Giulia Marsan_Open Science policy trends: evidence from OECD countries
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“Open Research Data: Implications for Science and Society”, Warsaw, Poland, May 28–29, 2015, conference organized by the Open Science Platform — an initiative of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling at the University of Warsaw. pon.edu.pl @OpenSciPlatform #ORD2015
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Giulia Marsan_Open Science policy trends: evidence from OECD countries
- 1. OPEN SCIENCE POLICY TRENDS: EVIDENCE FROM OECD COUNTRIES Giulia Ajmone Marsan Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation OECD
- 2. • OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding (2006-07) • Initial discussion of Open Science at CSTP in 2011 • Many open science related activities on-going (PSI, open gov data, open educational resources, MOOCS…) Once upon at time at the OECD… 2
- 3. • Decision to ask TIP WP to work on Open Science over 2013-14 – first project on Open Science at the OECD (focusing on open access and open data mostly) • Survey on the behaviour of scientists carried out by NESTI • Follow up activities at the GSF …today … and tomorrow 3
- 4. • ICTs offering new possibilities to share results • Science is becoming increasingly data-driven Science: an evolving scenario… 4 TDM-related scientific articles 1995-2014, per thousand article 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ‰ Data mining Big data (excluding data mining) Text mining (excluding data mining) Source: OECD (2014), Measuring the Digital Economy: A New Perspective, OECD Publishing, Paris.
- 5. • Improving efficiency in science • Increasing transparency and quality • Speeding the transfer of knowledge • Increasing knowledge spillovers to the economy and society • Addressing global challenges more effectively • Promoting citizens’ engagement in science • … Why do we care about Open Science? 5
- 6. • PubMedCentral show that 25% of the daily unique users are from universities, 17% from companies, 40% are individual citizens and the rest are government or other categories (UNESCO 2012) • A recent study on R&D-intensive SMEs in Denmark (Houghton, Swan and Brown 2011) found that 48% of those SMEs consider research outcomes very important for their business activities and more than 2/3 reported difficulties in accessing research material • Ware (2009) conducted a survey on UK SMEs and found evidence that the equivalent of 10% to 20% of articles were not easily accessible for his survey respondents 6 OA can also contribute to innovation…but…
- 7. • Open science a relatively new phenomenon (at least for policy makers) • Evidence on open access citation advantage (but quantification of this advantage is subjected to debate) • Different behaviours in different fields • Scientists tends to like open science • Many estimates of the economic impact of data sharing (mostly on open gov data) • Fewer estimates on research data sharing impact especially on innovation …the impacts of open science need to be fully understood 7 Need to assess these impacts (to whom and on what?)
- 8. The open science ecosystem: a complex picture 8 Researchers Government ministries Research funding agencies Universities and PROs Libraries, repositories, data centers… Private no profit organisations and foundations Private scientific publishers Businesses IGOs
- 9. Open science: a hot issue for OECD and non- OECD countries 9 National STI strategy or plan
- 10. Policy measures may include different efforts and initiatives, such as: enablers, incentive mechanisms or mandatory rules Open science policy trends: enablers, incentives and requirements 10 Enablers are, for example, the infrastructure developed to share articles or data, initiatives undertaken to develop an open science culture, amendments to the legal framework to make them increasingly open-science friendly or the development of the skills necessary for researchers to share and re-use the research outputs produced by others.
- 11. Policy measures may include different efforts and initiatives, such as: enablers, incentive mechanisms or mandatory rules Open science policy trends: enablers, incentives and requirements 11 Carrots (incentive mechanisms) may be in the form of financial incentives to cover open access publishing or the release of datasets. They may also be in the form of proper acknowledgment of open science efforts of researchers and academics, for instance in the form of data set citations or career advancement mechanisms partly based on metrics that take into account open science or data sharing efforts.
- 12. Policy measures may include different efforts and initiatives, such as: enablers, incentive mechanisms or mandatory rules Open science policy trends: enablers, incentives and requirements 12 Sticks (mandatory rules) are often implemented in the form of requirements in research grant agreements or in some cases are defined in national strategies or institutional policy frameworks.
- 13. Summing up… • OA policies more widespread in OECD countries than open OD policies • Many funding agencies are introducing open access requirements • However, few policies targeting incentives other than funding are in place • Many initiatives to invest in open access “enablers” (online platform, repositories, …) but less attention to skills development
- 14. • Open science strategy only in some countries • Individual initiatives/policies at the national level in most countries • Many bottom up initiatives • BRICS are very active (China, India or Brazil) Summing up… 14
- 15. Science and research do not stop at borders. Co-ordinated international efforts facilitate transfer of knowledge. Examples of international efforts to promote open science and overcome barriers include: …and Open science: international efforts 15 • OECD principles (2007) • UNESCO: Open Access Strategy 2011; Charter for the Preservation of the Digital Heritage • In Europe, Horizon2020 open science requirements, as promoted by the European Commission • LAC countries: LA Referencia, a federated network of national repositories of scientific documentation for 9 LAC countries, financed by Inter American Bank
- 16. • OECD Global Science Forum is starting working on data sharing infrastructure and incentives • OECD Ministerial Meeting: Higher education and research ministers of OECD countries will discuss Open Science in Korea in October Open science and the OECD: looking at the future 16
- 17. Thank you 17 OECD report on Open Science Policy Trends will be released soon on: https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org/ giulia.ajmonemarsan@oecd.org
Editor's Notes
- Open access also widens the audience to more individuals and firms, who are the ones turning academic insights into products and services for global consumers. But worryingly, while studies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) show that research outcomes are important for these firms… the firms say they find it hard to access them.
- What can these stakeholders do to further encourage open access and open data? There are really three broad kinds of policy measures – the first being enablers. This includes developing infrastructure – physical, legal and human – to support sharing and re-use of research outputs. These building blocks underpin open science and are really a necessary condition to support open access, open data and collaboration. I would like to underline the importance here of the legal framework, in terms of intellectual property, where there are some open questions around the treatment of data mining and public-private partnerships in research for instance. It will be important to get clarity for researchers in these areas.
- You then have incentives – basically carrots - for researchers to open up. You can think of: financial incentives, better information and acknowledgement of data sharing, and generally ensuring that career advancement is not hampered by researchers taking a collaborative approach. One growing initiative is data citations, where as well as your usual literature citations, researchers can receive citations for datasets.
- And finally sticks – mandatory rules, if all else fails You can think of requirements in research grant agreements, guidelines from institutions, or high level directives in national strategies.
- What’s the situation currently? Before giving you some details of country-level approaches, let me give you a foretaste of the big picture. Open access policies seem more widespread than those for open data. Funding agencies are taking the initiative and making open access a requirement of their support. The EU’s Horizon 2020, for instance, asks programme beneficiaries to deposit a machine-readable electronic copy of their manuscript in a repository. There are also many initiatives to invest in the infrastructure or enablers I mentioned just earlier. But there is less attention to skills development, and few policies target incentives other than funding.
- As indicated previously, the international dimension is important. On collaboration, there are a number of international efforts to promote open science. Just some examples, At the OECD, we have our 2007 Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding – these touch on issues such as protection of intellectual property, interoperability, efficiency and accountability. UNESCO has an Open Access Strategy and a Charter on Digital Heritage. At the regional level, you have the European Commission’s Horizon2020 with open science requirements. And latin american countries have something called the LA Referencia – which is a federated network of repositories.