Global Big Business Is The Most Powerful Force For...

Global Big Business Is the Most Powerful Force for...
Global big business is the most powerful force for improving labor standards in developing countries. Discuss. In their insatiable hunt for increased
profits, large corporations have developed an increasingly global presence. This presence exists to facilitate both the import and export of goods and
reflects the fact that for many companies, potential customers are no longer restricted to the domestic market. Advancements in communications and
logistics have rendered geographical distance between markets a relatively straightforward problem to overcome. This is demonstrated all over the
world by the automobile industry. It is these advancements that have enabled big businesses, particularly those who manufacture tangible goods such as
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In May 1993 a fire decimated the Kader toy factory in Bangkok, killing 188 workers and injuring a further 469. Many fatalities were blamed on the
fact that the fire exits had been locked shut to prevent the workers stealing toys. This also accounted for many injuries, as workers were forced to
jump from the building to escape the blaze. This fire would not have been as devastating had Western labour standards been enforced, such as those
set out in the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order, where provision of adequate escape routes is mandatory. Dangerous labour conditions in
manufacturing environments throughout the developing world are still prolific. A report in 2003 on globalization and China's labour standards
concluded that in some Chinese factories 'a startlingly high incidence of severed limbs and fingers has been recorded. In Shenzhen City alone there
were over 10,000 certified cases among a migrant population of 3–4 million' (Chan, 2003). These examples identify a lack of health and safety
standards that would not be acceptable in developed countries, even though factories such as these produce goods for Western consumption.
International laws do not require similar working conditions across trading nations, even though the principles behind the laws that enforce Western
working conditions are for the benefit of human workers, not simply human workers in one part of the world as opposed to another. As Drusilla K
Brown observes, in
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Child Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India
In today's society, as Americans we don't realize the toys and clothes we buy at the store are all being created by children who were forced to put
themselves in that position in order for us to receive our goods. All around the world, child labor is one of the most widely social issues affecting the
younger population, specifically, in India. For the children of India, work becomes a nightmare based on suffering and mistreatment. While children
have no choice but to be independent and forced to work, it can be a big influence on the child's education, life, health, and development. Where
child labor is deeply rooted from tradition, the causes of child labor are difficult and complex beliefs and views of economic, social, and cultural
matters that make it challenging for the welfare of the children to progress, but child labor is not an effective way for India and it's people to develop
and grow as a stable country.
The influence of child labor has reached numerous problems and has become a vast concern in several countries but more importantly in India. India
becomes a grounding place of poverty, scarce jobs, and unbearable conditions. Where poverty turned out to be the number one factor in which child
labor increased, it is also caused by a long–term effect of instability and a lack of growth stemming from various reasons such as low income from
jobs, agriculture, and social order. The basis of child labor stems from the hardships their parents had to undergo and

Child Labour in Bangladesh Industry
INTRODUCTION:
Bangladesh is a south Asian country. It is also known as a part of the third world country. Bangladesh has a unstable economy, and in the 21st century
we are still dependent on our agricultural economic structure. We are trying quite hard to put an impact in the world economic system. For this we are
pursuing the trend of the modernization of the western world. Still we are facing the economic instability. Changing the aspect of our industrialization
and economic perspective we are trying our best to fit in the world economic system. To the economic system we are the agriculture based third world
country, trying to reach the top.
To be an active member of the world economic system we needed an industrial revolution, as once ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was mitigated in Britain by acts of parliament enacted in 1802 and later years, in other places of industrialized Europe. Although most European
nations had child labour laws by 1940, the urgency of production during World War II brought many children back into the labour market. In the
United States, the Supreme Court declared Congressional child labour laws unconstitutional in 1918 and 1922. A constitutional amendment was passed
in Congress in1924 but it was not approved by many states. The First Labour Standards Act of 1938 set a minimum age limit of 18 for occupations
designated hazardous and 16 for employment in general.
The International Labor Organization, or the ILO, defines child labor as "some types of work" done by children under the age of 18. The ILO also
says that child labor includes full–time work done by children under 15 years of age that prevents them from going to school (getting an education), or
that is dangerous to their health. Child labour and World industry sector:
Around the world, approximately 250 million children are child laborers .According to the new estimates, there are some 250 million children 5–14
years old who are toiling in economic activity in developing countries. For close to one–half of them (or 120 million), this work is carried out on a full
time basis, while for the remaining one–half it is combined

Trafficking of Human and Children for Prostitution and...
What is Trafficking? Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings mainly for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced
labour. Other purposes can be extraction of organs, or tissues or even surrogacy or ova removal. It can also be regarded as modern form of slavery.
Trafficking is a lucrative industry. It is second only to drug trafficking as the most profitable illegal industry in the world. In 2004, the total annual
revenue for trafficking in persons were estimated to be between USD$5 billion and $9 billion. According to Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
trafficking may... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trafficking of children is also very popular. It involves recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of children for the purpose of
exploitation. Trafficking in children often involves exploitation of the parents ' extreme poverty. Parents may sell children to traffickers in order to
pay off debts or gain income, or they may be deceived concerning the prospects of training and a better life for their children. They may sell their
children into labour, sex trafficking, or illegal adoptions. It was reported in 2010 that Thailand and Brazil were considered to have the worst child sex
trafficking records. Prostitution & Trafficking According to U.N. estimates, approximately 2.5 million people are being trafficked around the
world at any given time, 80% of them women and children. Conservative estimates suggest that the sex industry generates some $32 billion annually.
However, estimates of income generated from prostitution in one city, Las Vegas, are as high as $5 billion. Today, sex trafficking is a high
–tech,
globalized,

The International Labour Organization and Its Attempt to...
Introduction This essay will look at the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and its attempts to alleviate child labour up until now. Firstly, a
definition of child labour will be provided after which an introductory overview will be given about the ILO's activities against child labour.
Thereafter, a critical assessment will be provided regarding the ILO's steps against child labour, and some major problems will be highlighted
regarding the ILO's approach to eliminate child labour. Defining Child Labour Mowing the lawn, washing the car and dishes, or cleaning the kitchen
are the types of tasks that most children dislike to do. However, tasks such as these are not defined as child labour. Generally speaking, child labour
is defined as something along the lines of: 'Labour that exploits children and restricts their mental and physical development', and thus household
chores, in most cases, cannot be considered to be a form of child labour. However, labour that is not appropriate for children, such as working with
dangerous machinery, mining, or work that exposes children to sexual abuse, can be defined as child labour. This is due to the fact that, in situations
like the ones described, children are exposed to exploitation and to circumstances that are detrimental to their physical and mental health. That being
said, labour in itself is not considered to be necessarily a bad thing for children, since it can provide them with many learning opportunities. For
example,

Impact Of Globalisation
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of a huge growth in trade and cultural exchange.
Large companies are no longer located in one single country but are multinational corporations with businesses in many countries. Economic
globalisation has had developments such as increased international trade and easer movement of capital and services, which have contributed to the
improvements in welfare for most of the world. Statistics highlight how economic inequality among countries has declined sharply in the past 20 years,
and that extra money generated by foreign investment is spent on improving education, health and infrastructure in developing countries. However,
there are also concerns brought by globalisation such as the threat posed to local cultural products, which contributes to the loss of small local business.
Therefore, although globalisation is most likely helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between the
world's poorest countries and the richest. This essay will discuss the different issues to whether economic globalisation has delivered improvements in
welfare for most people of the world.
Investment by multinational corporations helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local people, but it may also have a negative impact.
This perhaps is due to the increased competition for local businesses and the fact that many profits from foreign–owned firms are taken out of the host
country. For example, in 1988, the united states and Canada signed a free trade agreement that reduced trade and investment barriers and provided
guidelines for the trade in services, and in 2992 they joined Mexico in signing the North American Free Trade Agreement(Kinsella et al, 2013). This
agreement is not nearly as comprehensive as the treaties establishing the EU. In comparison to the treaties establishing the European Union, NAFTA is
not as comprehensive. This creation of a free trade area meant that there was no customs union, no coordination of economic or monetary policy.
NAFTA aimed to have gradual elimination of tariff and non–tariff areas, so there would be a free flow of goods, means of

Child Labor Essay example
Child labor is considered as a form of child abuse, it being the exploitation of a child's rights and freedoms. Therefore, child labour is when underage
children are employed, this happens because a child labourer is paid less than an adult labourer. Consequently employers have more children working
for them because they spend less paying the children.
"Child labor usually means work that is done by children under the age of 15 (14 in some developing countries) that restricts or damages a child's
physical, emotional, social and/or spiritual growth."1
Child labour is not something that just recently evolved. As a matter of fact, child labour dates back to the 1780s and the 1840s, where child labour
was predominant worldwide. In 1788, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are efforts to put an end to child labour in the world of today, they does not seem to be enough. This is because even though there is a
decrease in the number of children that experience child labour, the change is not significant. The level of child labour continues to increase.
Presumably, in the societies where child labour is the way of life, only few individuals master the courage to speak against it. Unfortunately, their
voices are unheard. For instance, in India there are efforts to lessen the number of child labourers, but culture always gets in the way. This results in
children working under very poor conditions that pose a danger to their health on short–term and long–term scale. However, in Canada the law states
that:
"Section 72 imposes a statutory duty on every person to report certain suspicions are based, to a children's aid society."2
"... a professional has a legal obligation to immediately report suspected child abuse."3
Usually, there is a reason behind everything that occurs in the world. For instance, the purpose of going to school is to educate ourselves so that we
can have a bright future ahead of us. The main cause of child labour is poverty, which is heavily inclined by culture which varies with different
societies. In India, culture is the way of life. Closely related to customs, culture this merely provides guidelines to the people within a society on how
to conduct their daily lives.
2 Zuker, Marvin A., Randolph C.

The Issue Of Discrimination Against Women Essay
Discrimination against women is; any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human
rights and fundamental freedom in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field (CEDAW, 1979). Women being the fairer sex,
empowerment notwithstanding and its capabilities not underestimated, they still have to get what they deserve. Come to think of it, some of us believe
that the age of gender equality has arrived. But far from many other perspectives, this still is not true. The government of Kenya has made great efforts
to address the plight of girl–child in Kenya. Through the implementation of the new Kenyan Constitution in 2010, new legal platforms were created to
fight the barriers women face in social, political, civil and economic rights. In spite of the great efforts by the government to address the plight of the
girl–child in Kenya, there are still issues of discrimination against women. Which forms of discrimination against women are still in existence in Kenya?
CHAPTER 2
Kenya is characterised by the co–existence of several legal frameworks which have an impact on women's status. In response to lobbying, Kenya
established the Family Division of the High Court of Kenya to provide special arbitration in access concerning divorce, maintenance, and

Importance Of Abolition Of Child Labour
The effective abolition of child labour is one of the most urgent challenges of our time. Today, we have a better grasp of the size and the shape of the
problem. More than 200 million child labourers worldwide, some 180 million are now suspected to be toiling in the "worst forms" of child labour –
those activities that the global community has unanimously agreed are inexcusable under any circumstances and must be eliminated without de– lay.
The persistence on such a scale of this violation of children's basic human rights casts a shadow over us all. The past decade has seen an
unprecedented convergence of thought and action around this cause, in recognition of the fact that the abolition of child labour is an issue at the heart
of social and economic development and not at its margins. The ILO's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) has, over its
ten years of existence, become the largest single technical cooperation programme of the Organization. The ILO will mark the first World Day
against Child Labour on 12 June 2002. The physiological damage from exposure to different substances and work processes is relatively well known
for adult workers,11 but more needs to be learned about the short– and long–term effects of different types of work on girls and boys of various ages
and health status.12 Such understanding is needed in order to decide what types of work to prohibit for children under the age of 18 and to plan for
appropriate

Child Labor was a Ghastly Result of the Industrial Revolution
EVOLUTION OF CHILD LABOR
Child labor has come to be regarded as a ghastly by–product of the industrial revolution. The cruelty described in much of the historical literature has
made the employment of children the industrial revolution's most despised feature. Poverty is the root cause of child labor. Parents send their children
for work to earn money for household survival. The entire family is working to run their lives. This popular argument makes banning child labor lose
much of its force. The market has been treating child labor as a cheaply available human resource that can be exploited to extract unskilled labor at
almost no cost. Many organizations replace their adult labor force with child labor to reduce costs. This has led to ... Show more content on
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Few non–governmental agencies state that the count is close to 6 crore (60 million) including the rural agricultural workers; others claim that the
number could be 100 million, if one were to define all children out of school as child laborers. The report from International Labor Organization
estimates that 218 million children ages 5–17 are engaged in child labor the world over. In India, an estimated 14% of children between the ages of
5–14 are engaged in child labor activities, including carpet production. It has been projected that it would cost $760 billion over a 20–year period to
end child labor. This estimated benefit in terms of good education, health and basic facilities is about 6 times that– over $4 trillion in economies where
child laborers are found. Some children are forced to work up to 18 hours a day, often never leaving the confines of the factory or loom shed. Child
trafficking has increased in many parts of India where girls are initially recruited to work in carpet factories or handicrafts etc but are then trafficked
into the sex industry over the border in India. The recent report of International Confederation of Free Trade Unions shows that as many as 60 million
children working in India are in agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. An insight can be drawn from the report that India's booming economy
is taking advantage

Sweatshops Disadvantages
Sweatshops are work environments that possess three major characteristics–long hours, low pay, and unsafe or unhealthy working conditions
(Sweatshops). Sweatshops do not only employ men and women but they also employ children, children who get their childhood robbed from to start
working at an early age. Many of the clothing companies that you wear day to day may participate in these sweatshops .
According to the Average Hourly Apparel Worker Wages photograph, many sweatshops are in third world countries such as China, Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Indonesia and Vietnam. Those are only a few countries out of the many that participate in sweatshops.
While our minimum wage is $10.50 and still increasing, the hourly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's 260 million children who aren't getting an education or making good childhood memories. Most of these children are aged from 5 to 14 years
old. The children are easy targets for them because they are obedient and scared which makes them easier and better for the employers to control
them( Moulds). The children also don't have voices to speak up for themselves or speak up against their employers. Not only are children obedient,
scared and voiceless, they are also so much smaller which makes them perfect for some jobs that big adults can't do.
Many of the clothing brands that are trendy and "cool" are associated with sweatshops. It's not only clothing companies associated with sweatshops.
Many technology stores and sports companies participate as well. Without knowing so, we support these companies by buying their products and
spending lots of money on them. Some of the clothing companies are American Apparel, Abercrombie and Fitch, L.L. Bean, Gymboree, Hanes and
Burberry. Some of the sports companies include Nike, Adidas, Pumas, New Balance and FILA(Are your clothes made in sweatshops). Some of the
technology companies linked with sweatshops according to Moore, Malcolm, are Apple, HP, and Dell. The companies listed above are not even half of
the many that are out there.
People's experiences working here are as awful as we thought it would be. A canadian reporter named Raveena Aulakh went undercover in a
Bangladeshi

Globalization and the Socio- Economic Development of the...
Abstract
Globalization, according to the Population Reference Bureau (2000) has encouraged women's participation in the market economy by creating new job
opportunities. This paper presents globalization and socio–economic development of the Nigerian women. It highlights the several ways in which the
concept globalization can be used, how globalization has assisted women in holding conferences where key issues affecting them were discussed and
how Nigeria and some other countries of the world have implemented some of the issues discussed at the various global conferences and the effects of
the implementation on the socio–economic development of the Nigerian women. The paper concludes by recommending the incorporation of global
education ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United nation Fund for Women (UNIFEM) was also established with the objective of assisting women Income generating activities to support
themselves and their families.
During the Decade for Women (1975–1985), the Convention on the Elimination of All arms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was
sacked by the UN general assembly in December 19, 1979 and came into force as a treaty in December 3, 1981. The Convention assisting of thirty
articles, may be regarded as an international bill of rights of women all over world and a framework for women's participation in the development
process (Nwogugu, ,4). This is the result of the several decades of work by the UN commission on the status of women and various international
Women's Organizations. Nigeria is a signatory to the Convention requires the State parties to report periodically to the UN CEDAW ('measures they
have adopted to give effect to the provision of the convention and on the stress made in this respect and also, they are to indicate factors and difficulties
militating list the fulfillment of obligations under the convention.
A second global conference of the United Nations Decade for Women was held Copenhagen, Denmark in 1980. The conference, apart from focusing on
the theme of decade, also focused on three sub–themes i.e. Employment, Health and Education. Conference adopted the Programme of Action which
together with the earlier World plan action provided the framework for further contribution

Modern Day Child Labour Essay
Modern Day Child Labour While we, as Americans, are currently living in the most advanced civilization up to this time, we tend to disregard
problems of exploitation and injustice to nations of lesser caliber. Luckily, we don't have to worry about the exploitation of ourchildren in factories and
sweet shops laboring over machines for countless hours. We, in the United States, would never tolerate such conditions. For us, child labor is a practice
that climaxed and phased away during and then after the industrial revolution. In 1998 as we approach the new millenium, child labor cannot still bea
reality, or can it? Unfortunately, the employment and exploitation of children inthe work force is still alive and thriving. While this... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Times published a list of American companies, which benefit from children's sweatshops in the garment industry. To the surprise of the public, they
include well–known companies such as The Gap, Eddie Bauer, The Banana Republic, JC Penny, Levi Stauss, and Reebok (McCarthy 8).
Consequently, the American consumer began to recognize his or her role in this vicious cycle. Because of the globalization of the market place, we, as
consumers, have become passive collaborators in this widespread exploitation of hapless children (8). Clearly, the issue of child labor extends to an
international responsibility, which is difficult to overlook.
Through the occasional television expose and informative columns, our attention has slowly been called to the plight of these children. Using a hidden
camera, CBS's "60 minutes" captured scenes of children producing goods for export to the U.S. Through this footage, girls and boys were revealed
working far into the night making clothes for American and other foreign consumers (Senser 12). As one of the first documentaries regarding the topic,
the program induced much bewilderment and surprise. It was not until a year later with the help of a "Dateline NBC" camera crew that this scandal
was again accredited. In touring a factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, NBC uncovered how Bangladesh's booming garment industry employs underage
children, mostly girls, by tens and thousands. When interviewed, the children said that they earned twelve

Discuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to...
International Fund for Agricultural Development
Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty
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Erosion of human resources capacity is likely to disrupt project operations and delay implementation. Staff may be unable to address technical issues
related to HIV/AIDS. | Capacity–development efforts in all project activities are intensified.Additional staff are trained, task–sharing among staff is
introduced, contingencies in project budgets are increased, administrative procedures are adjusted.Project staff and staff of partner agencies are
trained so that they can address the implications of HIV/AIDS for their work. | IFAD project managers participate in a training programme on how
to address the impact of HIV/AIDS at the project management level. | (d) Diminished relevance of project objectives, strategies and activities | HIV
/AIDS can compromise the achievement of targets set for a project.Project activities may inadvertently contribute to the spread of the epidemic. |
HIV/AIDS is taken into account when analysing a project and when setting project objectives.IFAD project coordinators are made aware of the
relevance of HIV/AIDS to their work and trained to integrate response measures. | Representatives of HIV/AIDS control programmes or NGOs
working on HIV/AIDS are invited to project planning workshops.Terms of reference for project review and evaluation missions address HIV/AIDS
issues. |
Source: Adapted from Hemrich, 1997.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Sports
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past several years the sports industry has grown phenomenally, and it now ranks among the largest industries in the world. Concomitant with
its growth is an increase in the importance of a element of value which is the corporate social responsibility which has become a necessity in terms of
the bottom line. Illegal and immoral activities in all settings have emerged to the point that some factions of the society have made efforts to call those
in charge to take responsibility and improve situations. As managers learning to adopt a social consciousness leading to a commitment of being
socially responsible is paramount to the execution of one's job. Developing a social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This recent reality, combined with globalization, is forcing companies to forge new kinds of relationships with buyers and countries. The financial
valuation of companies are taking ever greater account of intangible elements, such as brands, patents and the company's general image, with
companies being bound to take account of these things in an effort to satisfy their shareholders. Environmental protection has become a highly
motivating factor, and companies are being pressed to identify stakeholders with whom to team up. With brand value and reputation increasingly being
seen as one of a company's most valuable assets, CSR is now seen as building loyalty and trust amongst shareholders, employees and customers ( Tssa,
(n.d.)).
According to Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer, the modern day corporate social responsibility goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the
past that is donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year and is instead an all year round responsibility that companies accept for the
environment around them, for the best working practices, for their engagement in their local communities and for their recognition that brand names
depend not only on quality, price and uniqueness but on how, cumulatively, they interact with companies' workforce, community and environment. It is
necessary to move towards a challenging measure of corporate responsibility, where judgment results are not just by the input

Status of Child Labour in India
Table of Contents 1. The facts mentioned in the case of M C Mehta Vs. State of Tamil Nadu3 2. Court's Decision5 3. International Perspectives on
Child labour6 3.1 Child labour Practices around the World7 3.2 Some of the Good Practices on Child labour across the World8 4. Evolution of the
constitutional and legal provisions relating to child labour in India11 5. Suggestions (legal as well as non–legal) for tackling the child labour
problem14 Legal suggestions14 Non–Legal suggestions14 6. References15 1. The facts mentioned in the case of M C Mehta Vs. State of Tamil Nadu
Petitioner: – M.C. MEHTA Vs. Respondent:– State of TAMIL NADU and OTHERS Date of Judgement: 10/12/1996 Bench consisted of Judges:–
Kuldip Singh,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Estimates from various non–governmental sources as to the actual number of working children ranged from 44 million to 100 million. The aforesaid
profile shows child labour as an all–India evil 18 conventions and 16 recommendations had been adopted by the International Labour Organisation
up–till this case on the problem of child labour and exploitation which is a prevalent problem worldwide and these were also stated. 2. Court's
Decision The manufacturing process of matches was deemed as hazardous, giving rise to accidents including fatal cases. So the court gave certain
directions as to improve the quality of life of children employed in such factories. The provisions mentioned in Article 39(e) and Article 45 was taken
as base platform for these directions. The Court also formed a committee to ensure the compliance The court ordered the offending employer to pay
compensation of Rs. 20,000 for each child in their employ. This sum would be deposited in a Child Labour Rehabilitation–cum–Welfare Fund, interest
from which was to be

Child Labor In The Gold Industry
Being a child should be about going to school, making mistakes, and learning valuable life skills in order to prepare to enter the workforce as an
adult. It should not be a child's job to work for many hours of the day in unsafe working conditions. They should not be worked to the point of
exhaustion for such inconsiderable wages, for that is child labor. In many African countries, child labor is very prevalent, particularly in the gold
industry. In order to get enough income to support themselves, many poor, African families send their children to work even though it means risking
the health of their child. A common job for these desperate children is working in small scale mines in search of gold to make jewelry. Not only is this
job dangerous, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If IPEC would focus on aiding African families below the poverty line, it could save thousands of young children from being worked nearly to
death in the gold mines. This solution would be a step in the right direction because it would prevent families from sending their children to work,
and cause places that use child labor to go out of business. The reason parents send their children to work is because they do not have enough
income to support their families. If parents are provided with a little money or food, they will be able to depend on themselves without their
children having to work daily. Not only will this minimize child labor, but it could also break the poverty cycle. Since the children would no longer
be forced to work, they would be able to obtain an education. Getting an education means that when they are older they are more likely to find a
steady job, and their children will not have to work. In addition to stopping children from having to work, it also may drive some mines that use child
labor to go out of business. Since small scale mines are not heavily regulated, most of the child labor occurs in those mines. Because they are also
small businesses, the only way they can get employees is through child labor. If families no longer have to send their children to these mines, they will
surely go out of business, decreasing child labor (Reyes 1). In order for this to happen, IPEC must make some investments and supply essential needs
to these poverty–stricken

The Importance Of Children's Rights
Child rights continue to be a subject of international debate. Around the world, many government and non–government officials seek to enhance
children's rights. Children are generally vulnerable to mistreatment, violent behavior by others, cruelty and ignorance. This results in various problems
in the children including critical issues such as high infant mortality, unhealthy mind and body condition, improperly developed parenting skills for
future life; they go about roaming on the streets and do not have a home, tend to leave school at early age and have other difficulties in education. All
these factors contribute to a poor life and in this respect; The United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) puts a lot of emphasis on the child protection
rights. Moreover, children are likely to have a more healthy body and mind as they grow up, and have a higher self–confidence and esteem in the
future, if they are provided with a conducive environment for psycho social growth and their rights are adequately protected. The universal recognition
of these special needs of children led to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in addition to the international human rights
framework. The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted on 20th November 1989 and provides that national governments will respect
and enforce children's rights. The Convention is a focal point of children's rights efforts, because nearly every national government including India and
191

Child Labour
ELIMINATING CHILD LABOUR: DO NGO INTERVENTIONS ADD UP TO A STRATEGY?
Rekha Wazir*
The involvement of non–governmental organisations (NGOs) in child labour is fairly recent but it is steadily growing in momentum. However, only a
few NGOs have succeeded in achieving recognition in this field at the national level. This paper starts by reviewing a number of inter–linked
background factors that circumscribe and curtail the activities of NGOs. This is followed by an analysis of the strategies that NGOs use in addressing
child labour. The final section addresses the question whether NGO interventions add up to a strategy for eliminating child labour. In order to be
effective, NGO strategies would have to stand up to scrutiny on three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.Resource Availability
The reluctance of the Indian government to undertake programmes to eradicate all forms of child labour – hazardous and non–hazardous – and provide
universal elementary education is attributed in large part to the shortage of resources at the national level. However, Sudarshan (2000) estimates that
less than 1 percent extra of GDP is required to universalise elementary education. While this is a substantial amount, and would require some
reallocation of resources, it is well within the realm of the possible. The failure to make the necessary commitment can only be attributed to a lack
of political will rather than to any real shortage of resources. In this scenario, NGOs become the cheap alternative for assisting government in
reaching some of its goals for eliminating child labour and universalising education. While this provides NGOs with a steady source of income, it also
constrains their work, as financing for this sector is limited and government grants may be tied to the provision of certain kinds of services such as the
delivery of non–formal education to working children, or setting up alternative schools in areas that lack such facilities.
The bulk of non–governmental funding for child labour and education projects is provided by international NGOs. These donor agencies have their
own mandates, their own strengths and weaknesses and their own constituencies.

Social Policy Report on Child Poverty in Wales and the Uk
Social Policy Report on Child Poverty in Wales and the UK
Introduction
In the UK, particularly in England and Wales, children's life chances are determined by the economic status of the families into which they are a part
of. Children from poor households are more likely to suffer the consequences of their families' condition. They will have to endure the stigma of poverty
in a profoundly lopsided society where the socioeconomic standing of individuals is determined by their capacity to buy. These poor children also
have less access to quality educational opportunities (Welbourne, 2012). Furthermore, children living in poverty at present are likely to remain poor
for the rest of their lives because of intergenerational cycles of poverty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This resulted in the Adoption and Children Act 2002 (Butler & Hickman, 2011, p. 133), which was designed to encourage adoption for poor children.
The Organisation and Delivery of Child Welfare Services
Child welfare services in the UK are funded by the 'child benefit' programme. Child benefit has been integral to the income of families throughout the
UK for more than three decades now and it still prioritises poor children in the benefits and tax system. A universal child benefit programme assists in
the redistribution of resources from taxation (Lewis, 2008, p. 126). Child benefit supplanted a tax allowance programme for parents, but was changed
into a payment scheme due to the fact that tax allowances mostly give advantage to primary earners (Farthing, 2012, p. 4–5). Child benefit is given to
the primary caregiver, generally mothers.
Almost all European countries provide a universal child tax allowance or child benefit. But the UK is starting to move away from this tradition. Child
benefit is a way of guaranteeing that the entire society is involved in the promotion of children's wellbeing, especially those living in poverty. But the
UK government has recently reformed the child benefit scheme, away from the universal benefit model. Instead of simply giving fewer allowances to
parents the government will keep on paying the total cost and claw–back through taxation (Farthing, 2012, p. 5). The suggested 'claw–back'–benefits
that are allocated and afterwards revoked

Women Empowerment
NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001) | | |Introduction | |The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian
Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental | |Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to |
|women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. | |Within the framework of a democratic polity,
our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have| |aimed at women's advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan
(1974–78) onwards has| |been a marked shift in the approach to women's issues from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, they remain largely marginalized, poor and socially excluded. | |Goal and Objectives | |1.11 The goal of this Policy is to bring about the
advancement, development and empowerment of women. | |The Policy will be widely disseminated so as to encourage active participation of all
stakeholders for| |achieving its goals. Specifically, the objectives of this Policy include | |(i) Creating an environment through positive economic and
social policies for full development of | |women to enable them to realize their full potential | |(ii) The de–jure and de–facto enjoyment of all human
rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal | |basis with men in all spheres – political, economic, social, cultural and civil | |(iii) Equal access
to participation and decision making of women in social, political and economic | |life of the nation | |(iv) Equal access to women to health care, quality
education at all levels, career and vocational | |guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social

Child Labour in Pakistan
Background Child Labour is a condemnable phenomenon and elimination of child labour is a feasible objective. It must be eradicated altogether, for
democratic and healthy growth of the society. Children should grow into adulthood through love and care, education and training. Health of the society
depends upon the physical, moral and spiritual development of its children. The awareness of the problem provided basis for the enactment of the
Employment of Children Act, 1991 followed by a number of administrative and other initiatives to address the issue of child labour effectively. Struggle
against child labour gained further momentum when Pakistan's trade privileges were adversely affected with the filing of cases against the... Show more
В•Enhancing education and skill training opportunities for children. В•Empowerment of poor families. В•Promoting coordination with functional and
social partners. Achievement Strategies National Action Plan for Elimination of Child Labour is based on an integrated approach and will be
implemented by actions at the federal level, provincial level and district and local level. The National Action Plan aims at reaching the target children in
phased manner through various short and long term strategies. The short–term strategies include awareness raising; development and dissemination of
information; community mobilization; situation analysis, establishment of monitoring and evaluation system; withdrawal of children from exploitative
labour on priority basis; and special protection to the most vulnerable groups of child labour. The measures that would take a long run to achieve the
inherent objectives include, universalization of primary education, full implementation of the law; empowerment of families/poverty alleviation;
expansion of social safety net, etc. Education and skill development of working children; institutional capacity building; and strengthening of inspection
services are among some of the medium–term strategies. Realizing that measures under the proposed action plan shall remain limited, the feasibility of
introducing Youth Apprenticeship Scheme will be prepared. The Scheme would be intended to notify selected workshops

Child Labor Essay
Child Labor Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the global economy, especially in the markets of developing countries. With over 90%
of the total child labor market employed in the rural areas of Asia and Africa largely due to lack of enforcement, it is argued that something has to
be done. Although the majority of people are ethically appalled by child labor, and against the exploitation of children, is the worldwide eradication
of the worst forms of child labor really a feasible alternative? To answer this question people have to take into account a variety of factors involving
both the economic and social costs, as well as have a firm understanding of the situations people are faced with in these underdeveloped... Show more
With a vast amount of resources and huge demand for finished goods, child labor including the worst forms of bonded labor were used in both the
US and UK to produce goods at the lowest possible cost. So to tell governments of impoverished nations to ban the practices that helped make
industrialized nations what they are today is counterintuitive. For the US and the UK as well as others have relied on the use of child labor during
their time of industrial development. This is a large reason why some third world governments are willing to turn a blind eye to some of the
practices going on in their countries. Because there is hope that they too will develop industry by attracting foreign investment with the lure of
cheap labor, and one day be able to emerge as an industrialized nation as did the US and the UK. So how does child labor help increase investment,
and make children better off? This is a very strong argument for the proponents of child labor. The governments of these countries understand that a
child working 14 hours a day in a factory isn't what is best for that child. But when you consider the alternatives, is working in a factory for less than
a dollar a day really making a child or their future worse off? Some would argue no. Primarily because of the economic advantages that can be gained
by luring investment with the promise of high profits due to a cheap labor market. Krugman outlines many of the benefits that can come from child

Debate on Child Labor
Pro: Child Labor The majority of people's opinion on the idea of child labor is derived from the images in the media. They are only exposed to the
horrible images of adolescents working very dangerous and degrading jobs and from this they are quick to side with the elimination of child labor.
What many people are not aware of is the necessity for child labor in many developing countries. Our paper outlines the causes of child labor and the
need for children to work in many countries, the unseen benefits of these children working, and the action that our company intends to take. Two of
the main causes of child labor throughout developing nations are poverty and a limited access to education. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a theory...
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Our company could fire these children and implement the age requirements of the US, but the reality of the situation is that these countries do not have
the means to support our requirements. The evident alternative to working is school so that children can have a brighter future. If by dismissing them
from work, they can go straight into a nice, well–staffed school, that'd be great, but more than likely this is not the case. In India's case, the educational
system is not of good quality and is lacking necessary resources to function optimally. One study found that "teachers lack teaching kits in 67 percent
of rural primary schools, that 89 percent of rural primary schools do not have a toilet, and that 25 percent of teachers were not in school when they
were supposed to be teaching. That same study estimated that if all children...actually attended, there would be 113 pupils per classroom" (eJournal
USA). This is why parents often find the benefit of sending their children to work: shaping their morals, building character, and learning a trade, to
exceed the costs of sending them through school. Although organizations like UNICEF and ILO are funding the establishment of better school systems
in these developing countries, there is only so many that this helps; the vast number of remaining children and families are left to hope that aid will
come their way (Vaknin). With the change of the minimum working age, families who have children working in the

United Kingdom Fashion Industry
1. Introduction
According to Fashion's United "Facts and Figures in the UK fashion industry"1 almost 2/3 of jobs in the production of textiles, apparel, footwear and
leather products were lost in the UK's textiles manufacturing sector between 2000 and 2009. The sector that in 2000 has employed 285,000 people, in
2009 employed only 99,000. The same report states that this decrease of employment in manufacturing of textiles was strongly impacted by emerging
markets like China, India and the new EU–27 member state industries like Bulgaria and Romania.
The aim of this essay is to point out the reasons behind this decrease and to reflect on the future of the employment in the sector. First aspect is to
analyze the impact of more competitive prices of labour in developing countries and social consequences of depending on this model. Moreover, to
understand this shift in labour structure, it is important to look closely into governmental policies regulating relations, particularly concerning trade,
with those emerging markets. The final aspect is to consider the future possibilites for the employees in the industry, especially concerning
advantageous position of developed countries in matters like implementation of innovative policies or easier access to advanced technologies.
Examining these factors will lead to the conclusion that the rise of markets in newly industrialized countries in the recent years will substantially
change the nature of the employment in manufacturing of

Child Abuse in India
The desperate conditions affecting the rural as well as the urban poor in India are forcing growing numbers of children to toil often in subhuman
conditions. They are deprived of their most basic rights as children, including education and a joyful childhood. Most have never been to school or
dropped out at very youngages.despite of the fact that 9% of the world's children live in India. 42% of India's total population are aged below
eighteen.India is home to almost 19 percent of the world's children,child protection has remained largely unaddressed. In many cases this lack of
protection is subject to CHILD ABUSE.
Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children.Most child abuse happens in a child's home, with ... Show more content on
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The Study complements the UN Secretary General's Study on Violence against Children, 2006.
The Study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of child abuse, which will help formulate appropriate policies and programmes meant to
effectively end child abuse in India.
Major findings of the Study:
* Every fifth child in the world lives in India
* Every third malnourished child in the world lives in India
* Every second Indian child is underweight.
* Three out of four children in India are anaemic
* Every second new born has reduced learning capacity due to iodine deficiency
* Decline in female/male ratio is maximum in 0–6 years: 927 females per 1000 males
* Birth registration is just 62%
* Retention rate at Primary level is 71.01%
* Girls' enrolment in schools at primary level is 47.79%
* 1104 lakh child labour in the country (SRO 2000)
* Children born with low birth weight are 46%
* Children under 3 with anemia are 79%
* Immunization coverage is very low
* Boys, as compared to girls, are equally at risk of abuse.
* Persons in trust and authority are major abusers.

* 5–12 year old children are in the high risk category: across the forms of abuse, the percentage of abuse among them is the highest.
* 70% of the children have not reported abuse to anyone.
* Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and Delhi almost consistently report high rates of abuse in all forms as compared to other States.
* 2 out of every 3 children have

The Proposal I Am Putting Forth Focusses On Violence...
Part 1: Prevalence, Definition, and Parameters (600) 830
The proposal I am putting forth focusses on violence against women. I will particularly be looking at violence against women in Fiji and how this type
of violence affects the economy and therefore society on the whole. Gender based violence is a direct result of gender inequality. GBV puts health,
security, autonomy and dignity at high risk. (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2009) It pertains to a huge variety of human rights violations which
include, rape, sexual assault, harassment, domestic violence, sexual abuse of children and traditional practices that inevitably lead to harm. Though it is
the least recognised human rights abuse globally, violence against women is relevant worldwide regardless of socio–economic status, religion or race.
In fact, one in three women will be beaten or otherwise abused at some point in their life according to UN reports. (United Nations Department of
public information, 2008) Domestic violence perpetuates gender inequality, limits economic potential and hinders the overall health and well–being of
our population. Studies are indicative of the effect of gender based violence, not only because it is a direct violation of human rights [R] but also
pertains to the grave impacts on the economy through legal, health and household costs caused. [R] There is an extensive series of losses to the
economy that flow on from violence against women including a loss in the amount of

Expanding Child Participation During Prevention And...
Expanding Child Participation in Prevention and Elimination of Child labor through Peer Education and Child Labor Monitoring (A Concept
Paper) I.RATIONALE: A.BACKGROUND A survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and international labor Organization
(ILO) in 2011 estimated working children, 5 to 17 years old at 5.5 million. 3 million or 54.5 % were engaged in hazardous child labour. Under the
law, child labor is defined as any form of work or economic activity performed by a child that subjects him/ her to exploitation, is harmful to health
and safety, physical and mental or psychosocial development. The top three industries are agriculture, hunting, forestry, wholesale and retail, and
private households. Over 60% are in agriculture while 30% are in the service sector. Families and children often times refuse to see the risks of
dangerous occupation to children. They believe that it is necessary to be able to help in addressing the needs of the family. Regardless of the danger
they face, children are forced into labour due to poverty and lack of available resources and services for their needs. School represent the most
important means of drawing children away from labour. However, despite policy for free education, children do not attend school due to costs of
books, projects, school supplies, meals and transportation and possible lost earnings. On January 2013, The Department of Labor and Employment,
introduced the roll out of a convergence

How Did Child Labor Occur During The Industrial Revolution
Children have worked throughout the majority of human history, but child labor reached a new level during the Industrial Revolution which took place
from the 18th to 19th centuries in Europe and America. The Industrial Revolution was one of the most significant events that created modern society. It
not only was a time of great technological change, but also social change. It changed the way items are produced due to the invention of mass
production, which require factories and workers. Children were available and cheap at the time, which was convenient for factory owners. Overtime,
industrialization became common in almost every country, with some nations experiencing it later than others. Due to industrialization, child labor is
now present ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The 2010 ILO Global Report Accelerating action against child labor notes that child labor continues to decline, but that the rate of reduction has
slowed. There was a decline of 3% between 2004 and 2008, compared with a 10% decrease between 2000 and 2004." (UN). Some countries haven't
even developed laws and regulations that are crucial to the process of eliminating child labor. "India, Norfolk Island, Pakistan, and Tonga have not
established a minimum age for work. India and Pakistan, as well as six Oceanic countries and territories, have not established a minimum age for
hazardous labor. Fiji, Kiribati, Maldives, and Papua New Guinea have not prohibited hazardous occupations and activities for children." (DOL).
Families who are in poverty make it harder to stop child labor and get children education. "Prohibitive costs associated with education–such as books,
uniforms, and teacher fees–prevent children from attending school in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Nepal, Papua New
Guinea, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands." (DOL). Because families are poor, they are unable to buy school supplies needed for school,
therefore, they cannot attend. In addition, starving families do not see school and education as their number one priority. "Physical access to education
is a problem for children living in remote, rural areas, particularly in Bhutan, Cambodia, India,

International Business Study Guide
Bachelor of Business (Management)
BUSM1227 – International Business International Business: Course Review
Jan 2013
Appealed From Miss. Janice Tan– Program Manager HE 6 (RMIT Programs) 1. Sign–Up For The SIM–RMIT Business Plan Competition (Top Prize–
A$25,000)
2. End Of Course Evaluation – Although NOT Mandatory; SIM Would Appreciate Your Constructive Feedback To Improve On:
пѓј пѓј пѓј пѓј пѓј Subject Content, Lecturer Effectiveness, IT & Facilities, Library, and Programme Management.
School/Department/Area 2
8/28/2013RMIT University©yyyy
International Business: Course Review Business College
School of Management
My Solemn Commitment To You
пѓј To Impart Academic Knowledge; пѓј To Relate My Professional Experience In The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RMIT University School of Management 15
Key Debate
A Critical Area of Conflict in the GreatGlobalization Debate Revolves Around the Power of the Nation State.
Key Questions That Are Debated Include:

пѓ Is the Nation State Losing Power? пѓ Is the Market More Powerful Than The State? пѓ Is International Business (& Multinational Corporations
in Particular) Able to Make Their Own Rules?
The Changing World Order The Collapse Of Communism In Eastern Europe Represents A Host Of Export & Investment Opportunities For Global
Businesses
RMIT University School of Management 17
The Changing World Order (cont'd)
Middle East & Latin America Also Present Tremendous New Opportunities Both As Markets & Sources of Materials & Production
RMIT University
School of Management
18
The Globalization Of Markets
пѓ The Globalization Of Markets Refers To The Merging Of Historically Distinct & Separate National Markets Into One Huge Global Marketplace
пѓ In Many Industries, It Is No Longer Meaningful To Talk About The "German Market" Or The "American Market" п
ѓ Instead, There Is Only The
Global Market
19
The Globalization of Markets
пѓ Falling Trade Barriers Make It Easier To Sell Internationally
пѓ The Tastes &

Niue is a country in the South Pacific Ocean with an...
Niue is a country in the South Pacific Ocean with an estimated population of 1,190.[1] Since 1974, it has been self–governing in free association with
New Zealand. [2] Niue controls its own internal affairs, while New Zealand retains responsibility for its defence and external relations[3] and is
required to provide necessary economic and administrative assistance.[4]
Niue does not have a Bill of Rights guaranteeing fundamental rights or freedom from discrimination. Law relevant to human rights can be found in
various pieces of ordinary legislation. Areas of concern include the rights of women, children, and persons who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or
transgender (LGBT).
The Government of Niue
Contents [hide]
1 Legal framework ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its initial report under the Convention on the Rights of the Child was due in 1998, but not submitted until 2010.
Niue is not subject to the Universal Periodic Review process as it is not a member state of the United Nations.[14]
Constitution[edit]
The Niue Constitution Act 1974 sets out provisions for Niue's self–government. The Constitution of Niue, contained in Schedules 1 (Niuean) and 2
(English), is supreme law.[15] It prescribes the powers and functions of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of Government. Aside from the
right to vote, it does not provide for any fundamental rights.[16]
Previously, Article 31 of Schedule 2 set out special rules for proposed legislation which could impact upon human rights. This required the Chief Justice
to be invited to comment on the legal, constitutional, and policy issues where a Bill or proposed amendment affected such matters as criminal
procedure, definitions of criminal offences, marriage, the

Child Labour
CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR
Poverty
Parental illiteracy
Tradition of making children learn the family skills
Absence of universal compulsory Primary education
Social apathy and tolerance of child labour
Ignorance of the parents about the adverse consequences of Child labour
Ineffective enforcement of the legal provisions pertaining to child labour
Non–availability of and non–accessibility to schools
Irrelevant and non–attractive school curriculum
Employers prefer children as they constitute cheap labour and they are not able to organize themselves against exploitation.
Causes of Child Labour
Some common causes of child labor are poverty, parental illiteracy, social apathy, ignorance, lack of education and exposure,... Show more content on
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India is the largest example of a nation plagued by the problem of child labour. Estimates cite figures of between 60 and 115 million working children
in India –– the highest number in the world (Human Rights Watch 1996, 1).
What are the causes of child labour in India? How do governmental policies affect it? What role does education play in regard to child labour in
India? A critical analysis of the answers to these questions may lead in the direction of a possible solution. These questions will be answered through
an analysis of the problem of child labour as it is now, investigating how prevalent it is and what types of child labour exist. The necessity of child
labour to poor families, and the role of poverty as a determinant will be examined. Governmental policies concerning child labour will be investigated.
The current state of education in India will be examined and compared with other developing countries. Compulsory education policies and their
relationship to child labour will be investigated using Sri Lanka and the Indian state of Kerala as examples of where these policies have worked.
Finally, India's policies concerning compulsory education will be assessed.
The Problem of Child Labour in India

How many children are involved?
It is difficult to cite a current figure for the number of children engaged in child labour. This difficulty is attributed to the fact that the Indian
Government "has been negligent in its refusal to

International Labour Organization
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all we would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving us the courage and ability to complete this report.We would
like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this report. We want to thank the Department of management sciences
of our university for giving us an opportunity to commence this project in the first instance and to do the necessary research work. We are deeply
indebted to our supervisor Sir Muzammil Aftab whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us all for writing this
report.Especially, we would like to give our special thanks to the staff of ILO for cooperating with us and giving us all the relevant data according to
our project obligation.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IPEC's work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILO's Decent Work Agenda. Child labour not only prevents children from
acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in
competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labour, providing them with education and assisting their
families with training and employment opportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults. Setting target group priorities The goal
of IPEC remains the prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour, the priority targets for immediate action are the worst forms of child
labour, which are defined in the ILO Convention on the worst forms of child labour, 1999 (No. 182) as: All forms of slavery or practices similar to
slavery, Such as the sale and trafficking of children, Debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory
recruitment of children for use in armed conflict; The use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for
pornographic performances; The use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as
defined in the relevant international treaties;

The Federal Republic of Nigeria Essay
The Federal Republic of Nigeria
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, known as Nigeria, is located on the African continent and borders on the south the Gulf of Guinea, on the east
Cameroon, on the northeast Chad, Niger on the north, and Benin on the west. Nigeria is divided into four sections: the north, south, east, and west. The
Hausa kingom is located in the north, the Yoruba in the south and the west, and Ibo in south and the east. The Hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba are the major
ethnic group of Nigeria, but also refer to the kingom's name and the culture and language of the area. There are many similarities between these
kingdoms but also many recongnizable differences. For example, the Ibo's have lighter skin than the Hausa and ... Show more content on
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There was also a sizeable Muslim population in the South. In addition, traditional religions, characterized by worship of primordial spirits, dead
ancestors, and spirits of places, is practiced, especially in rural areas (Metz, 1991)
With a population of more than 100 million people, there are 250 to 400 or more recognized ethnic groups, many of which are divided into subgroups
of considerable social and political importance. There are a huge number of languages spoken in Nigeria, estimated at between 350 and 400. Most
important are Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. English is the official language used in government, large–scale business, mass media, and education beyond
primary school" (Metz, 1991).
The state and local governments are responsible for the primary education (six–year program). The responsibility for secondary education is shared by
the federal and state governments. There are also some private schools of Muslim and Christian faith. "In 1990 between 150,000 and 200,000 were
enrolled in thirty–five colleges, universities, and higher technical schools" (Metz, 1991, section 1 of 1). Approximity 61 percent of the female adult
population is illiterate in Nigeria compared to 37.7 percent of the male adult population (Oduaran & Okukpon, 1997).
The major health problems reported in 1991 to effect Nigerians included cerebrospinal meningitis, yellow fever, Lassa fever, AIDS, malaria, guinea
worm, schistosomiasis,

Corporate Social Responsibility
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) is a term describing a company's obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholder in all its
operation and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making
decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholder with their need to make profit. A company's stakeholders are all those who are influenced by and can
influence a company's decisions and action, both locally and globally. Business stakeholders include(but are not limited to) employees, suppliers,
customer, community organizations, subsidiaries and affiliates, joint venture partners, local neighborhoods, investors, shareholders(or a sole owner in
case it is sole... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some would argue that the only reason to take on social projects is for utilitarian reasons, such as currying favor with the public or with government, or
to improve market standing. Others, such as the philosopher Michael E. Berumen, suggest that a business is property belonging to the owners, not
stakeholders, and that a business is not equivalent to a mini–state for the purpose of creating social justice or carrying out social planning, and that the
owners have the right to dispose of their property as they see fit within the limits of morality, including for profit, social good, or both. Proponents
of CSR would suggest a number of reasons why self interested corporations, seeking to solely to maximize profits are unable to advance the
interests of society as a whole: Corporations care little for the welfare of the workers, and given the opportunity will move production to sweatshops
in less well regulated countries. Unchecked, companies will squander scarce resources. Companies do not pay the full costs of their impact. For
example the costs of cleaning pollution often fall on society in general. As a result profits of corporations are enhanced at the expense of social or
ecological welfare. Regulation is the best way to ensure that companies

Development Of Human Rights Laws Essay
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE OF (NHRC)
The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme
Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal
procedures leading to inordinate delay in justice) make the legal option difficult and almost unapproachable for the ordinary person. The
implementation of laws that guarantee constitutional rights can be overseen by special administrative or institutional measures. The Indian
Government has set up many special institutions under different acts of parliament and the primary task of these institutions is to give effect to various
constitutional rights, particularly the rights of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. One such important institution is the National Human Rights
Commission. In order to understand the powers and functioning of this commission it is necessary to know the various Indian Laws relating to Human
Rights.
An Overview
The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a
comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article

The Violations On The Right Of Education By The State Of...
INTRODUCTION
This paper will focus on the violations on the Right to Education by the State of Mourinholand under the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights as well as its violations under various other universal and regional instruments, the various modes and conditions for bringing
complaints of violations to the council and committee will further be discussed here.
The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Right was adopted and opened for signature by the General Assembly of the United
Nations on the 16th of December, 1966 to give members of a state party a right to self–determination. The covenant contains the right to Education,
Health, and Cultural Life etc. The Right to Education was first discussed under article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 . This
right constitutes the first ever recognition of a general right in an international instrument in explicit terms. Article 26 has subsequently been reaffirmed
and made more detailed by articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 13 (3) (a) of the Additional
Protocol to the America Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and article 17 of the African Charter on
Human and Peoples rights . Asbjorn Eider propounded the theory that State Parties to the Covenant are bound to Respect, Protect and Fulfill all the
rights enshrined in the ICESCR. By respecting the

Trade Unions And Child Labor
"Please, sir, I want some more." (Dickens, date, p. ?) Although not provocative today, this quote became extremely famous because it calls into
question the practice of child labor. Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickson, was written in the Victorian era when factories and businesses were notorious for
employing young children. Charles Dickens used his book, to bring a new connotation and worldwide exposure to the exploitation of children. In fact,
the issue of Child labor still remains a persistent problem In the current modern world. Child labor, as defined by the International Labor Organization,
is "work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity" (n.d., para 2). This organization also notes that this is often ... Show
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These children need social and professional skills that only school and a nurturing environment can provide. Education gives people hope, confidence
and dignity. It equips them with knowledge and skills to escape poverty. Education must be free and compulsory up until the minimum legal age for
employment. For India, the country believed to have the highest absolute number of child laborers, it has been assumed that 70 percent of these
children would go to school if given the opportunity of free education of a minimum quality (Burra, Born To Work, 1995). Several studies conducted by
international organizations such as The International Labour Standards, The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, The United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and World Bank have confirmed that education can reduce child labor (Kruger, 2007,
Observations On International Labor Standards And Trade). According to Bhat (2010 ) Gender, Education andChild Labour: A Sociological Perspective,
education can be significant for development, for example education can make children develop and learn resulting in intelligent societies in the
future, besides education can provide skilled workers. Education can also improve the life of children and their families. Children who lack education
or drop out of their school, usually lack knowledge and are more vulnerable to exploitation. As a result they become

Essay On Normative Work
Focus Area 1: Normative Work
The UN has served as the key forum where Member States and experts have developed universal norms and standards in conventions, declarations,
regulatory frameworks, agreements, guidelines, codes of practice and other standard setting instruments, at national and regional levels. The UN's
normative work in Afghanistan operates at three categories: a) support in the development of norms and standards; b) support in integrating norms and
standards into legislation, policies and development plans; and c) support in implementing legislation, policies and development plans based on the
international norms, standards and conventions. On the one hand, the UN's normative work acts as a foundation for the work of all ... Show more
Rather, it builds on decades of lessons learned and experience and will also facilitate the insertion of any country in international exchanges and trade
or movement of persons and goods or simply provide common references when two countries discuss border management, educational standards or
combatting illegal trade. The UN also assists with regional coordination to assist countries to establish norms and to implement transnational actions in
complex areas, such as regional activities under the 1988 Convention to prevent chemical precursors being smuggled into Afghanistan for use in the
illicit manufacture of drugs, and support to regional peace negotiation efforts.
The UN has developed unique expertise in training people on how to adopt and work with the international norms, adjust legislation in all relevant
sectors once such norms are introduced and prepare and support
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governments and other stakeholders (civil society or private sector) toward the new operating conditions they often create. In Afghanistan, as
elsewhere, the normative work is part of the ongoing relationship with government counterparts and as such does not take place only through
established bilateral or multi–agency mechanisms of dialogue with counterparts. For example, the entire protection architecture, with its multiple
subsidiary bodies (clusters and working groups), relies on a large and expanding set of norms from

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