The document discusses the golden ratio. It defines the golden ratio mathematically as two quantities where the ratio of the sum to the larger quantity equals the ratio of the larger to the smaller quantity. This value is approximately 1.618. The golden ratio has appeared throughout history in art and architecture believed to be aesthetically pleasing. It also appears in nature. Mathematicians have further explored its properties. The use of the golden ratio can be traced back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks and it continued to be used and studied by many famous mathematicians and artists throughout history.

1. GOLDEN RATIO
MADE BY
DIVYANSH MISHRA AND VARUN CHOPRA

2. WHAT IS GOLDEN RATIO ?
DIVYANSH
• In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of
their sum to the larger of the two quantities. Expressed algebraically, for
quantities a and b with a > b,
• where the Greek letter phi ( ) represents the golden ratio. Its value is
• :
• The golden ratio is also called the golden section (Latin: section aurea) or golden
mean. Other names include extreme and mean ratio,medial section, divine proportion, divine
section (Latin: section divina), golden proportion, golden cut, and golden number.

3. • Many artists and architects have proportioned their works to approximate the
golden ratio—especially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the
ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratio—believing this
proportion to be aesthetically pleasing (see Applications and observations
below). Mathematicians since Euclid have studied the properties of the golden
ratio, including its appearance in the dimensions of a regular pentagon and in
a golden rectangle, which can be cut into a square and a smaller rectangle
with the same aspect ratio. The golden ratio has also been used to analyze
the proportions of natural objects as well as man-made systems such
as financial markets, in some cases based on dubious fits to data.
• At least 1,000,000,000,000 decimal digits are known

4. CALCULATION
•
•
•
Two quantities a and b are said to be in golden ratio if
A+b/a = a/b =φ
One method for finding the value of φ is to start with the left fraction. Through
simplifying the fraction and substituting in b/a = 1/φ,
• A+b/a=1+b/a= 1+1/φ
• By definition, it is shown that
• 1+1/φ =φ
• Multiplying by φ gives
Φ + 1= φ . Φ
which can be rearranged to

5. Φ . Φ – Φ-1 =0
Using the quadratic formula, two solutions are obtained:
Φ = 1+root5 / 2 = 1.61803…………
And
Φ = 1 – root5/2 =.61803……………..
Because φ is the ratio between positive quantities φ is necessarily positive
Φ = 1+root5 / 2 = 1.61803…………

6. Uses in architecture date to the ancient
Egyptians and Greeks
• It appears that the Egyptians may have used both pi and phi in the design of
the Great Pyramids. The Greeks are thought by some to have based the design
of the Parthenon on this proportion, but this is subject to some conjecture.
• Phidias (500 BC – 432 BC), a Greek sculptor and mathematician, studied phi
and applied it to the design of sculptures for the Parthenon.
• Plato (circa 428 BC – 347 BC), in his views on natural science and cosmology
presented in his “Timaeus,” considered the golden section to be the most binding of
all mathematical relationships and the key to the physics of the cosmos.

7. • Euclid (365 BC – 300 BC), in “Elements,” referred to dividing a line at the
0.6180399… point as “dividing a line in the extreme and mean ratio.” This later
gave rise to the use of the term mean in the golden mean. He also linked this
number to the construction of a pentagram.
pentagram

8. The Fibonacci Series was discovered around 1200
AD
• Leonardo Fibonacci, an Italian born in 1175 AD (2) discovered the
unusual properties of the numerical series that now bears his name, but
it’s not certain that he even realized its connection to phi and the Golden
Mean. His most notable contribution to mathematics was a work known as
Liber Abaci, which became a pivotal influence in adoption by the
Europeans of the Arabic decimal system of counting over Roman
numerals. (3)

9. Golden proportion was first called the “Divine
Proportion” in the 1500 ′ s
• Da Vinci provided illustrations for a dissertation published by Luca Pacioli in
1509 entitled “De Divina Proportione” (1), perhaps the earliest reference in
literature to another of its names, the “Divine Proportion.” This book contains
drawings made by Leonardo da Vinci of the five Platonic solids. It was probably
da Vinci who first called it the “sectio aurea,” which is Latin for golden section.
section
• The Renaissance artists used the Golden Mean extensively in their paintings and
sculptures to achieve balance and beauty. Leonardo Da Vinci, for instance, used it
to define all the fundamental proportions of his painting of “The Last Supper,”
from the dimensions of the table at which Christ and the disciples sat to the
proportions of the walls and windows in the background.

10. • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), discoverer of the elliptical nature of
the orbits of the planets around the sun, also made mention of the “Divine
Proportion,” saying this about it:
• “Geometry has two great treasures: one is the theorem of Pythagoras; the
other, the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may
compare to a measure of gold; the second we may name a precious jewel.”

11. The term “Phi” was not used until the 1900 ′ s
• It wasn’t until the 1900′s that American mathematician Mark Barr used the
Greek letter phi (Φ) to designate this proportion. By this time this ubiquitous
proportion was known as the golden mean, golden section and golden ratio as well
as the Divine proportion. Phi is the first letter of Phidias (1), who used the
golden ratio in his sculptures, as well as the Greek equivalent to the letter “F,”
the first letter of Fibonacci. Phi is also the 21st letter of the Greek
alphabet, and 21 is one of numbers in the Fibonacci series. The character for
phi also has some interesting theological implications.

12. Recent appearances of Phi in math and physics
• Phi continues to open new doors in our understanding of life and the
universe. It appeared in Roger Penrose’s discovery in the 1970 ′s of
“Penrose Tiles,” which first allowed surfaces to be tiled in five-fold
symmetry. It appeared again in the 1980′s in quasi-crystals, a newly
discovered form of matter.
matter

13. MATERIAL CONTRIBUTED BY OTHER GROUP
MATES
AND FOR SOME OF YOU WHO DID NOT WATCH
THE PPT , THE PPT WAS

16. MATHEMATICIANS OF WHICH
COUNTRY FIRST DEVELOPED BASIC
NUMERICALS

17. WHY NOBEL PRIZE IS NOT GIVEN FOR
MATHS

18. WHICH IS THE HIGHEST AWARD FOR
MATHS

19. FIELDS MEDAL

20. NAME OF MATHS IN HINDI

21. HOW MANY DECIMAL DIGITS OF
GOLDEN RATIO ARE THERE

22. NAME OF SIGN OF GOLDEN RATIO

23. GOLDEN RATIO IS USED IN WHICH
SCIENCE(SCEINCE + MATHS)
HINT: GREEKS AND EGYPTIAN WERTE FIRST TO
USE IT

24. WHO DISCOVERED PIE

25. PYTHOGORAS BELONGED TO WHICH
CITY

26. • SAMON