GLOBE Metadata Analysis

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This document summarizes research analyzing metadata from over 630,000 learning objects using the Learning Object Metadata (LOM) standard. The analysis found that LOM instances take up around 5KB of storage space on average. Only 20 of LOM's 50 elements are used frequently, capturing similar information to the Dublin Core standard. Educational elements are underused and dependent on individual communities. Validation found loose implementation of LOM's XML structure results in good interoperability despite unclear value spaces. Metadata quality is varied, showing a need for quality assurance processes. The conclusion advocates for more studies of this kind to improve metadata standards and learning technologies.

On the use of Learning Object Metadata the GLOBE experience Xavier Ochoa, ESPOL JorisKlerkx, KULeuven Bram Vandeputte, KULeuven Erik Duval, KULeuven

LOM is known and widely used But its real use is not known

How much space 1000 LOM instances will take? What are the most used elements of LOM? Is it really a “standard”? Has it been extended as designed? What is the information stored in real instances? Is it better than Dublin Core for Educational Resources?

We need: Large-Scale, Real-World, Heterogeneous We select: GLOBE

Large-Scale: 630.000+ instances Real-World: being used and created Heterogeneous: 7 networks of LORs 4 continents

LOM Elements Use What parts of LOM are used anyway?

G.Title G.Identifier G.Language G.Description G.Keyword L.ContributionRole L.ContirubtionEntity M.Identifier M.ContributorRole M.ContributorEntity M.ContributorDate T.Location T.Format E.LearningResourceType R.Copyright R.Cost R.Description C.TaxonPath C.Purpose C.Taxon

LOM uses 20 out of 50 elements But captures more information than DC

4 out of 11 Educational elements Community dependent

LOM Vocabulary Usage What is stored on LOM?

If you too want to play... http://is.gd/globemetadata

Only 3 additions: General – Learning Object Kind (MACE) 30.000 Instances Technical – Geolocation (MACE) 7.000 Instances General – Subtitle (KERIS) 5.000 Instances

There is little need of extension Nobody wants more electronic fields!

LOM XMLValidation Analysis Is it an interoperability standard?

LOM XML loose is widely implemented LOM XML strict is not

Good structural interoperability Although the value space is not clear

vCard causes 68% errors LOM developers hate vCard

LOM Metadata Quality Analysis Those pesky indexers…

There must be a QA process That is true for bothautomatic and manual metadata

Conclusion of the Conclusions This kind of studies should be made an integral part of the development of LOM (or any other metadata standard) (or any other Learning technology)

Want the data?Want the code? https://sites.google.com/site/globemetadata/

Gracias / Thank you / Grazie Xavier Ochoa xavier@cti.espol.edu.ec http://ariadne.cti.espol.edu.ec/xavier Twitter: @xaoch

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