The Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) is suffering from a major urban infrastructure gap. The region’s increasing economic growth has triggered rapid urbanization, characterized by expansion of built-up environment – roads, parking lots, and other structures with impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate easily so as to replenish the water table.
In Ghana, the prevalence of onsite sanitation is more than 85%. This means that when the receptacles containing the faecal sludge are full they have to be collected and treated before discharging into the environment. Unfortunately, there are very few treatment plants available in the country and fecal sludge is mostly dumped into water bodies, drains, trenches, farms, bushes, and other unauthorized places.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
In Ghana, the prevalence of onsite sanitation is more than 85%. This means that when the receptacles containing the faecal sludge are full they have to be collected and treated before discharging into the environment. Unfortunately, there are very few treatment plants available in the country and fecal sludge is mostly dumped into water bodies, drains, trenches, farms, bushes, and other unauthorized places.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
Overview of faecal sludge management challenges and practicesIRC
Presentation by Erick Baetings during the Faecal Sludge Management Lunch Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, on 17 April 2014.
This meeting was organised by IRC with support from DGIS.
In December 2014 WRT held a Catchment Based Approach and Catchment Restoration Fund Conference in Exeter. The Environment Agency's David Baxter presented an overview of the River Basin Management Planning Process and the Catchment Based Approach
Water Conservation Finds It’s Home in Integrated Resources Planning. Presented by Richard Harris, Manager of Water Conservation, East Bay Municipal Utility District, California at Texas Water Foundation, Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium February 26, 2013
Shri S.V. Ranganath (IAS Retd.), Board Member – CSTEP, delivered a talk at CSTEP on ‘Water and Future of Bengaluru’, as the first part of a series of lectures that he will be delivering on a range of governance-related issues, February 3, 2016.
HUG is a new good, which has never been seen before; it substantially deviates from any other good or service produced before. Over the past decades, no major breakthroughs have occurred in the basic machinery of hydroelectric turbines.
In December 2014 WRT held a Catchment Based Approach and Catchment Restoration Fund Conference in Exeter. The Environment Agency's David Baxter presented an overview of the River Basin Management Planning Process and the Catchment Based Approach
Water Conservation Finds It’s Home in Integrated Resources Planning. Presented by Richard Harris, Manager of Water Conservation, East Bay Municipal Utility District, California at Texas Water Foundation, Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium February 26, 2013
Shri S.V. Ranganath (IAS Retd.), Board Member – CSTEP, delivered a talk at CSTEP on ‘Water and Future of Bengaluru’, as the first part of a series of lectures that he will be delivering on a range of governance-related issues, February 3, 2016.
HUG is a new good, which has never been seen before; it substantially deviates from any other good or service produced before. Over the past decades, no major breakthroughs have occurred in the basic machinery of hydroelectric turbines.
Day 2 IUCN The case for using ecosystem service valuation and economic instru...elodieperrat
Workshop on Alignment & implementation of National Action programmes with the UNCCD 10-year Strategy in the Arab Region
League of Arab States (18- 20 June 2014), Dubai - UAE
IUCN Vanja Westerberg
Sudan workshop | Morocco Country Presentation (Part 2)ÖMER KILIÇ
The Public Private Partnership: An innovative solution for the development of irrigation infrastructure projects.
Case of Guerdane Project:
A project for the preservation of the Agriculture and Environment
Presentation by R Wassmann, International Rice Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka
Clean Air Partnership Green Infrastructure CAC Meeting - Don Mills Channel Fl...Robert Muir
Presentation on the application of Cost Benefit Analysis to water resources engineering projects, including for municipal flood control as part of Municipal Class Environmental Assessment infrastructure projects and city-wide programs. Evaluation of green infrastructure (Low Impact Development (LID)) capital costs and grey infrastructure costs.
The economic growth literature suggests that the volume of infrastructure stock as well as its quality positively and impacts economic growth by, among others, decreasing the cost of production and transportation of goods and services, improving the productivity of input factors, and creating indirect positive externalities.
Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Poverty remains a problem in Ghana. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Integration of the youth (15- to 34-year-olds) in Ghana, who represents 35 percent of the population, into full and productive employment can be an important driver for growth and sustained development. The inability to improve labor productivity in the country continues to limit the performance of firms and enterprises across different economic sectors.
Over 1.6 million people died globally in 2017 from harmful exposure to PM2.5 emissions from household use of solid fuels such as wood, coal, charcoal, and agricultural residues for cooking according to estimates by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD 2017) Project.
Although the free senior high school (SHS) policy has greatly increased enrolment, it has led to a mismatch in the demand for secondary education and the available educational infrastructure. The double-track system was introduced to circumvent this hurdle.
Ghana has made great strides in education enrolment in the MDG and SDG era, with near universal primary school enrolment and equality between boys and girls (World Bank, 2019).
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
With a population of nearly 30 million people, WHO estimates that approximately 13% of the population in Ghana suffer from a mental disorder, of which 3% suffer from a severe mental disorder and the other 10% suffer from a moderate to mild mental disorder (WHO, 2007).
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), malaria represents the largest cause of death and morbidity in the country as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (IHME, 2019). In 2017, the disease was responsible for around 19,000 deaths, almost as much as the combined death toll from HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis (IHME, 2019).
The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
In recent years, Ghana, like many other developing countries has been going through an epidemiologic transition where the proportion of deaths from non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing, particularly cardiovascular related diseases, cancers and diabetes (IHME, 2019).
Article 14(2) of Ghana’s Children’s Act (560) of 1998 defines child marriage as a marriage in which at least one partner is a child below the legal age of 18 years.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
2. • Accra Metropolitan Assembly economic growth, increasing urbanisation and
infrastructural development conundrum
- Gt. Accra hosts 20% of Ghana’s pop and contributes 25% to GDP
- Urbanisation rate – 36% (1990); 55% (2010); and projected to 63.4% (2030)
- Infrastructural development to GDP– Ghana (2%); India (5.2%); China (8.8%)
• Some key challenges emerging –
- Rapid, unplanned growth – 70% people live in un-serviced slums (20% in Odaw catchment)
- Expansion of impervious surfaces and increasing runoffs
- Inadequate drainage systems and/or insufficient design capacities downstream
- Increasing volume and content of waste with less than 65% collection rate
• Decreased drainage containment capacity due to siltation, waste piling up and lack of
maintenace leads to perenial flooding of Accra with dire consequences – economic,
social, environmental, etc
Background informatiom
3. Perennial flooding and government interventions
• June 3, 2015 “Twin-disaster” (when flood
water caught fire at Circle)
• Social cost – 256 death
• Social cost - affected 53,000 people;
• Economic cost - losses amounted to US$55
million,
• Economic cost - reconstruction cost of US$105
million
• Most policy initiatives appear adhoc due
to inadequate funding, limited public
support, political liability; etc
• Over-concentration of desilting (dredging)
of Odaw channel at huge cost has yielded
limited dividends
4. Description of Interventions
1. Establish Retention Ponds
* Establish / rehabilitate two retention ponds in Patang and Haatso, BCR = 1.3
2. Storm Drain Widening
* Large storm drain (13.5km) in western part of Accra through Kissieman,
Dome and Taifa that discharges into the Caprice-Alajo drain, BCR = 1.8
3. Community Solid Waste Management
* Entrust a private entity with full responsibility within a given ‘camp based on
project done in Jamestown, Accra in 2014, BCR= 1.1
6. Retention ponds
• Two additional retention ponds:
• Pantang retention pond
• 9ha
• 180,000 m3 capability at 2m depth
• Some encroachment into space from
squatters
• Haatso retention pond
• 8.1ha
• 162,000 m3 capability
• Private land
7. The cost to establish both retention ponds is 222m cedi –
largest cost is the nuisance cost of smell and mosquitos
Key assumptions for costs
• Retention pond cost 5.1 cedi/m3 capacity (Aerts,
2018)
• Land cost 13.7m for both ponds
• Relocation cost of squatters 2m cedi for Pantang
pond
Ongoing costs
• 10% maintenance cost on retention pond
investment (Aerts, 2018)
• Annual surveillance cost 50,000 cedi/pond/year to
prevent further encroachment
• Nuisance cost is estimated at 9m cedi/year/pond
• Communication cost 650,000 cedi/year
Nuisance
(smell,
mosquitos)
74%
Land
5%
Establishme
nt and
relocation
1%
Ongoing
20%
Costs to establish two retention
ponds (undiscounted)
8. Benefits: Two retention ponds would increase
flood mitigation benefits of GARID by 20%
GARID
• $200m spending on flood
mitigation infrastructure, SWM and
urban improvements
• Already approved by WB
• WB estimated that investments
deliver 91m cedi in flood reduction
benefits annually, increasing over
time
Two Retention ponds
• Expected to leverage substantial
planned investments by WB
• Annual benefits of flooding
increase by 20%
• 18m cedis per year rising with GDP
per capita growth
• These benefits are ‘expected value’
and account for rare but very costly
flooding events
9. Retention Ponds would accrue a total benefit of
GHS 285m, BCR = 1.3
Intervention Benefits
(millions
cedi)
Costs
(millions
cedi)
BCR
Retention Ponds 285 222 1.3
• There are 2.5 million people living in the Odaw River Basin with 161,000 people
at risk of flooding
• Retention ponds are a low-cost way to mitigate some flooding
• The investments would leverage large existing investments under GARID
11. Storm drain would cost 124m cedi initially, then
6m every year in maintenance
Costs
• Upfront cost = 124m cedi
• Dredging cost = 13.39m cedi for 13.55km
• Concreting Cost, including steel = 110.64m
for 11.25km
• Ongoing costs 100m cedi until 2050 (95%
of this cost covers maintenance &
communication).
Current area near proposed storm
drain, Taifa Obohene
12. Intervention would lead to 12% reduction in possible
flood damages & 30% reduction in diarrheal disease
Benefits = 379m cedis
Flood mitigation benefits = 18m cedi
per year
• 20% increase in flood benefits under
GARID equivalent to GHS 285m at 8%
discount rate
• Reduced diarrheal disease = 5.6m cedi
per year
• 30% reduction in diarrhea disease in
population catchment around drain
(500,000 people)
• One bacterial study suggested that
uncovered drains account for 60% of
all diarrheal disease in Accra
• 25,000 cases of diarrhea avoided
• 10 lives saved per year, 6 of them
children
• All benefits rise over time with GDP
growth
15. Intervention Description
• Entrust a private entity with full responsibility
within a given ‘camp’ – a defined area of roughly
50,000 people to:
• Provide frequent collection services via provided HH bins
• Clean streets of litter
• Address rodent and insect infestation
• Provide and remove skips
• Payment based on achieving defined goals and
cleanliness
• Requires involvement of people in community for
job creation and enforcement
• Improvement over status-quo passive SWM model
• Based on project done in Jamestown, Accra in 2014
16. The cost per camp is 6m cedis, with 1.2m in start
up costs
Population Description
• 50,000 people
• 3,125 compounds with 2 x 120L bins each
• Weekly collection
• Generates 100,000 L of waste per day
• 60% organic taken to compost plant
• 30% non-organic taken to skips and
emptied daily
• 20% recyclable taken by pickers to resell
Costs = 6m over 5 years
Start up costs = 1.2m
• 6250 bins @ 180 cedis each
• 3 large skips @ 3500 cedis each
• 9 tricycles (for pickers) @ 1800 cedis each
Ongoing costs = 4.8m over 5 years
• 985,000 cedi per year for daily skip emptying
• 900 cedi per skip per day
• 180,000 cedi per year for rubbish collection,
cleaning, de-silting and other tasks
• 5 years of operations before skips, bins and
tricycles need to be replaced
17. Intervention would lead to 6.4m cedi in benefits
Benefits = 6.4m cedi over 5 years
Willingness-to-pay for SWM services
• Theoretically encompasses all benefits of
SWM including health
• A study in Ghana noted a lower bound WTP
of 2 cedi per HH per day
• A benefit equivalent to GHS 1.5m per year
for a given camp of 12,500 households /
3,125 compounds.
• Over a 5-year period, the present value of
benefits is GHS 6.4m using an 8% discount
rate.
Speculative additional health benefits
• If one believes WTP does NOT include health
benefits
• 10% reduction in malaria and enteric
infections due to cleaner environment
• 5 deaths avoided per year
• 6,800 cases of enteric infection avoided
• 980 cases of malaria avoided
• 15m cedi over 5 years
18. BCR for Community based Solid Waste
Management
Intervention Benefits
(millions
cedi)
Costs
(millions
cedi)
BCR
Community SWM 6.4m 6.1m 1.1
19. Summary BCR for Urbanization Interventions
Intervention Benefits
(millions
cedi)
Costs
(millions
cedi)
BCR
Retention Ponds 285 222 1.3
Storm Drains 379 216 1.8
Community SWM
(figures for one
community)
6.4m 6.1m 1.1