With a population of nearly 30 million people, WHO estimates that approximately 13% of the population in Ghana suffer from a mental disorder, of which 3% suffer from a severe mental disorder and the other 10% suffer from a moderate to mild mental disorder (WHO, 2007).
In recent years, Ghana, like many other developing countries has been going through an epidemiologic transition where the proportion of deaths from non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing, particularly cardiovascular related diseases, cancers and diabetes (IHME, 2019).
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), malaria represents the largest cause of death and morbidity in the country as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (IHME, 2019). In 2017, the disease was responsible for around 19,000 deaths, almost as much as the combined death toll from HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis (IHME, 2019).
Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
In recent years, Ghana, like many other developing countries has been going through an epidemiologic transition where the proportion of deaths from non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing, particularly cardiovascular related diseases, cancers and diabetes (IHME, 2019).
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), malaria represents the largest cause of death and morbidity in the country as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (IHME, 2019). In 2017, the disease was responsible for around 19,000 deaths, almost as much as the combined death toll from HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis (IHME, 2019).
Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
Article 14(2) of Ghana’s Children’s Act (560) of 1998 defines child marriage as a marriage in which at least one partner is a child below the legal age of 18 years.
Unplanned pregnancies, including teenage pregnancy, perpetuated by low demand for, and lack of access to family planning are linked with higher risks of birth complications such as maternal deaths and early child deaths, and malnutrition in children under-five.
This is primarily based on a chapter from our most recent publication.
I want to acknowledge the authors of the chapter:
Melisa Tan, Victoria Haldane, Sue-Anne Toh & Helena Legido-Quigley from NUS
Martin McKee from LSHTM
Summary of the current 4 main NCDs situation in Asia including risk factors
Examples of health system response
Challenges
This second edition of the health system review of Philippines shows the major changes that have occurred over the 7 years since the last review. Channelling of funds from sin tax to Health has shown unprecedented levels of finances are now available for UHC. PhilHealth has dramatically increased coverage of people as well as service providers that it works with from both government and non-government sectors. However major challenges remain; regional and socioeconomic disparities in the availability and accessibility of resources are prominent and there is a need to improve regulation of service providers. Philippines HiT reports on the current health system reforms undertaken including challenges of incorporating primary health care as in the overall health architecture of the country.
The People’s Republic of China has made great achievements in improving health status over the past six decades, mainly due to the government’s commitment to health, provision of cost effective public health programmes, growing coverage of health financial protection mechanisms and investments in an extensive health-care delivery network.
Professor Kevin Balanda presents the findings from the Work Package 4 of the EU Joint Action on Nutrition and Physical Activity (WP4) - Paris, 24 November 2017
Cost-benefit analysis of Medication Assisted Treatment and Needle-Syringe Pro...Irma Kirtadze M.D.
This presentation was produced by Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia for the Addiction Research Development in Georgia Project funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Czech Development Agency (CzDA).
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
Article 14(2) of Ghana’s Children’s Act (560) of 1998 defines child marriage as a marriage in which at least one partner is a child below the legal age of 18 years.
Unplanned pregnancies, including teenage pregnancy, perpetuated by low demand for, and lack of access to family planning are linked with higher risks of birth complications such as maternal deaths and early child deaths, and malnutrition in children under-five.
This is primarily based on a chapter from our most recent publication.
I want to acknowledge the authors of the chapter:
Melisa Tan, Victoria Haldane, Sue-Anne Toh & Helena Legido-Quigley from NUS
Martin McKee from LSHTM
Summary of the current 4 main NCDs situation in Asia including risk factors
Examples of health system response
Challenges
This second edition of the health system review of Philippines shows the major changes that have occurred over the 7 years since the last review. Channelling of funds from sin tax to Health has shown unprecedented levels of finances are now available for UHC. PhilHealth has dramatically increased coverage of people as well as service providers that it works with from both government and non-government sectors. However major challenges remain; regional and socioeconomic disparities in the availability and accessibility of resources are prominent and there is a need to improve regulation of service providers. Philippines HiT reports on the current health system reforms undertaken including challenges of incorporating primary health care as in the overall health architecture of the country.
The People’s Republic of China has made great achievements in improving health status over the past six decades, mainly due to the government’s commitment to health, provision of cost effective public health programmes, growing coverage of health financial protection mechanisms and investments in an extensive health-care delivery network.
Professor Kevin Balanda presents the findings from the Work Package 4 of the EU Joint Action on Nutrition and Physical Activity (WP4) - Paris, 24 November 2017
Cost-benefit analysis of Medication Assisted Treatment and Needle-Syringe Pro...Irma Kirtadze M.D.
This presentation was produced by Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia for the Addiction Research Development in Georgia Project funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Czech Development Agency (CzDA).
Structured psychotherapies are treatments for mental health disorders that are recommended by international good practice guidelines. Their positive impact on the costs to healthcare funding bodies has been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, in France today, psychotherapies delivered in private practice settings are not reimbursed to patients by health cover systems.
A financial evaluation of covering the cost of psychotherapies was performed using the methodology of the British programme Improving Access for Psychological Therapies (2005). The cost of a session was estimated at 41€, the reimbursement rate by the compulsory health insurance system at 70% and 60% for the care of individuals aged 18 to 75 presenting common, chronic and/or severe mental disorders.
The yearly cost for the cover of psychotherapeutic care was 514 million euros (between 308M and 347M€ for the compulsory systems) to treat 1.033M individuals in France, or 2.3% of the population.
In terms of the cost-benefit ratio, 1€ invested in psychotherapeutic treatment could, depending on patient profile, save from 1.14€ to 1.95€.
France has the 14 300 professionals qualified to deliver the psychotherapies required to treat this population.
With a view to providing appropriate care for patients, inter-professional collaboration among GPs and mental health professionals, and between clinical psychiatrists and psychologists, appears essential. These recommendations should be defined in national good practice guidelines.
Community Health Financing: Lessons from EthiopiaHFG Project
Presentation during the Institutionalizing Community Health Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 28th, 2017. This presentation gives an overview of Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Ethiopia and recent evaluations, achievements, challenges, and scale-up updates of the pilot schemes.
Community Health Financing: Lessons from EthiopiaHFG Project
Presentation during the Institutionalizing Community Health Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 28th, 2017. This presentation gives an overview of Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) in Ethiopia and recent evaluations, achievements, challenges, and scale-up updates of the pilot schemes.
Update on the evidence to support deprescribing, a presentation by David Erskine, Director – London & South East Medicine Information Service (July 2017).
In Ghana, the prevalence of onsite sanitation is more than 85%. This means that when the receptacles containing the faecal sludge are full they have to be collected and treated before discharging into the environment. Unfortunately, there are very few treatment plants available in the country and fecal sludge is mostly dumped into water bodies, drains, trenches, farms, bushes, and other unauthorized places.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
The Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) is suffering from a major urban infrastructure gap. The region’s increasing economic growth has triggered rapid urbanization, characterized by expansion of built-up environment – roads, parking lots, and other structures with impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate easily so as to replenish the water table.
The economic growth literature suggests that the volume of infrastructure stock as well as its quality positively and impacts economic growth by, among others, decreasing the cost of production and transportation of goods and services, improving the productivity of input factors, and creating indirect positive externalities.
Poverty remains a problem in Ghana. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Integration of the youth (15- to 34-year-olds) in Ghana, who represents 35 percent of the population, into full and productive employment can be an important driver for growth and sustained development. The inability to improve labor productivity in the country continues to limit the performance of firms and enterprises across different economic sectors.
Over 1.6 million people died globally in 2017 from harmful exposure to PM2.5 emissions from household use of solid fuels such as wood, coal, charcoal, and agricultural residues for cooking according to estimates by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD 2017) Project.
Although the free senior high school (SHS) policy has greatly increased enrolment, it has led to a mismatch in the demand for secondary education and the available educational infrastructure. The double-track system was introduced to circumvent this hurdle.
Ghana has made great strides in education enrolment in the MDG and SDG era, with near universal primary school enrolment and equality between boys and girls (World Bank, 2019).
The Copenhagen Consensus Centre in collaboration with the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) and the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), conducted a “Policy Validation” Seminar for the Ghana Priorities Project on 27 of June, 2019.
The purpose of the “Policy Validation” seminar was to present the list of policy interventions to Government agencies involved in policy formulation, planning and implementation for discussion, reach consensus and validation of the policy interventions.
35 policy directors from all the ministries participated in the validation seminar.
On June 14, 2018 the India Consensus prioritization methodology was presented at a NITI Aayog in Delhi. The event was attended by Planning Secretaries of 29 States and two Union Territories along with representatives from most ministries under the aegis of both Vice-chair Dr Rajiv Kumar and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Shri Amitabh Kant.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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2. Context
• About 13% of approximately 30 million people in Ghana suffer from a
mental disorder.
3% suffer from severe mental disorder; 10% suffer from moderate to mild mental
disorder
• The treatment gap for mental health disorders in Ghana is estimated to
be more than 98% (WHO, 2007).
- Inadequate mental health specialists, primary care physicians
- Little training in mental health—only about 3% of entire training
- Inadequate infrastructure – three specialized hospitals
• Global economic cost of mental illness
- Est. at $2.5 trillion, projected to increase to $6 trillion by 2030
- Low investment in mental health (less than 1% of the health budget in many countries)
4. Background
• Intervention 1: Screening and Treatment of Depression
- About 13,202 people (40% of the pop with depression) projected to
receive treatment
- A projected 30% (3,961) treatment recipients to remain on
antidepressants for life.
• Intervention 2: Screening and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- About 11,362 (40% of the pop with condition) people projected to
receive treatment
- A projected 30% (3,409) treatment recipients to remain on
antidepressants for life.
• Intervention 3: Screening and Treatment of Schizophrenia
- About 667 people (40% of the pop with disease) projected to receive
treatment
- Schizophrenia patients receive treatment for life
5. Screening and treatment of depression would cost GHS 110.3m
for 13,202 cases within a period of 10 years without discounting
Target population
• 13,202 depression cases (30% to remain of anti-
depressant for life)
Treatment duration
10 years
Costs = 110.3m cedi (undiscounted cost est.)
• Direct medical cost of depression screening and
treatment is 42.3m cedi (38.3% of total cost)
• Direct non-medical cost of depression screening
and treatment is 50.2m cedi (45.5% of total cost)
• Indirect cost of depression screening and
treatment is 17.9m cedi (16.2% of total cost)
38.3%
45.5%
16.2%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Percent
(%)
Cost of depression screening and
treatment
Direct medical cost Direct non-medical cost
Indirect cost
6. Benefits through the impact of a depression programme
• The total expected benefits through
the impact of a depression programme
on employment is estimated at GHS
948m (undiscounted cost est.)
- Benefits in terms of patient productivity
loss est. at GHS565m
- Caregiver’s benefits derived from
caregiver productivity loss est. at GHS
271m
- Benefits from averted self-harm est. at
GHS23m.
- Benefits from averted suicide est. at
GHS87m.
437
380
295
210
182
142
18 16 12
66 57 43
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14%
Patient Caregiver Averted self-harm Averted suicide
GHS
(million)
Benefits of mental health programmes for
depression (Discounted at 5%,8% & 14%)
7. Screening and treatment of anxiety disorders would cost GHS
108.3m for 11,362 cases within a period of 10 years without
disc.
Target population
• 11,362 anxiety disorder cases (30% to remain of
anti-depressant for life)
Treatment duration
10 years
Costs = 110.3m cedi (undiscounted cost est.)
• Direct medical cost of depression screening and
treatment is 42.8m cedi (39.6% of total cost)
• Direct non-medical cost of depression screening
and treatment is 43.2m cedi (39.8% of total cost)
• Indirect cost of depression screening and
treatment is 22.3m cedi (20.6% of total cost)
39.6%
39.8%
20.6%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Percent
(%)
Cost of anxiety disorder screening and
treatment
Direct medical cost Direct non-medical cost
Indirect cost
8. Benefits through the impact of an anxiety disorder
programme
• The total expected benefits through
the impact of an anxiety disorder
programme on employment is
estimated at GHS 610m (undiscounted
cost est.)
- Benefits in terms of patient productivity
loss est. at GHS292m
- Caregiver’s benefits derived from
caregiver productivity loss est. at GHS
292m
- Benefits from averted self-harm est. at
GHS20m.
- Benefits from averted suicide est. at
GHS63m.
226
196
152
180
157
122
16 14 11
64
48
31
0
50
100
150
200
250
5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14%
Patient Caregiver Averted self-
harm
Averted suicide
GHS
(million)
Benefits of mental health programmes for anxiety
disorder (Discounted at 5%,8% & 14%)
9. Screening and treatment of Schizophrenia would cost GHS 36m
for 667 cases within a period of 10 years without discounting
Target population
• 667 schizophrenia cases (schizophrenia patients
receive treatment for life)
Treatment duration
10 years
Costs = 36m cedi (undiscounted cost est.)
• Direct medical cost of depression screening and
treatment is 22.8m cedi (63.2% of total cost)
• Direct non-medical cost of depression screening
and treatment is 8.7m cedi (24.3% of total cost)
• Indirect cost of depression screening and
treatment is 4.5m cedi (12.5% of total cost)
63.2%
24.3%
12.5%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Percent
(%)
Cost of Schizophrenia screening and
treatment
Direct medical cost Direct non-medical cost
Indirect cost
10. Benefits through the impact of a Schizophrenia programme
• The total expected benefits through
the impact of a schizophrenia
programme on employment is
estimated at GHS66m (undiscounted
cost est.)
- Benefits in terms of patient productivity
loss est. at GHS43m
- Caregiver’s benefits derived from
caregiver productivity loss est. at GHS
17m
- Benefits from averted self-harm est. at
GHS1m.
- Benefits from averted suicide est. at
GHS4m.
33
29
23
13 12
9
0.8 0.7 0.5
4 3 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14% 5% 8% 14%
Patient Caregiver Averted self-
harm
Averted suicide
GHS
(million)
Benefits of mental health programmes for
Schizophrenia (Discounted at 5%,8% & 14%)
