The document discusses a study on the mechanical properties of glass thread reinforced polymer composites. It describes the materials used - glass fibers and polyester resin - and the hand lay-up technique used to prepare composite specimens with 60% glass fiber content. The summary then outlines mechanical tests conducted on the specimens, including flexural testing, hardness testing using a Rockwell hardness tester, and tensile testing as per ASTM standards using a universal testing machine. Key results from these tests are also presented.

1. GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
1
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD
CENTRAL INSTTITUTE OF PLASTIC ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY: IPT AHMEDABAD
A REPORT ON
“Studies On Mechanical Properties Of Glass Thread Reinforced
Composite”
Under the Subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING - Ⅱ
B.E. Plastic Engineering Semester: 4
Submitted by: -
1. NEEL VAGHASIA J 170520123058
2. PREET PATEL D 170520123034
3. DHAVAL AKBARI A 170520123002
4. SPANDAN SAKARIYA D 170520123047
Guideline By :
Mr. PRAVEEN SHARMA

2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our heartily thanks with a deep sense of gratitude and
respect to all those who has provided us immense help and guidance during our project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our internal guide Mr. Praveen Sharma
for providing a vision about the system and for giving us an opportunity to undertake such
a great challenging and innovative work. We are grateful for the guidance, encouragement,
understanding and insightful support given in the development process.
Last but not the least we would like to mention here that we are greatly indebted to
each and everybody who has been associated with our project at any stage but whose name
does not find a place in this acknowledgement.
Yours Sincerely,
1. NEEL VAGHASIA J 170520123058
2. PREET PATEL D 170520123034
3. DHAVAL AKBARI A 170520123002
4. SPANDAN SAKARIYA D 170520123047

3. 3
ABSTRACT
The purpose of project is to study, the mechanical strength of glass thread fibre
composite. It has various applications. This polymer composite was developed using
hand lay-up technique, by adhesion between reinforcement and matrix. Here tensile
test, flexural test and hardness test can be investigated using Universal testing -
Machine and Rockwell hardness tester.

4. 4
INDEX
Sr. No. Name Page No.
1. Introduction 05
2. AEIOU and Mind mapping 15
3. Empathy Canvas 21
4. Ideation Canvas 24
5. Product Development Canvas 26
6. LNM Canvas 29
7. Product Design 32
8. Conclusion/Result 34

5. 5
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
5
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
• Introduction:
1.1 Basic intro
Polymers are easily to processable with the matrix materials of
their lowdensity property. High temperature resins are used as composite
materials and these composites are used in manufacturing of air-crafts, rockets,
electronics, etc. Major advantage these fibre reinforced composite is to
often high strength & modulus compare to other metallic materials. Mechanical
properties of GTRC are depending on the properties and constituent materials.
Mechanical properties of composite is tested by Flexural, Tensile & Hardness
Test.
1.2Materials
• Glass Fibre
Glass fibre is light in weight, strong, robust. Its bulk strength, stiffness,
weight properties are very favourable compare to metals. This fibres can
be used to prepare reinforced composite matrix materials. We had bought this
material from online website.
Properties: Good electrical insulator, it is incombustible, low temperature
property.
• Polyester resin
Here we use the unsaturated polyester resin which is in the liquid form
which cure to solid form by adding the hardener to it at a room temperature
MEKPC (methyl, ethyl, ketone, peroxide) as hardener. We had bought these
resin with hardener & cobalt as catalyst.
Properties: It has low cost, Good dimensional stability.

6. 6
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
• Preparation of Composites
Glass reinforced polymer composites were fabricated by using the hand lay-
up (HLU) technique in different weight percentages of glass fibre in polyester
such as 60 %.
Fibre reinforcing fabric was placed in an open mould and then saturated with
a wet (resin) by pouring it over the fabric and working it into the fabric and
mould. Usually at room temperature, though heat is sometimes used to ensure
a proper curing process. Figure 1 illustrates show this might be done simply
by placing a chopped fabric on a mould constructed from wood or other
convenient materials. The polymer resin is then rolled or squeezed into the
fabric, and the resin allowed to react chemically (“cure”) to a hard matrix. The
mould is then left so that the resin will cure. The prepared fibre reinforced
polyester composite slabs were taken out from the mould and then specimens
of suitable dimensions were prepared from the composite frame (20mm x
20mm) and plate thickness 5mm for different mechanical tests according to
ASTM standards. Then we have to keep the mould for 24hrs to settle its
property.
Consolidation roller
Dry reinforcement
fabric
Resin

7. 7
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
1. Flexural Test:
It is used to study flexural strength of composite material and it is carried out by using
universal testing machine. The crosshead speed is 10. ASTM Standard D790
Thickness = 3mm.
FS= 3PL/2bd² where P= point load
L= effective span of beam
b= constant
d= thickness
D = rL²/ɕ*d r=0.05
=0.05*(16*3)²/6*3
= 6.4

8. 8
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE

9. 9
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
GTRCP 1
GTRCP 2
FLEXURAL TEST
strength (N/mm2) load (N) thickness (mm) width (mm) Content %
No. Content % Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Load (N)
Flexural
Strength
(N/mm²)
GTRCP 1 40% 12 3 169 104
GTRCP 2 40% 12 3 425.8 262

10. 10
GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
2. Hardness testR85
The procedure is standardised ( ISO – 2039). Hardness is tested in the macro
Range with this method, with a test force between 49 & 980, 7n. But in our
Machine it was limited up to 100 kg capacity.
Readings we got,
1. R65
2. R88 average of all these is R75.
3. R75
4. R72

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GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
3. Tensile Test:
The glass fibre reinforced composite material was cut into required dimensions
Using saw cutter. Material is tested according to ASTM STANDARDS D 638
As speed 5mm/min, thickness 5mm.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
GTRCP 1 GTRCP 2 GTRCP 3 GTRCP 4
Hardness (R Sacle)
No. Hardness (R Sca0le)
GTRCP 1 65
GTRCP 2 88
GTRCP 3 75
GTRCP 4 72

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GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
SAMPLE 1
T.S = F/C*A where, F = force
C = constant
A = cross sectional area
= 218.426/10*3
= 72.81 N/mm²
%E = change in length * 100 /original length
= 3*100/50
= 6%
SAMPLE 2
T.S = F/C*A where, F = force
C = constant
A = cross sectional area
= 2590.5/10*3
= 86.35 N/mm²
%E = change in length * 100 /original length
= 3*100/50
= 6 %

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GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
GTRCP 1
GTRCP 2
TENSILE TEST
Tensile strength (N/mm2) load (N) thickness (mm) width (mm)
No.
Width
(mm)
Thickness
(mm) Load (N) Tensile Strength (N/mm²)
GTRCP 1 15 3 2590.5 86.35
GTRCP 2 15 3 2184.26 72.81

14. GLASS THREAD COMPOSITE 14

15. 15
CHAPTER-2
1.AEIOU SUMMARY

16. 16
1. Environment:
• Non-biodegradable
• No water pollution
• Land pollution
• Air pollution on burning
2. Interactions:
• Faculty
• Engineering students
• Polymer industries
3. Objects:
• Polyester (resin)
• MEKP (Hardener)
• Mould
• Glass thread (fibre)
4. Activities:
• Industrial visit
• Preparation of composite
• Handlay-up Technique
• Internet Researches
• Expert advise
• Specimen cutting
• Testing (resin)
• Result
5. Users:

17. 17
• Industrial workers
• Engineers
• Roof tops
• Designing Articles
• Composite doors
• Ceramic industries
• Civil Industries

18. 18
2. MINDMAPPING:

19. 19
1. Materials:
• Polyester: In order to make composite we need unsaturated
polyester. This is thermosetting resin we will take
it in the liquid form.
• Glass Fibre: It is light in weight strong robust. This fibre can
be used to prepare reinforced composite matrix
material. We can buy this material from online
websites & also from the shops.
• MEKP: In order to make the composite we would need MEKP
hardener which will consist polyester to the solid form
at room temperature.
• Cobalt: We will need the cobalt to add in polyester resin to speed
the reaction. Cobalt is used as catalyst in the process.
2. Preparation of composite:
• For the preparation of composite we use hand-layup technique. The
percentage of polyester is 50% glass thread & 40% fibre reinforced
fabric is placed in an open mould. Then it is saturated with adding resin
in over fabric. There are two layers of fabric. Then in the resin cobalt is
already mixed & MEKP (hardener) is added to make it hard. The polymer
resin is squeezed into fabric. Then it is left to react with it chemically at
the room temperature for 24 hours.
3. Cutting sheet to make the specimen:
➢ Cutting stripes with the hex in workshop:
• We then take the sheet that we prepared to cut into stripes. It depends on
how much your sheet is thick & stripes size should be at least of can. To
cut it we would need hexa and can cut in workshop.
➢ Using stripes to make specimen in control cutter machine:
• Now take the stripes & use to make it perfect specimen for testing. For that

20. 20
you have to the control cutter machine.
4. Composite specimen testing:
• Tensile strength: It is also tested in universal testing machine. In this
testing whatever reading you had got put in the formula.
T.S = F/C*A
• Flexural strength: It is tested in universal testing machine whatever readings
you got put in the formula.
F.S = 3PL/2bd²
• Rockwell hardness: It is tested in Rockwell harness machine with R scale
& 50kg load is maximum applied.

21. 21
CHAPTER-3
1. EMPATHY CANVAS:

22. 22
1. USER:
• Civil Industries
• Aviation
• Designing articles
2. STAKEHOLDERS:
• Municipal works
• Plastic Industries
• Industries expos
3. ACTIVITIES:
• Glass thread sheet preparations
• Setting composite for 24 hrs
• Expert advices
• Testing (hardness)
• Planning
• Result
4. STORY BOARDING:
• HAPPY STORY: By using glass thread composite I am happy that it is easy
to make & cheap to buy. Also it can be almost use in all
fields. I have my own guardian & by this I have made path
in it.
• HAPPY STORY: I had never of this glass thread composite but I heard it from
my friend. I need just thing which is cheap & hard and also it is
designed in many shape and size. By this I made the shelves
for artificial artefact to decorate my house and its looking great
also is replaceable.
• SAD STORY: I bought the glass thread composite it was good and well looking
where I used it but after some time passed after 2 years it becomes yellowish and got
cracks and dents in some surface.

23. 23
• SAD STORY: After getting this glass thread composite it was great for everything
But I don’t like one thing in it is its smell of chemical coming from
it.

24. 24
CHAPTER-4
1. IEADTION CANVAS:

25. 25
1. PEOPLE:
• Average people
• Household women
• Retire people
• Business man
• Worker
• Farmer
2. ACTIVITIES:
• Industrial visit
• Preparation of composite
• Glass thread sheet preparation
• Specimen cutting
• Internet research
• Testing (tensile, hardness)
3. SITUATION/CONTEXT/LOCATION:
• Park
• Resort
• Used in all seasons
• Business (small scale)
• Industry
• Garden
4. PROPS:
➢ Improvement is needed in the chemical instead of polyester we can use epoxy its
harder and resistant than it.
• Improve in chemical in smells.
• Hard to make it in one machine.
• Need to reduce time of production.
• Need to cut in proper shape after made need to make tougher.

26. 26
CHAPTER-5
1. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

27. 27
1. PURPOSE:
• Roofing laminate
• Industrial works
• Aviation industries
2. PRODUCT EXPERIENCE:
• Safety
• Weather resistance
• Cheaper than carbon fibre
3. PRODUCT FEATURE:
• Less maintenance
• Weather resistance
• Cheaper than carbon fibre
• Not so costly
• Reduce labour work
• Manufacturing of affordable cost
4. PEOPLE:
• Average people
• Retire people
• House women
• Worker
5. COMPONENTS:
• Polyester resin
• Fibre thread
• MEKP hardener or it is called initiator
• Cobalt as catalyst to speed up reaction
• Mould to make product and add chemicals

28. 28
6. CUSTOMER REVALIDATION:
• Cheaper than metals
• Faster installation
• No maintenance
• Can easily replaced
7. REJECT, REDESIGN, RETAIN:
• Difficult to transport in long sheets. Need to put in small sizes.
• Retinene is less
• After sometime it gets yellowish
• Feels like glass if gets accepters broke can’t be repair. Have

29. 29
CHAPTER 6
LEARNING NEED MATRIX:

30. 30
1. flexural Purpose/Product concept:
Testing of glass thread fibre composite polyester
2. Stage 1:
1. Glass thread fibre
Polyester (STP:901)
Catalyst (cobalt)
Hardener (MEKP)
2. Unsaturated polyester
Glass thread fibre
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP)
Cobalt
Mould
3. hardness = 30*30*3(mm)
tensile specimen dimension = 120*12*3(mm)
specimen dimension = 142*15*3(mm)
4.Handlay-up technique
3. Stage 2:
1.Hardness specimen standard = (ISO – 2039)
Tensile specimen standard = ASTM D638
Flexural specimen standard = ASTM D790
Aluminium mould = (20*20*0.5 cm³)

31. 31
2.Pecise measurement
Room temperature
Precondition
Follow procedure
3.Tensile strength = applied force area
Tensile modulus = Δ stress
Δ strain
Elongation of yield = elongation org length
% of elongation = ε*100
Flexural strength = 3pl/2bd² N/mm²
Flexural modulus = fl³/4bd³y N/mm²
Rate of cross head motion = zl²/5d = mm/min
Speed of loading noise = H/2 mm/min
4.Universal testing machine (UTM)
Rockwell hardness tester
Contour cutter
Smooth filing

32. 32
CHAPTER 7
PRODUCT DESIGN

33. 33

34. 34
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUTION/RESULT
This experimental investigation of mechanical behavior of glass thread fiber reinforced
polyester resin composites leads to the following conclusions:
• This work shows that successful fabrication of glass thread fiber with random oriented
reinforced polyester composites with different fiber contents is possible and very cost
effective by simple hand lay-up technique.
• It was found that the tensile strength varies from 28.25 MPa to 78.83 MPa, flexural strength
varies from 44.65 MPa to 119.23 MPa with the variation in glass thread fiber percentage
from 15wt.% to 60 wt.%.
• The hardness value will greatly increase from 31.5 BHN to 47 BHN when the resin reinforced
by glass fibers from 15 wt.% to 60 wt.%.
• The mechanical property such as tensile strength and flexural bending strength of polyester
resin has been improved by a great extent due to the presence of glass fiber reinforcement.