1) The document analyzed the costs and benefits of establishing an integrated aluminum industry in Ghana from mining bauxite to producing aluminum. The estimated annual costs ranged from $1-3.2 billion while benefits ranged from $934 million to $3.6 billion, resulting in a small average benefit-cost ratio of 1.1.
2) It also briefly discussed special economic zones but noted there was insufficient data for a formal cost-benefit analysis. Emerging evidence suggests focusing on economy-wide reforms rather than geographically delimited zones, which are likely to have a benefit-cost ratio of less than 1.
3) A summary table compares the estimated annual benefits, costs, and benefit-cost ratios for the
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
Although the free senior high school (SHS) policy has greatly increased enrolment, it has led to a mismatch in the demand for secondary education and the available educational infrastructure. The double-track system was introduced to circumvent this hurdle.
Integration of the youth (15- to 34-year-olds) in Ghana, who represents 35 percent of the population, into full and productive employment can be an important driver for growth and sustained development. The inability to improve labor productivity in the country continues to limit the performance of firms and enterprises across different economic sectors.
Impact team last mile distribution of contraceptives in nigeria (2019-2020)Joachim Chijide
Programme Implementation Report of the IMPACT Team Last Mile Distribution Intervention in Nigeria by Dr Joachim Chijide, Amaka Anene, Stephanie Joyce, Miranda Buba Gyanggyang and Aigbe Eromon
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
Although the free senior high school (SHS) policy has greatly increased enrolment, it has led to a mismatch in the demand for secondary education and the available educational infrastructure. The double-track system was introduced to circumvent this hurdle.
Integration of the youth (15- to 34-year-olds) in Ghana, who represents 35 percent of the population, into full and productive employment can be an important driver for growth and sustained development. The inability to improve labor productivity in the country continues to limit the performance of firms and enterprises across different economic sectors.
Impact team last mile distribution of contraceptives in nigeria (2019-2020)Joachim Chijide
Programme Implementation Report of the IMPACT Team Last Mile Distribution Intervention in Nigeria by Dr Joachim Chijide, Amaka Anene, Stephanie Joyce, Miranda Buba Gyanggyang and Aigbe Eromon
Sustainable FP Financing and Agenda 2030 : Emerging Approaches and ToolsJoachim Chijide
Presentation made by Dr Joachim Chijide on Sustainable Family Planning Financing and Agenda 2030 : Emerging Approaches and Tools at the 2nd Sexual and Reproductive Health Community of Practice (SeRHCoP) Webinar, 23rd September 2021
Community Health Financing: Lessons from EthiopiaHFG Project
Presentation during the Institutionalizing Community Health Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 28th, 2017. This presentation gives an overview of Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Ethiopia and recent evaluations, achievements, challenges, and scale-up updates of the pilot schemes.
2020 ReSAKSS Conference - Plenary Session II—Enabling Environment for Transfo...AKADEMIYA2063
Presentation on "Aligning Macroeconomic Policies for Agricultural Transformation in Africa" Dr. Abebe Shimeles, Director of Research at African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)
Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb and state Republican lawmakers have reached an agreement when it comes to the state’s budget. The deal has more money for schools and rural broadband, and also pays off $1 billion in debt.
The Ministry of Health's Chief Economist and Head of Division Policy, Planning and Health Financing, Mr. Elkana Ong'uti on Domestic Health Financing at the 2nd Paraclete Health Sector Development Partner Forum
“IFPRI Egypt Webinars” is a special edition of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series funded by USAID. This webinar took place under the title of “COVID-19 and social protection: from effective crisis protection to self-reliance”
More money for education and no increase in the cigarette tax are two of the key highlights in the budget unveiled today by Indiana Senate Republicans.
This document has been prepared by the Finance Team of SED for information purpose only of its members residing both in Bangladesh and abroad, on the basis of the publicly available information in the market and own research. This document is not directed to, or intended for distribution to or use by, any person or entity that is citizen or resident of or located in any locality, state, country, or other jurisdiction where such distribution, publication, availability or use would be contrary to law or regulation . The information and data presented herein are the exclusive property of SED and any unauthorized reproduction or redistribution of the same is strictly prohibited . No part of this report should be copied or used in any other report or publication or anything of that sort without proper credit given or prior written permission taken from the authorized publisher of this report . This disclaimer applies to the report irrespective of being used in whole or in part .
Sustainable FP Financing and Agenda 2030 : Emerging Approaches and ToolsJoachim Chijide
Presentation made by Dr Joachim Chijide on Sustainable Family Planning Financing and Agenda 2030 : Emerging Approaches and Tools at the 2nd Sexual and Reproductive Health Community of Practice (SeRHCoP) Webinar, 23rd September 2021
Community Health Financing: Lessons from EthiopiaHFG Project
Presentation during the Institutionalizing Community Health Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 28th, 2017. This presentation gives an overview of Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Ethiopia and recent evaluations, achievements, challenges, and scale-up updates of the pilot schemes.
2020 ReSAKSS Conference - Plenary Session II—Enabling Environment for Transfo...AKADEMIYA2063
Presentation on "Aligning Macroeconomic Policies for Agricultural Transformation in Africa" Dr. Abebe Shimeles, Director of Research at African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)
Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb and state Republican lawmakers have reached an agreement when it comes to the state’s budget. The deal has more money for schools and rural broadband, and also pays off $1 billion in debt.
The Ministry of Health's Chief Economist and Head of Division Policy, Planning and Health Financing, Mr. Elkana Ong'uti on Domestic Health Financing at the 2nd Paraclete Health Sector Development Partner Forum
“IFPRI Egypt Webinars” is a special edition of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series funded by USAID. This webinar took place under the title of “COVID-19 and social protection: from effective crisis protection to self-reliance”
More money for education and no increase in the cigarette tax are two of the key highlights in the budget unveiled today by Indiana Senate Republicans.
This document has been prepared by the Finance Team of SED for information purpose only of its members residing both in Bangladesh and abroad, on the basis of the publicly available information in the market and own research. This document is not directed to, or intended for distribution to or use by, any person or entity that is citizen or resident of or located in any locality, state, country, or other jurisdiction where such distribution, publication, availability or use would be contrary to law or regulation . The information and data presented herein are the exclusive property of SED and any unauthorized reproduction or redistribution of the same is strictly prohibited . No part of this report should be copied or used in any other report or publication or anything of that sort without proper credit given or prior written permission taken from the authorized publisher of this report . This disclaimer applies to the report irrespective of being used in whole or in part .
IFPRI Egypt Seminar Series provides a platform for all people striving to identify and implement evidence-based policy solutions that sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. The series is part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.
In Ghana, the prevalence of onsite sanitation is more than 85%. This means that when the receptacles containing the faecal sludge are full they have to be collected and treated before discharging into the environment. Unfortunately, there are very few treatment plants available in the country and fecal sludge is mostly dumped into water bodies, drains, trenches, farms, bushes, and other unauthorized places.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
The Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) is suffering from a major urban infrastructure gap. The region’s increasing economic growth has triggered rapid urbanization, characterized by expansion of built-up environment – roads, parking lots, and other structures with impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate easily so as to replenish the water table.
The economic growth literature suggests that the volume of infrastructure stock as well as its quality positively and impacts economic growth by, among others, decreasing the cost of production and transportation of goods and services, improving the productivity of input factors, and creating indirect positive externalities.
Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Poverty remains a problem in Ghana. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Over 1.6 million people died globally in 2017 from harmful exposure to PM2.5 emissions from household use of solid fuels such as wood, coal, charcoal, and agricultural residues for cooking according to estimates by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD 2017) Project.
Ghana has made great strides in education enrolment in the MDG and SDG era, with near universal primary school enrolment and equality between boys and girls (World Bank, 2019).
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
With a population of nearly 30 million people, WHO estimates that approximately 13% of the population in Ghana suffer from a mental disorder, of which 3% suffer from a severe mental disorder and the other 10% suffer from a moderate to mild mental disorder (WHO, 2007).
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), malaria represents the largest cause of death and morbidity in the country as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (IHME, 2019). In 2017, the disease was responsible for around 19,000 deaths, almost as much as the combined death toll from HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis (IHME, 2019).
The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
In recent years, Ghana, like many other developing countries has been going through an epidemiologic transition where the proportion of deaths from non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing, particularly cardiovascular related diseases, cancers and diabetes (IHME, 2019).
Article 14(2) of Ghana’s Children’s Act (560) of 1998 defines child marriage as a marriage in which at least one partner is a child below the legal age of 18 years.
Unplanned pregnancies, including teenage pregnancy, perpetuated by low demand for, and lack of access to family planning are linked with higher risks of birth complications such as maternal deaths and early child deaths, and malnutrition in children under-five.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
1. Eminent Panel Conference, Accra, August 7th - 9th,
2020
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Two Policies Linked
to Ghana’s Industrialization
Godfred A. Bokpin,
Economist and Professor of Finance, University of Ghana Business
School
Brad Wong, Copenhagen Consensus
2. Introduction and Motivation
•Expenditure rigidities amidst dwarfed revenue in the face
of rising infrastructural deficit imposes on the country’s
growth drivers
•Crowding out of priority spending
•Economy has transformed (in structure) but with limited
advantages of job creation
•Growth peaked in 2011 with oil and has since declined
3. Government’s Total Revenue and Grants
Table 17: Total Revenue and Grants
N
o
Item
2019 2020 (Ghs
mn)
Prov. y/y
growt
h
2020
Budge
t
Revised
Budget
Deviation
GH¢mn %
y-on-y
(%)
1 Total Revenue &
Grants
53,380 12.1 67,071 53,667 -13,405 -20.0 0.5
% of GDP 15.3 16.9 13.9 -3.5
2 Tax Revenue (non-oil) 43,067 20.2 44,986 40,717 -4,269 -9.5 -5.5
% of GDP 12.3 11.3 10.6 -1.1
3 Non-Tax Revenue
(non-oil)
4,857 22.0 8,464 4,523 -3,941 -46.6 -6.9
% of GDP 1.4 2.1 1.2 -1.0
4 Oil Revenue 4,888 8.8 8,932 3,827 -5,105 -57.2 -21.7
% of GDP 1.4 2.2 1.0 -1.3
5 Other Revenues 2,051 12.9 2,876 2,780 -97 -3.4 35.5
% of GDP 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.0
6 Grants 986 -13.1 1,240 1,223 -17 -1.3 24.1
% of GDP 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0
Source: MoF
4. Government’s Total Expenditure
Table 18: Total Expenditures and Arrears Clearance
No Item
2019 2020 (Ghs mn)
Prov.
y/y
growth
2020
Budget
Revised
Budget
Deviation
GH¢mn %
y-on-y (%)
1 Total Expenditures 70,271 18.5 85,952 97,740 11,788 13.7 39.1
% of GDP 20.1 21.6 25.4 3.1
2 Compensation 22,219 13.3 26,565 27,062 497 1.9 21.8
% of GDP 6.4 6.7 7.0 0.1
3 Goods & Services 6,170 20.3 8,331 7,744 -587 -7.0 25.5
% of GDP 1.8 2.1 2.0 -0.2
4 Capital Expenditure 6,152 29.8 9,260 9,327 67 0.7 51.6
% of GDP 1.8 2.3 2.4 0.0
5 Interest Payments 19,769 24.9 21,691 26,268 4,577 21.1 32.9
% of GDP 5.7 5.4 6.8 1.2
6 Grants to Other Govt Units 11,424 5.9 15,635 11,805 -3,830 -24.5 3.3
% of GDP 3.3 3.9 3.1 -1.0
7 Other Expenditures 2,123 0.7 3,026 14,092 11,065 365.7 563.8
o/w ESLA 1,898.0 -10.0 2,646.8 2,550.3 -96.5 -3.6 34
o/w Covid-19 Related - - - 11,162.0 11,162
8 Arrears Clearance -730 -15.0 -1,443 -1,443 0 0.0 97.7
% of GDP -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 0.0
Source: MoF
5. Government Intervention
•Government from 2017 set the Ghana Integrated Aluminum
Development Corporation (GIADEC):
•To promote and develop the integrated aluminum industry
•A USD 2 billion Master Project Support Agreement (MPSA)
with Sinohydro Corporation Limited the year after
•Besides scientific basis for the development of the bauxite
•Several concerns of costs and benefits argument have arisen
since
6. Description of the solution
• The paper analyzed the entire value of the industry:
• Mining of bauxite
• Refinery of bauxite into alumina
• Smelting of alumina into aluminium
• The methodology is cost-benefit analysis
• Due to uncertainties in data, a range of production volumes, cost and benefit values
were calculated
• Note due to data limitations potential environmental impacts are not included
-> results should be interpreted with this in mind
7. Costs: Bauxite – Alumina - Aluminium
• Ghana has large deposits of Bauxite – 540 million tonnes (Kesse, 1985), 780
million tones (Agbolosoo, 1991), GIADC to confirm official position soon
• Annual total costs ranged between $1 billion and $3.2 billion for the entire value
• Bauxite costs (average case) range from $122 million to $524 million at various
levels of production.
• Alumina production costs (average case) range between $540 million and $1.6
billion.
• Aluminium production costs (average case) are between $360 million and $1.1
billion at various levels of production
• These costs are inclusive of investment costs which are annualized over a 50-
year lifetime.
8. Potential annual benefits of the entire value chain
•Total benefits ranged between $934 million and $3.6 billion,
with a median value of $2.3 billion.
•The average benefits for bauxite production range between
$35.5 million and $284 million under different production levels
•Benefits in alumina production range between $320 million
which can increase to $1.8 billion
•Benefits of aluminium production lies between $583 million
and $1.6 billion given their production volumes
9. Net Benefits to Costs
•The net benefit for the entire IAI ranges between -
•$365 million to $560 million, with an average benefit of $140
million,
•Representing an average benefit-cost ratio of 1.1 (to 1 decimal
place) which is about 0.24 percent of Ghana's GDP
• Small BCR but very large absolute benefits
•Important considerations:
Flow-on effects such as direct and indirect employment, and
technological transfers, social, economic and environmental
costs not captured
10. Intervention 2: Special Economic Zones
• No formal benefit-cost analysis due to data limitations, unpredictable
costs and large uncertainty over benefits
• Emerging evidence internationally and from Ghana suggests it is
better to focus resources on economy wide reforms rather than
geographically delimited areas
• BCR of future SEZs is likely less than 1
• Tax and infrastructure incentives of SEZs are insufficient to attract FDI.
Labor, skills, non-economic infrastructure such as schools are key e.g.
see concentration of business in Accra and Tema
11. SUMMARY BCR TABLE
Interventions Benefit per year Cost per year BCR
Mining, processing,and
transformation ofbauxite into
alumina and aluminium
2287m USD per
year
2136m USD per
year
1.07
Special Economic Zones NA NA <1