In Ghana, the prevalence of onsite sanitation is more than 85%. This means that when the receptacles containing the faecal sludge are full they have to be collected and treated before discharging into the environment. Unfortunately, there are very few treatment plants available in the country and fecal sludge is mostly dumped into water bodies, drains, trenches, farms, bushes, and other unauthorized places.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
The Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) is suffering from a major urban infrastructure gap. The region’s increasing economic growth has triggered rapid urbanization, characterized by expansion of built-up environment – roads, parking lots, and other structures with impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate easily so as to replenish the water table.
Presented by Olufunke Cofie at the National WASH Action Plan Research and Capacity Building Agenda Setting Workshop in Abuja, Nigeria on February 17-18, 2020.
Urban sanitation coverage in Ghana like in many other developing countries is low with only 25% of the people with access to basic sanitation (improved, non-shared sanitation) (Appiah-Effah et al., 2019). Already, poor urban sanitation is strongly linked to increased disease burdens and associated cost (Berendes et al., 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019).
The Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) is suffering from a major urban infrastructure gap. The region’s increasing economic growth has triggered rapid urbanization, characterized by expansion of built-up environment – roads, parking lots, and other structures with impervious surfaces that do not allow water to infiltrate easily so as to replenish the water table.
Presented by Olufunke Cofie at the National WASH Action Plan Research and Capacity Building Agenda Setting Workshop in Abuja, Nigeria on February 17-18, 2020.
Introduction
The clean Tech Revolution
Objectives
Main Characteristics of Clean Technology
Cleaner Technology principles
Cleaner Technology practices
Top 10 clean technology breakthroughs
Challenges or disadvantages of Green Technology
Conclusion
This is a presentation given at the 2009 Phycological Society of Southern Africa conference. The presentation looks at creating a debit credit account for an existing IMTA system in South Africa.
Howard Wood - Presentation at The Sustainable Green Infrastructure Conference...Green Social Engineering
Howard Wood, Director of Landscape & Sustainable Services Ltd, after graduating in Environmental Sciences in 1979, has been leading initiatives in Sustainable Landscape Management in Europe and the UK for over 35 years.
In 2002 the Lyon City Parks Department commissioned Howard to deliver a sustainable practice training programme for their 300 gardeners and technicians. This resulted in environmentally friendly solutions being applied to existing maintenance operations and a significant reduction on the park’s operational budget. Howard has featured in television documentaries in France speaking about ecological dynamics and Green Infrastructure and speaks at conferences throughout Europe. Howard has been working on projects in Tunisia, Morocco and the Ivory Coast and presented a Sustainable Landscape Management Strategy to the City of Lisbon.
In 2010 Howard carried out a first ever carbon audit for a City Park in the UK which not only looked at its carbon footprint but compared it with carbon sequestration in trees, shrubs, grasses and topsoil. BAM Nuttall requested Howard to carry out field experiments on urban flower mixes for the London 2012 Olympic Park. Current themes of work include Urban Meadow flower displays in the UK and research on Carbon Sequestration in grass varieties with DLF France.
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA ( Egypt)Helalley Helalley
After full operation of secondary treatment at the East and West treatment plants, the future production of sludge from these plants and from Amriya and Agamy secondary treatment plants in addition to the rest 14 secondary treatment plants all around Alexandria is expected to exceed than 1200 m3/d by 2015 thus the capacity if the sludge disposal site should exceed. Therefore, the future sewage sludge management represents a critical environmental issue in Alexandria, this management includes sludge dewatering, handling, transportation cost to the disposal sites and the final product marketing.
As the capacity of Alexandria sludge disposal system will be limited by the increase in sludge production and the current management system, there is an immediate need to investigate ways to establish a future management system and to demonstrate successful operations at higher sludge producing rates.
Currently, Site 9N the sole disposal site in Alexandria include a composting plant established when the site was initially developed as a dedicated disposal area for sludge. Consequently, land spreading of the sludge on the dedicated disposal area has ceased and all of the current production of raw sludge is now being composted using the turned windrow technique.
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIAHelalley Helalley
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010Helalley Helalley
After full operation of secondary treatment at the East and West treatment plants, the future production of sludge from these plants and from Amriya and Agamy secondary treatment plants in addition to the rest 14 secondary treatment plants all around Alexandria is expected to exceed than 1200 m3/d by 2015 thus the capacity if the sludge disposal site should exceed. Therefore, the future sewage sludge management represents a critical environmental issue in Alexandria, this management includes sludge dewatering, handling, transportation cost to the disposal sites and the final product marketing.
As the capacity of Alexandria sludge disposal system will be limited by the increase in sludge production and the current management system, there is an immediate need to investigate ways to establish a future management system and to demonstrate successful operations at higher sludge producing rates.
Currently, Site 9N the sole disposal site in Alexandria include a composting plant established when the site was initially developed as a dedicated disposal area for sludge. Consequently, land spreading of the sludge on the dedicated disposal area has ceased and all of the current production of raw sludge is now being composted using the turned windrow technique.
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
Day 2 IUCN The case for using ecosystem service valuation and economic instru...elodieperrat
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The economic growth literature suggests that the volume of infrastructure stock as well as its quality positively and impacts economic growth by, among others, decreasing the cost of production and transportation of goods and services, improving the productivity of input factors, and creating indirect positive externalities.
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Similar to Ghana Priorities: Fecal Treatment and Reuse
Introduction
The clean Tech Revolution
Objectives
Main Characteristics of Clean Technology
Cleaner Technology principles
Cleaner Technology practices
Top 10 clean technology breakthroughs
Challenges or disadvantages of Green Technology
Conclusion
This is a presentation given at the 2009 Phycological Society of Southern Africa conference. The presentation looks at creating a debit credit account for an existing IMTA system in South Africa.
Howard Wood - Presentation at The Sustainable Green Infrastructure Conference...Green Social Engineering
Howard Wood, Director of Landscape & Sustainable Services Ltd, after graduating in Environmental Sciences in 1979, has been leading initiatives in Sustainable Landscape Management in Europe and the UK for over 35 years.
In 2002 the Lyon City Parks Department commissioned Howard to deliver a sustainable practice training programme for their 300 gardeners and technicians. This resulted in environmentally friendly solutions being applied to existing maintenance operations and a significant reduction on the park’s operational budget. Howard has featured in television documentaries in France speaking about ecological dynamics and Green Infrastructure and speaks at conferences throughout Europe. Howard has been working on projects in Tunisia, Morocco and the Ivory Coast and presented a Sustainable Landscape Management Strategy to the City of Lisbon.
In 2010 Howard carried out a first ever carbon audit for a City Park in the UK which not only looked at its carbon footprint but compared it with carbon sequestration in trees, shrubs, grasses and topsoil. BAM Nuttall requested Howard to carry out field experiments on urban flower mixes for the London 2012 Olympic Park. Current themes of work include Urban Meadow flower displays in the UK and research on Carbon Sequestration in grass varieties with DLF France.
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA ( Egypt)Helalley Helalley
After full operation of secondary treatment at the East and West treatment plants, the future production of sludge from these plants and from Amriya and Agamy secondary treatment plants in addition to the rest 14 secondary treatment plants all around Alexandria is expected to exceed than 1200 m3/d by 2015 thus the capacity if the sludge disposal site should exceed. Therefore, the future sewage sludge management represents a critical environmental issue in Alexandria, this management includes sludge dewatering, handling, transportation cost to the disposal sites and the final product marketing.
As the capacity of Alexandria sludge disposal system will be limited by the increase in sludge production and the current management system, there is an immediate need to investigate ways to establish a future management system and to demonstrate successful operations at higher sludge producing rates.
Currently, Site 9N the sole disposal site in Alexandria include a composting plant established when the site was initially developed as a dedicated disposal area for sludge. Consequently, land spreading of the sludge on the dedicated disposal area has ceased and all of the current production of raw sludge is now being composted using the turned windrow technique.
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIAHelalley Helalley
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010Helalley Helalley
After full operation of secondary treatment at the East and West treatment plants, the future production of sludge from these plants and from Amriya and Agamy secondary treatment plants in addition to the rest 14 secondary treatment plants all around Alexandria is expected to exceed than 1200 m3/d by 2015 thus the capacity if the sludge disposal site should exceed. Therefore, the future sewage sludge management represents a critical environmental issue in Alexandria, this management includes sludge dewatering, handling, transportation cost to the disposal sites and the final product marketing.
As the capacity of Alexandria sludge disposal system will be limited by the increase in sludge production and the current management system, there is an immediate need to investigate ways to establish a future management system and to demonstrate successful operations at higher sludge producing rates.
Currently, Site 9N the sole disposal site in Alexandria include a composting plant established when the site was initially developed as a dedicated disposal area for sludge. Consequently, land spreading of the sludge on the dedicated disposal area has ceased and all of the current production of raw sludge is now being composted using the turned windrow technique.
The present study aims to evaluate the current efficiency of the sludge management system and adopt a future vision for the Alexandria sludge system and recommend modifications to protect public health and environment.
Day 2 IUCN The case for using ecosystem service valuation and economic instru...elodieperrat
Workshop on Alignment & implementation of National Action programmes with the UNCCD 10-year Strategy in the Arab Region
League of Arab States (18- 20 June 2014), Dubai - UAE
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The economic growth literature suggests that the volume of infrastructure stock as well as its quality positively and impacts economic growth by, among others, decreasing the cost of production and transportation of goods and services, improving the productivity of input factors, and creating indirect positive externalities.
Poverty remains a problem. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Poverty remains a problem in Ghana. There is an overall reduction in national poverty over the last 3 decades, but this masks the persistent spatial concentration of poverty and high inequality.
Integration of the youth (15- to 34-year-olds) in Ghana, who represents 35 percent of the population, into full and productive employment can be an important driver for growth and sustained development. The inability to improve labor productivity in the country continues to limit the performance of firms and enterprises across different economic sectors.
Over 1.6 million people died globally in 2017 from harmful exposure to PM2.5 emissions from household use of solid fuels such as wood, coal, charcoal, and agricultural residues for cooking according to estimates by the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD 2017) Project.
Although the free senior high school (SHS) policy has greatly increased enrolment, it has led to a mismatch in the demand for secondary education and the available educational infrastructure. The double-track system was introduced to circumvent this hurdle.
Ghana has made great strides in education enrolment in the MDG and SDG era, with near universal primary school enrolment and equality between boys and girls (World Bank, 2019).
TB is responsible for around 5 percent of total deaths in Ghana annually, and the decline in TB burden is markedly slow, with an average 2.5 percent reduction in TB incidence year on year (GTB 2018).
With a population of nearly 30 million people, WHO estimates that approximately 13% of the population in Ghana suffer from a mental disorder, of which 3% suffer from a severe mental disorder and the other 10% suffer from a moderate to mild mental disorder (WHO, 2007).
Over the last three decades, Ghana has invested large amounts of effort in implementing various strategies to reduce maternal and child mortality in the country.
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), malaria represents the largest cause of death and morbidity in the country as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (IHME, 2019). In 2017, the disease was responsible for around 19,000 deaths, almost as much as the combined death toll from HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis (IHME, 2019).
The health status of Ghanaians has evolved over time, from predominant inflictions from infectious diseases and negative maternal and child health outcomes that prevailed at the time of independence in the late 1950s, to the addition of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, etc. that prevail in present times.
In recent years, Ghana, like many other developing countries has been going through an epidemiologic transition where the proportion of deaths from non-communicable diseases is rapidly increasing, particularly cardiovascular related diseases, cancers and diabetes (IHME, 2019).
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
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Ghana Priorities: Fecal Treatment and Reuse
1. EminentPanelConference,Accra,August7th -9th,2020
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF FAECAL SLUDGE
MANAGEMENT IN GHANA
Esi Awuaha, Ahmed Issahakua, Martha Osei-Marfob, Sampson Oduro
Kwartenga, Micheal Addo Aziatsia and Copenhagen Consensus.
a(Dept. of Civil Engineering, KNUST)
b(Dept. of Water and Sanitation, UCC)
2. Faecal Sludge characteristics
• Human excreta production 130-450g of excreta daily and 1.4L of urine everyday
• Major source of pathogens viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminths
• Source of nutrients –Nitrogen, Phosphorous etc
• Source of Energy in the form of organic carbon
• The pathogens calls for treatment before its application and use
• Calling for proper handling and management of excreta leading to now what we
will call sanitation
Sanitation is basically the protection of a community from
diseases associated with poor waste management practices
and the improvement in the overall environmental quality.
5. Problems Associated with Poor Faecal Sludge Management
• About 85% of onsite sanitation
toilet technologies in Ghana.
• This leads to improper dumping of the waste
leading to rapid transmission of diseases.
• 88% of diarrhea diseases in Accra due to Sanitation
• 41million cases of Diarrhea in 2017 nation wide
• The diseases due to poor sanitation including improper
disposal of faecal sludge is 290million dollars.
• 1.6% of GDP
6. DESCRIPTION OF FAECAL SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
2. Comprehensive treatment
plant
3. Faecal sludge treatment biogas to electricity plant at
Lavender Hill in Accra
4. Sludge biomass to electricity
1. Waste Stabilization ponds
9. Comprehensive treatment plants would cost 1,349m cedis with
CAPEX costs of 642m cedis
Total Costs = 1,349m cedis
Capex costs = 642m cedis
• 9.1m cedis fixed cost per plant
• 82,000 cedis per m3 daily treatment capacity
• 280m3 average daily treatment req per plant
• 3.2m cedis fixed cost for 2km access road per plant
Opex and enforcement costs = 101m cedis in year 1
• 12% of capex (based on study from Dakar, Senegal)
• 24% of capex for those near coast
• 40% increased enforcement capacity
Estimated lifespan of each plant
• Ideal scenario: 15 years if properly maintained
• Realistic scenario: Only 50% of plants are still operating after
10 years. This accounts for:
• Technical, financial and other maintenance issues that
prevent continued operations
• Lack of compliance with sanitation laws and
indiscriminate dumping of sludge
-
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
700,000,000
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
GHS
Costs of comprehensive treatment plants
Capex Costs Opex Costs
10. Intervention will avoid 329 deaths and 1.9m cases of diarrhea in
the first year
Benefits = 3962m cedis
Health benefits
• Assume faecal sludge treatment can maximally reduce diarrheal
disease by 30%
• Estimation inferred from meta-analyses and a study on pathogen
transmission in Accra though evidence is limited
• Leads to 329 deaths and 1.9 m cases of diarrhea avoided initially,
decreasing in line with plant failure
• This effect size is tempered by reported regional estimates of
i) sewer coverage and ii) open defecation
• FST cannot influence pathogens that are already transmitted via
sewer or that are defecated direct into the environment
• Largest effect size is in Ashanti (26%), lowest effect size is Upper East
(10%)
Other benefits
• Does NOT include other potential benefits from cleaner
environment including tourism, lack of smell,
improved biodiversity
-
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
Benefits
Initial decrease due
to plant failure
Later increase due
increase in value of
life years in line
with GDP
11. BCR of comprehensive treatment plants is 2.9
Intervention Benefits
(millions cedis)
Costs
(millions cedis)
BCR
Comprehensive treatment
plants across Ghana
3962 1349 2.9
12. Comprehensive FST targeted areas
• The areas targeted for this intervention are Tema Metropolis, Cape Coast metropolis, Effutu
Municipal, Adansi North, Kumasi Metropolis, Sunyani Municipal, New Juaben Municipal, Tamale
Metropolis, Sekondi/Takoradi Metropolis, Bolgatanga, Wa, Ho Municipal, Bunkprugo-Yunyoo,
Nkwanta South, Sawla-Tuna-Kalba, Asunafo North, Sefwi Wiaso and Techiman Municipal. All the
sixteen regions in Ghana were considered.
(18 areas)
• Cumulatively, a total of about 6.8 million people will be reached by
the intervention.
14. Biogas to Energy (Electricity)
Costs = 1579m cedis
Capex costs = 784m cedis
• 7.8m cedis fixed cost per plant
• 27,000 cedis per m3 daily treatment capacity
• 200m3 average daily treatment req per plant
• 3.2m cedis fixed cost for 2km access road per plant
Opex and enforcement costs = 115m cedis p.a. in year 1
• 12% of capex (based on study from Dakar, Senegal)
• 24% of capex for those near coast
• 40% increase in enforcement capacity
Estimated lifespan of each plant
• Ideal scenario: 15 years if properly maintained
• Realistic scenario: Only 50% of plants are still
operating after 10 years.
Benefits = 7485m cedis
Health benefits
• Assume faecal sludge treatment can maximally reduce
diarrheal disease by 30%
• Leads to 591 deaths and 3.8m cases of diarrhea avoided initially,
decreasing at the same rate as plant failure
Resource recovery benefits
• 48,000 kWh produced per year
• 1.3 cedis per kWh economic benefit (based on Ghanaian
study)
• Very minor contribution, <1% of benefits
Other benefits
• Does NOT include other potential benefits from cleaner
environment including tourism, lack of smell, improved
biodiversity
15. Sludge to Energy (Electricity)
Costs = 1395m cedis
Capex costs = 688m cedis
• 7.8m cedis fixed cost per plant
• 18,000 cedis per m3 daily treatment capacity
• 200m3 average daily treatment req per plant
• 3.2m cedis fixed cost for 2km access road per plant
Opex costs = 102m cedis in year 1
• 12% of capex (based on study from Dakar, Senegal)
• 24% of capex for those near coast
• 40% increase in enforcement capacity
Estimated lifespan of each plant
• Ideal scenario: 15 years if properly maintained
• Realistic scenario: Only 50% of plants are still
operating after 10 years.
Benefits = 7451 m cedis
Health benefits
• Assume faecal sludge treatment can maximally reduce
diarrheal disease by 30%
• Leads to 591 deaths and 3.8 m cases of diarrhea avoided
initially, decreasing at the same rate as plant failure
Resource recovery benefits
• Very minor contribution, <1% of benefits
Other benefits
• Does NOT include other potential benefits from cleaner
environment including tourism, lack of smell, improved
biodiversity
16. BCR of Energy/Resource Recovery Systems
Intervention Benefits
(millions cedis)
Costs
(millions cedis)
BCR
Biogas to Energy 7485m 1579m 4.7
Sludge to Energy 7451m 1395m 5.3
17. Sludge to Electricity Target areas
• The areas targeted for this intervention are Tema Metropolis, Cape coast metropolis, Effutu
Municipal, Adansi North, Kumasi Metropolis, Sunyani Municipal, New Juaben Municipal, Tamale
Metropolis, Sekondi/Takoradi Metropolis, Bolgatanga, Wa, Ho Municipal, Bunkprugo-Yunyoo,
Nkwanta South, Sawla-Tuna-Kalba, Asunafo North, Sefwi Wiaso, Techiman Municipal, Ada west,
Ashaiman Municipal, Agona west Municipal, Ajumako-Enyan-Essiam, Assin Central, Twifo-Heman-
Lower Denkyira, Asokore Mampong, Atwima Kwanwoma, Mampong Municipal, Sekyere Central,
Berekum Municipal, Dormaa Central Municipal, Jaman North, Birim North, Birim Central
Municipal, Fanteakwa, Karaga, Nanumba North, Sagnerigu Municipal, Yendi, Ahanta West, Nzema
East, Wassa Amenfi West, Bawku, Garu Tempane, Talensi, Jirapa, Lawra, Sissala East Akatsi south,
ketu south North Tongu, Chereponi Mamprusi East,Biakoye, Krachi East, Bole Gonja Central Asutifi
South, Tano North, Aowin, Bia west, Sefwi Bibiani-Ahwiaso Bekwai, Atebubu Amantin, Kintampo
North Municipal, Pru and Nkoranza South. All the sixteen regions in Ghana were considered.
(64 areas)
• Cumulatively, a total of about 14 million people would be reached by
the intervention in the country.
19. Stabilization ponds across Ghana would cost 926m cedi with
capex costs of 436m cedis
Costs = 926m cedis
Capex costs = 436m cedis
• 2.3m cedis fixed cost per pond
• 34,000 cedis per m3 daily treatment capacity
• 120m3 average daily treatment req per pond
• 3.2m cedis fixed cost for 2km access road per pond
Opex and enforcement costs = 59m cedis in year 1
• 12% of capex (based on study from Dakar, Senegal)
• 24% of capex for those near coast
• 40% increase in enforcement capacity
Estimated lifespan of each pond
• Ideal scenario: 15 years if properly maintained
• Realistic scenario: Only 75% of ponds are still operating after 5
years. This accounts for:
• Technical, financial and other maintenance issues that prevent
continued operations
• Lack of compliance with sanitation laws and indiscriminate
dumping of sludge
-
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
GHS
Costs of stabilization ponds
Capex Costs Opex Costs
20. -
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
700,000,000
Benefits
Intervention will avoid 263 deaths and 1.9m cases of diarrhea in
the first year
Benefits = 4113m cedis
Health benefits
• Assume faecal sludge treatment can maximally reduce diarrheal
disease by 30%
• Estimation inferred from meta-analyses and a study on pathogen
transmission in Accra though evidence is limited
• Leads to 263 deaths and 1.9m cases of diarrhea avoided initially,
decreasing in line with plant failure
• This effect size is tempered by reported regional estimates of i)
sewer coverage and ii) open defecation
• FST cannot influence pathogens that are already transmitted via sewer
or that are defecated direct into the environment
• Largest effect size is in Ashanti (26%), lowest effect size is Upper East
(10%)
Other benefits
• Does NOT include other potential benefits from cleaner
environment including tourism, lack of smell, improved biodiversity
Benefits increase as value
of mortality risk
reduction increases with
GDP growth
21. Targeted areas for Waste stabilization ponds
• Ada West, Ashiaman Municipal, Agona West Municipal, Ajumako-Eryan-Essiam, Assin
Central, Twifo-Heman-Lower Denkyira, Asokore Mampon, Atwoma Kwanwoma,
Mampong Municipal, Sekyere central, Berekum Municipal, Dormaa central Municipal,
Jaman North, Birim North, Birim Municipal, Fanteakwa, Karaga, Nanumba north,
Sagnerigu Municipal, Yendi, Ahanta West, Nzema East, Wassa Amenfi West, Bawku, Garu
Tempane, Talensi, Jirapa, Lawra, Sissala East Akatsi south, ketu south North Tongu,
Chereponi Mamprusi East,Biakoye, Krachi East, Bole Gonja Central Asutifi South, Tano
North, Aowin, Bia west, Sefwi Bibiani-Ahwiaso Bekwai, Atebubu Amantin, Kintampo
North Municipal, Pru and Nkoranza South. All the sixteen regions in Ghana were
considered.
(46 areas)
• Cumulatively, a total of about 7.1 million people would be reached by
the intervention in the country.
22. BCR of stabilization pond is 4.4 across all Ghana
Intervention Benefits
(millions cedis)
Costs
(millions cedis)
BCR
Stabilization ponds across all
Ghana
4113m 926m 4.4
23. BCR Summary of Faecal sludge interventions
Intervention Benefits
(millions
cedis)
Costs
(millions
cedis)
BCR
Comprehensive
treatment plants
3962m 1349m 2.9
Biogas to energy
plants
7485m 1579m 4.7
Sludge to energy
plants
7451m 1395m 5.3
Stabilization ponds 4113m 926m 4.4
Notes
• All interventions pass benefit-cost
test but overall evidence base is
limited
• Evidence on diarrhea benefits is
very limited, 30% reduction as a
maximum benefit seems
reasonable but no studies to date
confirm this with high certainty
• Evidence of failure rates across
time are also limited -> affects long
term costs and benefits
24. Intervention Areas
1. Comprehensive treatment plants, BCR = 2.9
- Urban district capitals across Ghana
- Targeting 18 sites across Ghana with 6.8m population served
2. Resource recovery plants (sludge to electricity, biogas to electricity), BCR = 4.7
to 5.3
- Can be placed in peri-urban or urban sites
- Targeting 64 sites across Ghana with 14 million population served
3. Stabilization ponds, BCR = 4.4
- Peri-urban sites across Ghana with enough land availability
- Targeting 46 sites across Ghana with 7.1 population served
26. Sensitivity Analysis
BCR for
Comprehensive
BCR for
Stabilization
Pond
BCR for
Biogas to
energy
BCR for
Sludge to
Energy
Central 2.9 4.4 4.7 5.3
No failure 3.4 4.8 5.5 6.2
Failure is twice
as fast and large 2.5 3.7 4.0 4.5
Diarrhea
impact +50% 4.4 6.7 7.1 8.0
Diarrhea
impact -50% 1.5 2.2 2.4 2.7
Costs +25% 2.3 3.6 3.8 4.3
Costs -25% 3.9 5.9 6.3 7.1
27. Recommendations
• The Environmental Impact Assessment should be considered before implementation.
• More detailed site specific studies to ascertain more precise benefits to costs before project
implementation.
• Plants when installed should be managed by Public Private Partnership and paid based on
performance contract.
• The Assemblies and regulatory bodies should ensure that this is done.
• Plan for Land acquisition for treatment plants should be done as a matter of urgency
• More research studies on current treatment facilities is needed to assess the real economic
benefits