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Module 7-_the_progressive_era (2)
- 1. Progressive Movement White,middle-class, urban, educated reformers (lots of women) Roots were in the Populist Movement Four goals: social, moral, economic and political reform. Seneca Falls Convention 1848
- 2. Protecting Social Welfare Social Gospel Movement, settlement houses inspire other reform groups YMCA and Salvation Army are formed Pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours Children working in NC textile mill
- 3. Handwritten draft of confederationof the YMCA circa 1833
- 4. Promoting Moral Improvement Some feel poor should uplift themselves by improving own behavior Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade
- 5. Newspaper Headline Announcing USstates had approved Prohibition
- 6. Woman’s Temperance Crusade: MotherStewart and her Staff
- 7. Creating Economic Reform 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists Expose corruption in politics, business Many use experts, science to make workplace more efficient Scientific management - time & motion studies applied to workplace Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines Turn of the Century Assembly Lines
- 9. Political Reform Putpower back in the hands of the people End corruption by political machines Reform at the local, state, and federal levels.
- 11. NY Times PoliticalCartoon attacking Politicians and Tammany Hall
- 12. Immigration and UrbanPoor Most poor immigrants are forced to live in slums because they can’t afford anything else. Tenements are multi-family dwellings found in the slums and are usually deteriorating.
- 13. New York CityTenement Slums
- 14. Working Conditions Verybad: long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions. Ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Fire breaks out on upper floors of a ten story bldg. Workers can’t escape because all the exterior doors had been locked by owner. Over 200 women died. Owner rec’d small fine.
- 15. Police and remainsof victims of Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
- 16. Unequal Distribution of Wealth The most wealth is held by the smallest number of people. A few very wealthy people, while almost everyone else is poor. American Most Wealthy including JP Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt
- 17. Activists and Reformers Muckrakers – investigative journalists who write to expose corruption and bad conditions in hopes of change. Frank Norris Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil Upton Sinclair – Meatpacking Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (immigrants)
- 18. Muckrakers Lincoln Steffens (above) and FrankNorris (right) Muckrakers Ida Tarbell (left) and Upton Sinclair (below)
- 19. Jacob Riis photographdocumenting crowded conditions inside NY slums
- 20. Social Gospel Movement Society must be reformed and improved. Settlement Houses – Jane Addams, Hull House Carrie Nation – Temperance Movement Carrie Nation (left) and Food Lines at Hull House (right)
- 22. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president at 42 Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms. The three Cs (goals) of the Square Deal: Control Corporations Consumer Protection Conservation Theodore Roosevelt
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- 24. Controlling Corporations Trustbusting Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest – not “good” trusts. breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act U.S. v E.C. Knight & Co.
- 25. Cartoon attacking the USSenate titled “The Bosses of the Senate.” The banner in back reads “This is a Senate of the Monopolists, by the Monopolists and for the Monopolists”
- 26.
- 27. Anthracite Coal MineStrike Coal reserves low – strike threatens public Teddy Roosevelt miners, operators to accept arbitration First time Federal government sides with workers.
- 28. Coal miners evictedfrom company owned housing, northeast Pennsylvania, 1902 Because mining companies owned their employees' housing, striking workers risked their homes as well as their jobs.
- 29. Railroad Regulation Rooseveltpushes for federal regulation to control abuses Northern Securities vs. U.S Elkins Act - stops rebates, sudden rate changes Hepburn Act - limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates
- 30. Consumer Protection RegulatingFoods and Drugs Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act: dictates sanitary requirements creates federal meat inspection program
- 31. Cartoon Depicting TRoosevelt leading the investigations of the Meat Industry
- 32. Consumer Protection (cont.) Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine requires truth in labeling
- 35. Conservation and Natural Resources U.S. Forest Bureau established Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks Believes conservation part preservation, part development for public Pres. most noted for conservation
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- 37. Taft Becomes President Taft wins with Roosevelt’s support Cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit for successes (actually busts more trusts than Theodore Roosevelt) William H Taft
- 38. American Tobacco v.U.S. Taft signs Payne- Aldrich Tariff - compromise bill, moderate tariffs Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs, progressivism Cartoon depicting Progressives feelings over the Payne Aldrich Tariff
- 39. The Republican PartySplits Theodore Roosevelt wants to be president again Taft’s people outmaneuver TR’s for Republican nomination Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate Roosevelt Run against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of New Jersey
- 41. Democrats Win in1912 Wilson endorses progressive platform called the New Freedom Wants to attack Triple Wall of Privilege: tariffs, banks, trusts. calls all monopolies evil
- 42. Democrats Win in1912 cont. Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism Wilson wins great electoral victory
- 43. Woodrow Wilson oncampaign in Ohio
- 44. Lower Tariffs Underwood Tariff Act-- substantially reduces tariffs for the first time since Civil War
- 45. Wilson Wins FinancialReforms Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax Federal Reserve System - landmark banking reform Decentralizes banking Nation divided into 12 districts; fed. reserve bank in each district This is a bank for banks. Your bank deposits money here.
- 46. Newspaper headlines declaring theapproval of the Federal Reserve Act
- 47. Stronger Anti-Trust Laws Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying stock to form monopoly Stronger than Sherman Anti-trust and can’t be used against labor Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - new “watchdog” agency investigates regulatory violations ends unfair business practices
- 48. Reforming Local Government Try to make government efficient, responsive to voters Some cities adopt government by commission of experts Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager
- 49. Reform at theState Level Governors push states to pass laws to regulate large businesses Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then senator of Wisconsin attacks big business
- 51. Reforming Elections DirectPrimaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates Initiative - bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots Referendum - voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law Recall - voters remove elected official through off-cycle election
- 52. Election Reforms (cont.) Direct Election of Senators Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) – no one is allowed to know how a person votes.
- 53. Cartoon portraying thetime needed to pass the 17th Amendment allowing the direct election of U.S. senators By Spencer, for the Omaha World Herald, 1912
- 54. Women Win Suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stresses organization, lobbying National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote
- 56. The End ofProgressivism Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans; Reform efforts stall
- 57. Civil Rights atthe Turn of the 20th Century Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African Americans invites Booker T. Washington to White House NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People goal is full equality among races Founded 1909 by W. E. B. DuBois and black, white reformers
- 58. W.E.B. DuBois Booker TWashington
- 59. NAACP flag inNew York City
- 60. African Americans FightLegal Discrimination Voting Restrictions All Southern states restrict voting, deny equality Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867
- 61. Political Cartoon byTheodore Geisel attacking the Poll Tax
- 62. Cartoon depicting Intimidationof Black voters titled "Of course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket!”
- 63. African-American Responses to JimCrow Booker T. Washington - racism will end if blacks get labor skills Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now a university W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate disagrees with Washington Founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study
- 65. African-American Responses (cont.) OpposingDiscrimination Racial etiquette - informal rules for black-white relations enforce second-class status for blacks Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support
- 66. African-American Responses (cont.) W.E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor campaigns for racial justice and anti-lynching laws
- 67. Violence African Americanswho do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892 Lynching and Burning of Black victim in Omaha on Sept 29, 1919
- 68. Discrimination in theNorth Usually de facto segregation Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality Are forced into segregated neighborhoods Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent
- 69. Racist whites lynching3 African American circus workers in Duluth, MN, in 1920
- 70. Black family preparingto move north during the Great Migration
- 71. New Technologies Electricity– sewing machines Skyscrapers Airplanes: Orville & Wilbur Wright use engines to fly “heavier-than-air” craft first successful flight December 1903 – Kitty Hawk, NC Airplanes first used for mail and cargo
- 72. New York Skyscraper called theFlat Iron Building
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- 74. Production Processes Ford’sinnovations: Pays $5/day – more than any other job First to see workers as consumers Uses the assembly line to be more efficient Model T is under $300, most Americans can afford one.
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- 76. Advertising and Consumerism Anything that makes us more alike contributes to mass culture: movies, books, radio, music, fashion, etc. Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs bring goods to small towns Rural free delivery (RFD) - post office delivers direct to every home
- 77. Rural Free DeliveryWagon
- 78. Movies and Photography Movie camera – first movie was The Great Train Robbery – silent films.
- 79. Photography Explosion Pre-1880s,photography requires heavy equipment, time George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing 1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate millions use Kodak camera helps create field of photojournalism
- 80.