variation considered more consistent or stable.
The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data. Usually, we are interested in the standard deviation of a population.
Standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed data points are from the average value. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance, which is the average of the squared distances from the mean. For a set of egg weights, the standard deviation is calculated by first finding the mean, then determining the variance by taking the sum of the squared differences from the mean. A low standard deviation means values are close to the mean, while a high standard deviation means values are more spread out. Standard deviation is not affected by adding or subtracting a constant from all values, but is affected by multiplying or dividing all values by a constant.
The document summarizes key concepts about normal distributions and using z-scores. It includes examples of calculating percentages of data that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean. It also discusses how to convert between standard and population normal distributions using z-scores. An example problem at the end solves for the percentage of marathon finishers with times between 285-335 minutes.
This document discusses various measures of dispersion in statistics including range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure along with examples using both ungrouped and grouped frequency distribution data. Box-and-whisker plots are also introduced as a graphical method to display the five number summary of a data set including minimum, quartiles, and maximum values.
The document contains calculations to determine skewness using grouped data. It includes frequency distributions of grouped data with ranges of values for X, frequencies (f), deviations (d), d-squared (d2), and d-cubed (d3). Formulas are provided to calculate the second (m2) and third (m3) moments about the mean. The computations are presented in a table with columns for X, M, f, fM, d, d2, d3, fd2, and fd3.
Towards Minimal Test Collections for Evaluation of Audio Music Similarity and...Julián Urbano
Reliable evaluation of Information Retrieval systems requires large amounts of relevance judgments. Making these annotations is quite complex and tedious for many Music Information Retrieval tasks, so performing such evaluations requires too much effort. A low-cost alternative is the application of Minimal Test Collection algorithms, which offer quite reliable results while significantly reducing the annotation effort. The idea is to incrementally select what documents to judge so that we can compute estimates of the effectiveness differences between systems with a certain degree of confidence. In this paper we show a first approach towards its application to the evaluation of the Audio Music Similarity and Retrieval task, run by the annual MIREX evaluation campaign. An analysis with the MIREX 2011 data shows that the judging effort can be reduced to about 35% to obtain results with 95% confidence.
This document discusses the normal distribution and related concepts. It begins with an introduction to the normal distribution and its properties. It then covers the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The rest of the document discusses key properties like the 68-95-99.7 rule, using the standard normal distribution, and how to determine if a data set follows a normal distribution including using a normal probability plot. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.
This document provides information about descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variation (range, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation). It defines these terms and provides examples using IQ score data from two classes (Class A and Class B) to illustrate how to calculate and interpret these descriptive statistics. The key takeaway is that descriptive statistics are useful for summarizing and comparing characteristics of different groups or datasets in a concise manner.
You don\'t know how much you don\'t know, or do you? These results indicate that the best students more accurately predict how much they don\'t know compared to others.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
This document discusses repeatability and reproducibility in measurement systems. Repeatability refers to the variability from measurements taken by the same person on the same item, and depends on the precision of the measurement equipment. Reproducibility refers to variability from measurements taken by different operators on the same item. The document provides examples of using the range-and-average method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to quantify repeatability, reproducibility, and overall measurement system variability.
This document summarizes the results of an analysis examining reading comprehension scores based on background noise and practice conditions. Key findings include:
1) Reading comprehension scores were significantly higher with practice compared to no practice.
2) Scores were significantly higher with no noise compared to high noise levels.
3) There was a significant interaction between practice and noise conditions, such that practice had a greater positive effect on scores under high noise compared to no noise.
A two-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of gender head and education level on monthly per capita food expenditure. There was no significant interaction between gender head and education level. While there were no differences between gender heads within each education level, there were significant differences in expenditure between education levels overall. Simple main effects tests showed no significant differences in expenditure between gender heads at each education level.
This document contains statistical data on employee performance (Y1), wages (X1), and work environment (X2) for 99 employees. It includes measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (standard deviation, variance, range) for each variable. Frequency tables show the distribution of scores for each variable, including the number and percentage of employees in each category.
This document provides an outline and learning objectives for Chapter 5 of a statistics textbook on discrete distributions. The chapter will:
1. Distinguish between discrete and continuous random variables and distributions.
2. Explain how to calculate the mean and variance of discrete distributions.
3. Cover the binomial distribution and how to solve problems using it.
4. Cover the Poisson distribution and how to solve problems using it.
5. Explain how to approximate binomial problems with the Poisson distribution.
6. Cover the hypergeometric distribution and how to solve problems using it.
This document defines variance and standard deviation and provides formulas and examples to calculate them. It states that variance is the average squared deviation from the mean and measures how far data points are from the average. Standard deviation tells how clustered data is around the mean and is the square root of the variance. It provides step-by-step instructions to find variance and standard deviation, including calculating the mean, deviations from the mean, summing the squared deviations, and taking the square root. Worked examples are shown to find the variance and standard deviation of students' test scores and people's heights in a room.
Standard deviation was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1893 as a more scientific way to measure dispersion than existing methods. It is calculated by taking the deviations of individual observations from the mean, squaring them, summing them, and dividing by the total observations. The square root of the result is the standard deviation. It is the most useful and popular measure of dispersion as it is always calculated from the arithmetic mean rather than the median or mode.
Please Subscribe to this Channel for more solutions and lectures
http://www.youtube.com/onlineteaching
Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distribution
6.6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial
Excel can create a visual timeline chart and help you map out a project schedule and project phases. Specifically, you can create a Gantt chart, which is a popular tool for project management because it maps out tasks based on how long they'll take, when they start, and when they finish.
The document defines and provides examples for calculating the coefficient of variation, which is a measure used to compare the dispersion of data sets. It gives the formula for coefficient of variation as the standard deviation divided by the mean, expressed as a percentage. Two examples are shown comparing the stability of prices between two cities and production between two manufacturing plants, with the data set having the lower coefficient of variation considered more consistent or stable.
The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data. Usually, we are interested in the standard deviation of a population.
Standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed data points are from the average value. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance, which is the average of the squared distances from the mean. For a set of egg weights, the standard deviation is calculated by first finding the mean, then determining the variance by taking the sum of the squared differences from the mean. A low standard deviation means values are close to the mean, while a high standard deviation means values are more spread out. Standard deviation is not affected by adding or subtracting a constant from all values, but is affected by multiplying or dividing all values by a constant.
The document summarizes key concepts about normal distributions and using z-scores. It includes examples of calculating percentages of data that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean. It also discusses how to convert between standard and population normal distributions using z-scores. An example problem at the end solves for the percentage of marathon finishers with times between 285-335 minutes.
This document discusses various measures of dispersion in statistics including range, mean deviation, variance, and standard deviation. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure along with examples using both ungrouped and grouped frequency distribution data. Box-and-whisker plots are also introduced as a graphical method to display the five number summary of a data set including minimum, quartiles, and maximum values.
The document contains calculations to determine skewness using grouped data. It includes frequency distributions of grouped data with ranges of values for X, frequencies (f), deviations (d), d-squared (d2), and d-cubed (d3). Formulas are provided to calculate the second (m2) and third (m3) moments about the mean. The computations are presented in a table with columns for X, M, f, fM, d, d2, d3, fd2, and fd3.
Towards Minimal Test Collections for Evaluation of Audio Music Similarity and...Julián Urbano
Reliable evaluation of Information Retrieval systems requires large amounts of relevance judgments. Making these annotations is quite complex and tedious for many Music Information Retrieval tasks, so performing such evaluations requires too much effort. A low-cost alternative is the application of Minimal Test Collection algorithms, which offer quite reliable results while significantly reducing the annotation effort. The idea is to incrementally select what documents to judge so that we can compute estimates of the effectiveness differences between systems with a certain degree of confidence. In this paper we show a first approach towards its application to the evaluation of the Audio Music Similarity and Retrieval task, run by the annual MIREX evaluation campaign. An analysis with the MIREX 2011 data shows that the judging effort can be reduced to about 35% to obtain results with 95% confidence.
This document discusses the normal distribution and related concepts. It begins with an introduction to the normal distribution and its properties. It then covers the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The rest of the document discusses key properties like the 68-95-99.7 rule, using the standard normal distribution, and how to determine if a data set follows a normal distribution including using a normal probability plot. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.
This document provides information about descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variation (range, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation). It defines these terms and provides examples using IQ score data from two classes (Class A and Class B) to illustrate how to calculate and interpret these descriptive statistics. The key takeaway is that descriptive statistics are useful for summarizing and comparing characteristics of different groups or datasets in a concise manner.
You don\'t know how much you don\'t know, or do you? These results indicate that the best students more accurately predict how much they don\'t know compared to others.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
This document discusses repeatability and reproducibility in measurement systems. Repeatability refers to the variability from measurements taken by the same person on the same item, and depends on the precision of the measurement equipment. Reproducibility refers to variability from measurements taken by different operators on the same item. The document provides examples of using the range-and-average method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to quantify repeatability, reproducibility, and overall measurement system variability.
This document summarizes the results of an analysis examining reading comprehension scores based on background noise and practice conditions. Key findings include:
1) Reading comprehension scores were significantly higher with practice compared to no practice.
2) Scores were significantly higher with no noise compared to high noise levels.
3) There was a significant interaction between practice and noise conditions, such that practice had a greater positive effect on scores under high noise compared to no noise.
A two-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of gender head and education level on monthly per capita food expenditure. There was no significant interaction between gender head and education level. While there were no differences between gender heads within each education level, there were significant differences in expenditure between education levels overall. Simple main effects tests showed no significant differences in expenditure between gender heads at each education level.
This document contains statistical data on employee performance (Y1), wages (X1), and work environment (X2) for 99 employees. It includes measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (standard deviation, variance, range) for each variable. Frequency tables show the distribution of scores for each variable, including the number and percentage of employees in each category.
This document provides an outline and learning objectives for Chapter 5 of a statistics textbook on discrete distributions. The chapter will:
1. Distinguish between discrete and continuous random variables and distributions.
2. Explain how to calculate the mean and variance of discrete distributions.
3. Cover the binomial distribution and how to solve problems using it.
4. Cover the Poisson distribution and how to solve problems using it.
5. Explain how to approximate binomial problems with the Poisson distribution.
6. Cover the hypergeometric distribution and how to solve problems using it.
This document provides an introduction to measures of dispersion used to describe the variability or spread of data distributions. It discusses the range, quartile deviation, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, and skewness. The range is defined as the difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set. The quartile deviation is half the difference between the third and first quartiles. The standard deviation and variance measure how far data values are from the mean, with the standard deviation being the square root of the variance. The coefficient of variation and measures of skewness relate the dispersion of data to the mean or center. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure of dispersion.
The document summarizes the results of an ANOVA statistical analysis comparing the percentage of mobile phone users subscribed to three different carriers (XL, Indosat, Telkomsel) based on data from 30 respondents. The analysis found no statistically significant differences between the three carriers in terms of percentage of users. Specifically, the F value of 0.216 and p-value of 0.806 from the ANOVA table indicate no significant differences between the means of the three groups. A post hoc LSD test also found no significant pairwise differences between the carriers.
The document summarizes the results of an ANOVA statistical analysis comparing the percentage of mobile phone users subscribed to three different carriers (XL, Indosat, Telkomsel) based on data from 30 respondents. The analysis found no statistically significant differences between the three carriers in terms of percentage of users. Specifically, the F value of 0.216 and p-value of 0.806 from the ANOVA table indicate no significant differences between the means of the three groups.
The document summarizes the results of an ANOVA statistical analysis comparing the percentage of mobile phone users subscribed to three different carriers (XL, Indosat, Telkomsel) based on data from 30 respondents. The analysis found no statistically significant differences between the three carriers in terms of percentage of users. Specifically, the F value of 0.216 and p-value of 0.806 from the ANOVA table indicate no significant differences between the means of the three groups.
The document summarizes the results of an ANOVA statistical analysis comparing the percentage of mobile phone users subscribed to three different carriers (XL, Indosat, Telkomsel) based on data from 30 respondents. The analysis found no statistically significant differences between the three carriers in terms of percentage of users. Specifically, the F value of 0.216 and p-value of 0.806 from the ANOVA table indicate no significant differences between the means of the three groups. A post hoc LSD test also found no significant pairwise differences between the carriers.
The document summarizes the results of an ANOVA statistical analysis comparing the percentage of mobile phone users subscribed to three different carriers (XL, Indosat, Telkomsel) based on data from 30 respondents. The analysis found no statistically significant differences between the three carriers in terms of percentage of users. Specifically, the F value of 0.216 and p-value of 0.806 from the ANOVA table indicate no significant differences between the means of the three groups.
Reporting a multiple linear regression in apa Amit Sharma
A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict weight based on height and sex. The regression equation was significant and height and sex were significant predictors of weight, explaining 99.3% of the variance. Participants' predicted weight is equal to 47.138 - 39.133 (sex) + 2.101 (height), where height is measured in inches and sex is coded as 0 for female and 1 for male.
Reporting a multiple linear regression in APAAmit Sharma
A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict weight based on height and sex. The regression equation was significant and height and sex were significant predictors of weight, explaining 99.3% of the variance. Participants' predicted weight is equal to 47.138 - 39.133 (sex) + 2.101 (height), where height is measured in inches and sex is coded as 0 for female and 1 for male.
This document discusses multicollinearity, beginning with definitions and the case of perfect multicollinearity. It then examines the case of near or imperfect multicollinearity using data on the demand for widgets. There is high multicollinearity between the price and income variables, resulting in unstable coefficient estimates with large standard errors and insignificant t-statistics. The document outlines methods to detect multicollinearity such as high R-squared but insignificant variables, high pairwise correlations, auxiliary regressions, and variance inflation factors. It provides an example using data on chicken demand.
The document discusses the steps to construct a frequency distribution table (FDT):
1. Find the range and number of classes or intervals.
2. Estimate the class width and list the lower and upper class limits.
3. Tally the observations in each interval and record the frequencies.
It also describes how to calculate relative frequencies and cumulative frequencies to vary the FDT.
This is my Python Role Player Game Generator toolkit. It can be used to create multiple RPG\'s by simply creating the story and the logic, it will then create random characters and place them in the game.
The Python RPG Generator is a toolset that allows developers to build role-playing games without rewriting core code. It includes programs for dice rolling, name generation, character creation, story writing, and integrating all elements into a full RPG. Character creation considers race, specialty, skills, powers and tools defined in text files. Story files use shortcuts to insert character details dynamically. The main program pulls everything together to generate and present the game based on the story.
pyDie is a library designed to simulate dice of various types and the random rolls of such. It has been designed to be reusable and with some intelligent decision making capabilities.
The document explains how spammers obtain email addresses and send spam messages, noting that viewing the email headers can reveal the true origin of the message. It provides an example of a spam message received and the steps taken to trace the IP address of the machine that sent it, including using a reverse lookup tool to identify the hosting provider responsible. Contacting the hosting provider or reporting the information to authorities are suggested for dealing with the spammer.
This document describes a menu.py script that allows the user to navigate and run various scripts from a menu interface. The menu.py script reads a comma-delimited file containing the script names, paths, and descriptions to dynamically generate the menu. The user can then select a script to run or navigate between pages of the menu. It provides a simple way to access scripts without having to remember their specific paths and commands.
This document discusses the four seasons as metaphors for stages of the Christian life, drawing parallels from the story of Elijah hearing God's voice after wind, earthquake, fire, and still small voice. It argues there are seasons of new beginnings (spring), labor (summer), reflection (autumn), and struggle (winter) in our lives, directions, the church, and based on biblical references to the four elements and four directions of the tribes of Israel. The cycles of seasons represent cycles we experience in life, but turning to God provides new beginnings.
The document provides steps to set up a job stream to automate running a Baan job called SHDRAD. It involves:
1. Creating directories to store scripts, logs, and other files for the job stream.
2. Creating scripts for launching the Baan job and cleaning up logs, and storing them in the scripts directory.
3. Creating a job list file that specifies the order and conditions for running the scripts.
4. Optionally setting up a contacts file for failure notifications.
5. Scheduling the job stream to run periodically using a wrapper script and cron.
The document discusses the symbolism and importance of thrones throughout history and in religion. It focuses on two main thrones - the throne of God and the throne of Lucifer. God's throne is described as being built on righteousness, justice, and judgment. It also discusses the mercy seat that provides mercy to cover our inability to keep God's law. The throne of Lucifer is built on wrong, immorality, and opposition to God. The document then outlines the coronation ceremony needed to establish God's throne in our lives and enthrone him as king over us.
The document discusses biblical mysteries and their revelation. It begins by defining mystery and exploring its use in literature. It then examines the 27 uses of "mystery" in the New Testament, primarily in Paul's letters. Several mysteries are identified: the kingdom of God, God's saving grace, spiritual gifts, Christ being formed in believers, God's plan for Jews and Gentiles, and end-times prophecies. The document urges studying scripture to understand these mysteries and find God's truth, arriving at the truth by eliminating all impossible explanations, however improbable, as Sherlock Holmes said. It closes by arguing the mysteries were purposefully revealed this way in the Bible and New Testament.
This passage from the book of Revelation describes Jesus' message to seven churches in Asia Minor. Jesus criticizes the church in Laodicea for being lukewarm, neither hot nor cold, in their faith. He tells them they say they are rich but are actually wretched, miserable, poor, blind and naked. Jesus counsels them to buy gold, white clothes and eye salve from him to be truly rich, clothed and able to see. He warns that he will vomit the lukewarm church out of his mouth if they do not repent and commit to following him wholeheartedly.
This document provides scriptural references related to receiving the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues. It encourages the reader not to wait any longer to receive the Holy Spirit. Some key points made include:
- Jesus told his disciples to wait in Jerusalem to receive the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. The document questions why anyone would need to wait after being given the promise.
- Speaking in tongues gives God control over the tongue, which is described as a powerful tool that can be used for good or evil.
- The document instructs readers to expect, believe, confess, accept, surrender, and give thanks in order to receive the Holy Spirit, then praise God.
- It
This document provides 5 questions to ask before coming to church to ensure you have the right motives and focus. The questions are: 1) Who are you here to see? (should be Jesus, not the pastor or friends), 2) What manner of God is this? (one deserving of obedience), 3) Why are you here? (to actively seek and work for God, not idly watch others), 4) Where will I find God? (in newness of life through Christ, not among the dead), 5) How should I approach Him? (with praise, thanksgiving and celebration of who He is). The document encourages lively, joyful praise as the right approach to God.
1. Grade statistics from two random classes
Introduction
The classes used in this study (Class A and Class B) were held at the same campus in Wichita,
KS during June through September 2010 by the same instructor. These two classes were held on
a Thursday and a Friday night with Class A being held on Thursday and Class B being held on
Friday. Class A completed with 13 students and Class B completed with 16 students. The
following analysis was performed by extracting statistics based upon the following variables.
Class = a numeric value assigned to each class starting with A1 being 1 through A6 being
11 thus for Thursday and Friday evening classes the data would be 8 and 10 respectively
Absences = a numeric value for the number of classes a given student missed during the
quarter
Missing = the missing assignment percentage for a given student. For Class A there were
34 assignments and for Class B there were 25.
Gender = a numeric value representing the gender of the student 0 = Male and 1 =
Female
preFinal = the percentage the student had going into the final exam
Final = the percentage earned on the final exam
postFinal = the final percentage earned in the class
Background
The most interesting thing about these two groups of students is that the one group was
overprotected through most classes leading up to the class in question and their general attitudes
during this class reflected their attitudes prior to this specific class, while the other group was a
group of first term students. These first term students were told up front what was expected of
them and little to no tolerance was given for late work submission (this rule was also applied to
the group that had been overprotected prior to this class). The first term group in turn appeared
to be in attendance more frequently, appeared to turn in work with more regularity, and appeared
to be less needy than the more experienced students. There were three drops from the new
students, but the absentee rate (absences versus 11 weeks * number of students) for the students
that completed the quarter was 8% (14/176) compared to the second group’s 11% (16/143) rate.
However, it should be noted that the second group was hurt by the one failure this quarter, who
alone accounted for five of the 16 absences, as this student regularly missed two classes and was
then present for one class. Removing these five absences from their rate takes the group
absentee rate down to 8% (11/143) as well. If you add in the dropped student absentee rate to the
new students total you get an additional 11 absentees out of 26 classes or 25/212 which is 12%.
It should be noted that, of these three drops two missed the first night of class without notifying
the school, but were able to catch up; and all three had good grades going into their string of
absences that ultimately led to their drop from school.
Testing and Analysis
After the data was entered tests were conducted on the variables pre/postFinal and final in an
attempt to analyze if the data was normally distributed.
2. Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
What was noted from this (see figures 1-3), was that the data appeared slightly skewed, but
otherwise fairly normal.
Table 1
Statistics
Pre-Final Final Post-Final
Percentage Percentage Percentage
N Valid 29 29 29
Missing 0 0 0
Mean 85.5034 75.3103 83.4724
Std. Error of Mean 2.65868 2.92480 2.35729
Median 83.7000 76.0000 82.2000
a
Mode 73.10 92.00 85.90
Std. Deviation 14.31741 15.75052 12.69437
3. Variance 204.988 248.079 161.147
Skewness -.413 -.102 -.307
Std. Error of Skewness .434 .434 .434
Kurtosis .552 -1.029 .686
Std. Error of Kurtosis .845 .845 .845
Percentiles 25 76.3500 62.5000 75.2000
50 83.7000 76.0000 82.2000
75 95.9000 92.0000 93.1000
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Further analysis (see Table 1) showed that all variables were within tolerance and that the only
variable showing any signs of abnormality regarded the kurtosis of the final percentage -
1.029/.845 = -1.22, but it was still within the tolerance of 1.96. So it was concluded that all data
was normally distributed.
The mean pre-final percentage grade did appear to decrease with the number of absences (see
Figure 4). Additionally the mean pre-final percentage appeared to decrease with the number of
missing assignments (see Figure 5).
Figure 4 Figure 5
4. An ANCOVA was performed on the preFinal percentage and postFinal percentage using a fixed
factor of Absences and a covariate of missing assignments. The results showed the covariate,
missing assignments was significantly related to absences F(1, 23) = 17.07, p < .05, r = .43.
Also it must be noted that there was not a significant effect on of absences on postFinal
percentage after controlling the effect of missing assignments F(4, 23) = 2.85, p < .05, partial η2
= .33 (see Tables 2 through 4).
Table 2
a
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances
Dependent Variable:Post-Final Percentage
F df1 df2 Sig.
1.504 4 24 .233
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance
of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + missing + absences
Table 3
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:Post-Final Percentage
Source Type III Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
a
Corrected Model 3346.783 5 669.357 13.211 .000
Intercept 21510.189 1 21510.189 424.542 .000
missing 864.841 1 864.841 17.069 .000
absences 577.985 4 144.496 2.852 .047
Error 1165.335 23 50.667
Total 206573.790 29
Corrected Total 4512.118 28
a. R Squared = .742 (Adjusted R Squared = .686)
Table 4
Parameter Estimates
Dependent Variable:Post-Final Percentage
Parameter 95% Confidence Interval
B Std. Error t Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 84.068 11.078 7.589 .000 61.152 106.984
missing -.596 .144 -4.131 .000 -.895 -.298
[absences=0] 15.984 9.770 1.636 .115 -4.225 36.194
[absences=1] 5.915 9.407 .629 .536 -13.545 25.375
[absences=2] 8.012 10.273 .780 .443 -13.239 29.263
5. [absences=3] 10.046 9.024 1.113 .277 -8.620 28.713
a
[absences=5] 0 . . . . .
a. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
The results further showed that there was not a significant effect on of absences on preFinal
percentage after controlling the effect of missing assignments F(4, 23) = 2.90, p < .05, partial η2
= .34 (see Tables 5 through 7).
Table 5
a
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances
Dependent Variable:Pre-Final Percentage
F df1 df2 Sig.
.832 4 24 .518
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance
of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + missing + absences
Table 6
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:Pre-Final Percentage
Source Type III Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
a
Corrected Model 4417.947 5 883.589 15.376 .000
Intercept 23406.178 1 23406.178 407.303 .000
missing 1235.160 1 1235.160 21.494 .000
absences 666.504 4 166.626 2.900 .044
Error 1321.723 23 57.466
Total 217754.020 29
Corrected Total 5739.670 28
a. R Squared = .770 (Adjusted R Squared = .720)
Table 7
Parameter Estimates
Dependent Variable:Pre-Final Percentage
Parameter 95% Confidence Interval
B Std. Error t Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Intercept 87.709 11.797 7.435 .000 63.304 112.114
missing -.713 .154 -4.636 .000 -1.031 -.395
[absences=0] 17.031 10.404 1.637 .115 -4.492 38.555
6. [absences=1] 6.668 10.018 .666 .512 -14.057 27.392
[absences=2] 7.402 10.940 .677 .505 -15.230 30.034
[absences=3] 10.512 9.610 1.094 .285 -9.368 30.391
a
[absences=5] 0 . . . . .
a. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
Lastly a correlation was performed on all variables (see Table 8) in order to find relationships
between the variables. The variable gender showed no significance to our test and will be
excluded from this report; however, all other variables showed some level of significant
correlation with other variables at the p < .01 level and the findings will be reported here.
Absences showed a significant correlation to missing assignments r = .59, preFinal percentage r
= -.67, and postFinal percentage r = -.65, (all ps < .01).
Missing assignments showed a significant correlation to preFinal r = -.81 and postFinal r = -.78,
(all ps < .01).
The preFinal percentage showed a significant correlation to postFinal r = .97, p < .01, and the
final percentage only showed a significant correlation with postFinal r = .50, p < .01.
7. Table 8
Correlations
Missing
Assignment Pre-Final Final Post-Final
Absences Percentage Gender Percentage Percentage Percentage
** ** **
Absences Pearson Correlation 1 .593 .061 -.670 -.190 -.652
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .755 .000 .323 .000
Sum of Squares and Cross- 44.966 280.455 .828 -340.203 -106.310 -293.672
products
Covariance 1.606 10.016 .030 -12.150 -3.797 -10.488
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
** ** **
Missing Assignment Pearson Correlation .593 1 .081 -.808 -.216 -.783
Percentage Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .677 .000 .260 .000
Sum of Squares and Cross- 280.455 4977.432 11.576 -4321.174 -1272.103 -3712.344
products
Covariance 10.016 177.765 .413 -154.328 -45.432 -132.584
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
Gender Pearson Correlation .061 .081 1 -.266 .044 -.229
Sig. (2-tailed) .755 .677 .164 .821 .233
Sum of Squares and Cross- .828 11.576 4.138 -40.917 7.448 -31.262
products
Covariance .030 .413 .148 -1.461 .266 -1.117
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
** ** **
Pre-Final Percentage Pearson Correlation -.670 -.808 -.266 1 .275 .971
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .164 .150 .000
Sum of Squares and Cross- -340.203 -4321.174 -40.917 5739.670 1733.469 4941.903
products
8. Covariance -12.150 -154.328 -1.461 204.988 61.910 176.497
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
**
Final Percentage Pearson Correlation -.190 -.216 .044 .275 1 .496
Sig. (2-tailed) .323 .260 .821 .150 .006
Sum of Squares and Cross- -106.310 -1272.103 7.448 1733.469 6946.207 2777.448
products
Covariance -3.797 -45.432 .266 61.910 248.079 99.195
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
** ** ** **
Post-Final Percentage Pearson Correlation -.652 -.783 -.229 .971 .496 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .233 .000 .006
Sum of Squares and Cross- -293.672 -3712.344 -31.262 4941.903 2777.448 4512.118
products
Covariance -10.488 -132.584 -1.117 176.497 99.195 161.147
N 29 29 29 29 29 29
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
9. Conclusions
What seems clear from this analysis is that although there is a correlation between absenteeism
and final grades, the overriding factor appears to be missing assignments. While absenteeism
played a role in the participant’s grade, it would seem that absenteeism correlated more directly
with drop rates, and missing assignments had a more significant effect on both preFinal and
postFinal scores than did attendance alone. Also, while the final exam did have a significant
correlation to the participant’s postFinal score, as would be expected; the preFinal percentage did
not play a significant role in the final exam score. This appears to indicate that although a
student misses class on a regular basis, they can still score well on the final exam, as would be
expected if they study. However, if they continually fail to attend class and fail to turn in
assignments, this has little impact on the final exam score, but it does negatively impact preFinal
scores which cannot be overcome by a high final exam score.
It appears that attendance has a limited impact on students’ scores, but the overpowering
negative that affects student success is failure to turn in assignments. This in turn places them at
a severe disadvantage prior to the final. The question is, how much is a faculty member able to
influence attendance? While there is some impact due to likeability, style, etc., that we have not
addressed with this study, there is nothing that a faculty member can do to force attendance; and
what this study clearly shows is that even if a student attends, failure to submit work will still
doom them to failure.