The document discusses the essential concepts of international branding, covering topics such as the differences between local, international, and global brands, brand equity, and competition strategies like standardization and adaptation. It highlights the importance of brand management, positioning, and development strategies while addressing consumer perceptions and the influence of country of origin. Ultimately, the text emphasizes the significance of strong global brands in achieving competitive advantages and financial success.

1. International Marketing
Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tanyeri
Gönenç DALGIÇ
Yaşar University
PhD in Business Administration

2. Contents
 BRAND AND BASIC CONCEPTS
 Brands Versus Products
 Importance of Brands
 Local – International - Global Brands
 BECOMING GLOBAL
 Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
 Standardization
 Adaptation / Customization
 Country Of Origin Effect
 GLOBAL BRANDING
 Building a Global Brand
 Global Brand Positioning
 Brand Name Selection
 Global Brand Name Strategies
 Global Brand Development Strategies
 Global Brand Management
 Advantages of Strong Global Brands
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3. Brands versus Products
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4. Brands versus Products
BRAND= Product + Distinctive features such as experience, belonging,
self-expression, reputation, …)
Look beyond the attributes of products!
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5. Importance of Brands
 Consumer side
 Identification of maker
the product
 Risk reducer
 Search cost reducer
 Symbol of quality
 Symbolic devices that
allow costumers to
represent their values
and images (belonging)
 Manufacturer side
 Valuable asset
 Signal of satisfied
customers and quality
level
 Premium prices
 Sustainable sales and
profit
 Financial returns
 Competitive advantage
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6. Brand Loyalty
Brand
Insistence
Brand preference
Brand recognition
(Consumer awareness)
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7. Brand Equity
 1- Positive differential effect that knowing the brand name
has on customer response to the product or service.
 2- It represents the total value of a product is acquired as a
result of company’s cumulative investments in the
marketing of the brand.
 Advantages:
 greater loyalty,
 less vulnerability to marketing actions,
 less vulnerability to marketing crises,
 more inelastic consumer response to price increases,
 more profits and stock returns.
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8. Local - International - Global Brands
 Local Brands focus on a single national market.
 International Brands are offered in several markets in a
particular region.
 Global Brands have the same name and in some
instances a similar image and positioning throughout
the world.
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9. Becoming Global
 Many of well known global brands have derived much of
their sales and profits from nondomestic markets for years
 Future growth for most companies will likely come from
foreign markets.
 In 2002, developed countries in North America, Europe,
and East Asia accounted for 15% of the world’s population
of 6.3 billion. By 2030, according to the World Bank, the
planet’s population will rise to 9 billion, with 90% of
people living in developing countries.
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10. Becoming Global
 Several forces lead to global marketing:
 Perception of slow growth and increased competition in
domestic markets
 Perception of building a global profile as a prerequisite
for success
 Expectation of enhanced overseas growth and profit
opportunities
 Desire to reduce costs from economies of scale
 Need to diversify risk
 Recognition of global mobility of customers
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11. Becoming Global
 Theodore Levitt (1983) “The Globalization of Markets”
 He suggests a global market for uniform products and
services The idea was very popular in 1980s.
 Corporations should exploit the “economics of simplicity”
and grow by selling standardized products all over the
world.
 Although Levitt did not explicitly discuss branding,
managers interpreted his ideas to mean that transnational
companies should standardize products, packaging, and
communication to achieve a least-common-denominator
positioning that would be effective across cultures.
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12. Becoming Global
Anti-globalization protests
&
Cross-cultural failures
How consumers perceive global brands ???
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13. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
Standardization Adaptation (Customization)
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14. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
Standardization
 It refers to a tendency that the company prefers to
make its marketing program elements uniform, with
similar products.
 Standardization strategies seek to capture benefits by
minimising variations in the marketing mix between
countries.
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15. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
Standardization
 This approach is appropriate when:
 Similar market segments exist across countries
 Customer seek similar features
 Products have universal specifications
 Business customers have converging expectations
 This approach is more likely to be pursued in global
industries such as aircraft manufacturing,
pharmaceuticals, credit cards.
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16. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
Adaptation
 Adaptation of an international marketing program
represents local responsiveness in terms of brand
name, product, or positioning.
 Adaptation strategies seek to maximise responsiveness
to local variations in preferences by varying the
marketing mix.
 Adaptation strategies let companies to meet needs of
customers more certainly as well as governmental
regulations on health or technical standards.
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17. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
Adaptation
 Adaptation can be pursed when there are distinct:
 national preferences
 laws and regulations
 living standards and economic conditions
 national infrastructure
 Under these circumstances, companies focus on local
preferences, thoughts, and cultural attributes in some
degree. Balancing these contradicting subjects is a complex
and comprehensive process.
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18. Global Brands’ Competition Strategies
 BALANCING ACT ;
 Rather than a choice either standardization or
adaptation another approach
 = to make a decision with some variation in between
 Balancing act is also called the contingency approach.
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19. Country of Origin Effect
 = any influence (positive or negative) that the
manufacturer country has on consumers’ perception of a
product.
 It refers to the image of the country which makes me to
think in this way. Therefore the label of “Made in…” on the
branded product: affects customer choice.
 Many factors such as business history, economic and
technological conditions are influential on image of a
country.
 Dutch cheese, French wines, Chinese silk, Japan electronics,
German car, Italian pasta…
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20. Global Branding
Building a Global Brand
 Global marketers talk about products, brands, markets but
not about people.
 However, there may be global products, but there are no
global people. Different languages that people from
different countries speak represent different worldviews.
 There may be global brands, but there are no global
motivations for buying those brands.
 Although there are different motivations of people but it is
not a drawback to using the same global product. In some
cases people prefer the same brand with different
viewpoints.
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21. Global Branding
Building a Global Brand
 “The Sony Walkman is often used as an example of a
global product, developed for global consumers with
global needs, who would use it with similar motives.
That is not true: There are two distinctly different
motives for using that product.
 In the Western world, the motive is to enjoy music
without being disturbed by others.
 This was not the motive for Masaru Ibuka – cofounder
with Akio Morita of the Sony Corporation – for
inventing the Walkman. He wanted to listen to music
without disturbing others.”
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22. Global Branding
Building a Global Brand
Keller (2003) - “Ten Commandments of Global Branding”:
 Understand similarities and differences in the global
branding landscape.
 Don’t take shortcuts in brand building.
 Establish marketing infrastructure.
 Embrace integrated marketing communications.
 Cultivate brand partnerships.
 Balance standardization and adaptation.
 Balance global and local control.
 Establish operable guidelines.
 Implement a global brand equity measurement system.
 Leverage brand elements.
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23. Global Branding
Global Brand Positioning
 This stage refers to position the brand clearly in target
costumers’ minds.
 Attributes, benefits or experiences that the brand
provides can be expressed in brand positioning.
 The company may have to reposition its brands due to
a competitor in response or changing customer wants
or demand conditions.
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24.  This stage involves creating mental maps, defining core brand
values, and identifying points of difference. Thus, three key
questions should be asked and answered:
 How appropriate is the positioning? What is the existing brand
awareness? How valuable are the core brand values, and points of
difference?
 What changes need to be made to the positioning? Do existing
associations need to be modified? Do any new associations need to be
created?
 Do existing marketing activities need to be changed? What new
marketing activities need to be created regarding different consumer
perceptions, tastes, and environments?
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Global Branding
Global Brand Positioning

25. Global Branding
Global Brand Name Selection
 Some important points that should be considered in
brand name selection are as follows:
 It should be easy to pronounce, recognize, and
remember in foreign languages. E.g.: Dove, Google.
 It should suggest something about the product’s
benefits and qualities. E.g.: Kinder Surprise, Nescafé: My
Coffee, Volkswagen: Das Auto.
 It should be distinctive. E.g.: Shell, Apple, Blackberry.
 It should be capable of registration and legal protection.
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26. Global Branding
Global Brand Name Strategies
 Company Name as a Brand Name (Corporate Umbrella Approach): Nike
Shoes, Nike clothing, Nike athletic gear are all offered under the overall
Nike brand.
 One Product Name Worldwide: Coca Cola produces only non-alcohol
beverages and it is marketed all around the world with the same brand
name.
 Modifying Brand Names for Each Market: Nescafé introduced its soluble
coffee in Germany under the name Nescafé Gold, but in Britain under the
name Nescafé Gold Blend.
 Different Brand Names for Different Markets: Langnese ice cream is sold
under different names around the world: Algida (Greece, Italy, Poland,
Russia, Slovakia, Turkey, Hungary, Croatia), Eskimo (Slovenia, Croatia,
Austria, Czech Republic), Frigo (Spain), Frisko (Denmark), Holanda (Mexico
&Latin America), Langnese (Germany), Miko (France, Morocco), Ola
(Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Netherlands &South-Africa)… 26

27. Global Branding
Global Brand Development Strategies
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PRODUCT CATEGORY
BRANDNAME
Existing New
Existing
LINE
EXTENSION
BRAND
EXTENSION
New MULTIBRANDS NEW BRANDS

28. Global Branding
Global Brand Development Strategies
 Line extension (Existing product X Existing brand)
• Introduction of additional items in a given product
category under the same and already successful
brand name, with new forms, colors, flavors, or
package sizes.
• (+) tool for a company to deliver new products with
low-cost, low risk or to use excess capacity, or to
meet customer desires of variety.
• (-) overextension may lead to lose brand’s specific
meaning or heavily extended brands may cause
consumer confusion or frustration.
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29. Global Branding
Global Brand Development Strategies
 Brand extension (New product X Existing brand)
• Company uses its successful brand name in order to
launch a new or modified product in a new category.
• (+) It gives the new product instant recognition and
faster acceptance in the market due to the positive
image that the brand has already have.
• (-) It involves a risk that some brand extensions face
early deaths and it damages the image of the main
brand
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30. Global Branding
Global Brand Development Strategies
 Multibrands (Existing product X New brand)
 Introduction of additional brands in the same category.
 (+) It offers a way to set up different features and enables to attract different
buying motives of the customers.
 (-) There is a risk that each brand might obtain only a small market share and
none may be very profitable.
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31. Global Branding
Global Brand Development Strategies
 New Brands (New product X New brand)
 A company may create a new brand name when it enters a new
product category for which none of the company’s current brand
names is appropriate.
 (+) a company applies to it when it believes the power of the existing
brand name is decreasing and thus a new brand name is needed.
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32. Global Branding
Global Brand Management Strategies
 Brands should be managed professionally, because:
 Brands are not only names or symbols.
 They are used as external cues to quality, performance,
prestige, experience, value, design, taste and so on.
 Consumers associate the value of the product with the
brand.
 The brand conveys either a positive or negative message
about the product to the consumer and it is affected by
past advertising and promotion, product experience,
evaluation and reputation.
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33. Product-
Communication
Extension
(Dual Extension)
Product Extension-
Communication
Adaptation
Product
Adaptation-
Communication
Extension
Product-
Communication
Adaptation
(Dual Adaptation)
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Global Branding
Global Brand Management Strategies

34. 14.05.2013 34
Global Branding
Global Brand Management Strategies
 Designing appropriate product –without any change or with
some modifications: due to the product itself and also
preferences, motivations, needs and abilities of the
consumers in targeted market.
 Marketing the branded product regarding legal and
administrative procedures, economic, social and
environmental conditions.
 Marketing research, effective communication, innovative
and creative practices are key elements in this process.

35. Global Branding
Advantages of Strong Brands
 Powerful brands achieve global status through high levels
of investment in R&D, innovation, technology, and
marketing mix elements.
 These investments and consistent management across the
world last a long period of time.
 Then, in return, a strong global brand;
 generates a valuable financial asset
 stimulates brand loyalty and brand equity
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36. Global Branding
Advantages of Strong Brands

37. A strong global brand;
•symbol of brand value,
quality and prestige,
• facilitates the ability to
charge premium prices .
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Global Branding
Advantages of Strong Brands

38. Thank you for your attention.
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