Carol Gilligan is a psychologist known for her 1982 book "In a Different Voice" which criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development for only studying males. Gilligan proposed an "ethic of care" model which found females tend to focus on responsibilities to others rather than individual rights. Her work suggested differences in how males and females develop morally. Though some criticized her research methods, Gilligan defended her findings and continued research on gender differences in development.

1. Gilligan’s Theory of Development Michelle and Brooke

2. Background History 1958: Swarthmore College, summa cum laude, major in literature 1960: Radcliffe University, Masters in clinical psychology 1964: Harvard University, doctorate in social psychology 1967: Began teaching at Harvard with Erik Erikson

3. Gilligan vs. Kohlberg 1970: Became a research assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg Criticism: Kohlberg only studied white, privileged males Boys and individual rights Girls and Responsibility for others

4. Theory of Development Moral Development Stage Theory Gilligan's Stages of the Ethic of Care Approximate Age Range Stage Goal not listed Preconventional Goal is individual survival Transition is from selfishness -- to -- responsibility to others not listed Conventional Self sacrifice is goodness Transition is from goodness -- to -- truth that she is a person too maybe never Postconventional Principle of nonviolence: do not hurt others or self

5. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development Gilligan wrote book in1982. She presents her material against Kohlberg’s Theory. Justice Care Mentions the ideals of Freud: how females stay attached to their mother’s and males break free creating a large difference in development. 1995: Women's Psychology, Boys' Development and the Culture of Manhood, a three-year program of research on boys.

6. Projects By Gilligan 1997: Harvard Project on Women's Psychology, Boy's Development and the Culture of Manhood 12.5 million dollar donation by Jane Fonda for Gender and Education Center at Harvard Listening Guide Method Helps teach at Harvard Law on occasion 1992:Grawemeyer Award in Education 1997: Heinz Award

7. Criticisms Christina Hoff Sommers, PhD says Gilligan has no real data Only as anecdotal evidence Test groups were too small Research needs to be retested sex-role stereotypes Gilligan fought back against claims by showing her proof and tests.

8. How it Applies to a Teacher Realize there is a difference between males and females. Males are egocentric and females are more prone to care for others.

9. References Gilligan's In a Different Voice Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview Soundbites from Christina Hoff Sommers Carol Gilligan: 1936-Present Notes on A Different Voice by Carol Gilligan The Connection

10. References 7. In A Different Voice Passages 8. From White Rats to Robots 9. Carol Gilligan’s Work 10. Applied History of Psychology/Moral Development