The document discusses Germany's "special path" (Sonderweg) theory of history. It argues that Germany industrialized later than other Western European countries and failed to have a successful bourgeois revolution in 1848. German unification was achieved militarily by Prussia rather than through a liberal democratic movement. The Weimar Republic that followed World War 1 was not fully accepted by the German population. Throughout, antidemocratic elites dominated and Prussian militarism remained influential, culminating ultimately in the rise of the Third Reich. The document examines how these factors are seen as contributing to Germany having a "distinctive" and non-Western path to modernity.

1. Germany’s ‘special path’ History of Germany Lecture 1

2. Tuesday, 9.30 am Jessica Howlett Claudia Kreklau Rachel Dawson Amanda Taylor Andrew Hales Jo Swarbrick Anthony Hartley Ben Norland Tuesday, 2.30 pm Jack Langmore Rebecca Neale Charlotte Allchorn Julie Richards Ben Hankinson Dean Simons Matthew Barry Rob Catton Friday, 9.30 am Jen Boscoe Beth Clinton Nigel Ellams Sebastian Evans Karly Melaragno Vanessa O’Donnell Elizabeth Railton Friday, 1.00 pm Tom Makin Emily Jones Joseph Emly Martin Moore Ben Holness Peter Timothy Jack Emmingham Chris Small

8. 1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles , über alles in der Welt, wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze brüderlich zusammenhält! Von der Maas bis an die Memel, von der Etsch bis an den Belt: |: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt! :| 2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang sollen in der Welt behalten ihren alten schönen Klang, uns zu edler Tat begeistern unser ganzes Leben lang: |: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :| 3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit für das deutsche Vaterland! Danach lasst uns alle streben brüderlich mit Herz und Hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit sind des Glückes Unterpfand; |: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes, blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :| 1. Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world, when always, for protection, we stand together as brothers. From the Meuse to the Neman, from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world. :| August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben

11. 1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles , über alles in der Welt, wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutze brüderlich zusammenhält! Von der Maas bis an die Memel, von der Etsch bis an den Belt: |: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt! :| 2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang sollen in der Welt behalten ihren alten schönen Klang, uns zu edler Tat begeistern unser ganzes Leben lang: |: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :| 3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit für das deutsche Vaterland! Danach lasst uns alle streben brüderlich mit Herz und Hand! Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit sind des Glückes Unterpfand; |: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes, blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :| 1. Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world, when always, for protection, we stand together as brothers. From the Meuse to the Neman, from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all, above anything in the world. :| 2. German women, German fidelity, German wine and German song, Shall retain, throughout the world, Their old respected fame, To inspire us to noble deeds For the length of our lives. German women, German fidelity, German wine and German song. 3. Unity and right and freedom For the German Fatherland; Let us all strive to this goal Brotherly, with heart and hand. Unity and rights and freedom Are the pledge of fortune grand. Prosper in this fortune's glory, Prosper German fatherland.

12. 1. Heil dir im Siegerkranz, Herrscher des Vaterlands! Heil, Kaiser, dir! Fühl in des Thrones Glanz Die hohe Wonne ganz, Liebling des Volks zu sein! Heil Kaiser, dir! 1. Hail to thee in victor's crown, Ruler of the fatherland! Hail to thee, Kaiser! Feel in the throne's glow The high ecstasy in full To be darling of thy people! Hail to thee, Kaiser !

15. Germania 1848 Germania, 1914 Friedrich August von Kaulbach, 192 x 147 cm

18. German Dualism and the Founding of the German Empire 1859-1871 Efforts to reform the German Confederation Prussia takes the lead in Germany with the help of the Zollverein (Customs Union) German-Danish war 1864 Greater Germany Lesser Germany Prussian-Austrian War 1866 Austria excluded from Germany Prussia founds the North German Confederation Napoleon III taken prisoner in September 1870 Declaration of war by France, July 1870 Founding of the Empire in Versailles in January 1871 Austria Prussia Breakdown of the Frankfurt Assembly of German Princes 1863 France neutral Alliance with Italy Austria brings an action against Prussia in front of the Federal Diet. Prussia declares the end of the German Confederation.

19. Painting by A. v. Werner

22. Constitutional Conflict in Prussia 1858: “New Era” under William I Old Liberals with 55% of the deputies in the Prussian Diet Army Reform King’s Army vs. Army of the Parliament Constitutional conflict German Progressive Party (Old Liberals 40%, Progressivists 29.3% in Diet) 1862: William I appoints Bismarck to be Minister President of Prussia “ Lückentheorie ”: 1862-1866, governing without legal budget Liberals with 2/3 majority in Diet Victorious wars 1864 und 1866 Diet idemnifies government 1866 Founding of the National Liberal party

24. “ Nation as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent … political destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates preexisting cultures: that is a reality”. (Ernest Gellner)

25. “ Nations do not make states and nationalisms but the other way round”. (Eric Hobsbawm)

27. http://nationalismproject.org

29. Friedrich II (Frederick II the Great ), King of Prussia, as commander of his troops Painting by Antoine Pesne, 1745

30. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

31. Field Marshal of the Reich Paul von Hindenburg Wilhelm II