The document discusses various topics related to microbes and infectious diseases. It provides information on common diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It discusses how microbes spread and identifies groups most at risk of infection like the elderly, young children and pregnant women. It emphasizes the importance of hand washing and cleaning surfaces to prevent spread of infection. It also addresses appropriate antibiotic use and risks of antibiotic resistance.

1. GERMS, GERMS EVERYWHERE….. Dr. Shalini Ratan MBBS, MD ( Microbiology) Post Doc ( Molecular Biology) Mumbai

2. Communicable diseases

3. Is’nt it alarming !!!!! The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed 20 to 40 million people around the world. Avian Influenza in West Bengal. Dengue a global public health problem. 2.5 million people in India living with HIV virus . India accounts for one-fifth of the global TB incident cases . 80% of reported cases of malaria in the SEA region are being contributed by India.

4. Should’nt you ???

5. A familiar, often-used word for microbes that cause disease is " germs ."

6. Germs are abundant on Earth Microbes locked in Antarctic ice ... Ice in Antarctica Space Air Volcanic cracks Soil Fossils

7. GERMS : Home Sweet home

8. Germs in public places

9. An excerpt of an article

10. Germs in human body The ratio of useful and harmful bacteria in a healthy intestinal tract should be 85:15

13. What is a bacteria ? Bacteria can grow and divide every 20 minutes. One single bacteria cell can become more than 8 million cells in less than 24 hours. T he thickness of a human hair is about 100 times the size of a bacterial cell. R esponsible for conditions from food poisoning and tetanus to meningitis and tuberculosis.

14. What is a bacteria ? Pneumonia : Streptococcus and Pseudomonas . F oodborne illnesses Shigella , Campylobacter and Salmonella . Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis and leprosy Antibiotics DO work against bacteria

15. What are viruses ? Smallest microbes. V iruses do not have cells . Invade living normal cells. C ommon cold, F lu, C hickenpox , Herpes, Hepatitis, HIV. Viruses are an established cause of cancers in humans . Antibiotics DO NOT work against viruses

16. What are fungi ? Y easts and mushrooms are types of fungi . Most fungal skin conditions are not serious . N ot easily spread from person to person. Skin, nail and hair Infections like ringworm, athlete’s foot. Infections in diabetes, transplants. Hair Skin Nail

17. What are protozoa ? Protozoa are single-celled organisms that behave like tiny animals . In humans protozoa usually cause disease. Eg : Malaria, Filaria, amoebic dysentry Malaria Infection in red blood cells

18. Significance of microbes in industry In making of cheese, bread, pickles, soy sauce, vinegar, wine and yoghurt. In waste processing. Biological pest control. For use as agrichemicals. F ungi are being used as sources for antibiotics and various enzymes

20. Germs in health and sickness

21. How does microbes help the human body ? Escherichia coli that lives in the human large intestine synthesize vitamin B and release it for human use. Lactobacilli acidophilus , live in our intestines, where they help to : digest food destroy disease-causing microbes fight cancer cells give the body needed vitamins Useful bacteria inhibiting the propagation of harmful bacteria within the intestines . I ncreasing peristaltic movement of the intest ine and promoting smooth bowels. Elevates immunity

23. Contact Air Contaminated food / water Needles Transfusion Insects How do germs spread ?

24. Diseases spread by water

25. Diseases spread by food / air / needles

26. Germs can make us sick.. Microbes have new survival tactics. Enter the body Draw energy and nutrients from the host Damage or destroy healthy cells Produce toxins

28. Who Is Most at Risk? Just home from hospital Immune system may be weakened Ongoing treatment / medication may weaken immunity Wounds can become infected Medical equipment can become infected if not kept hygienically clean/sterile The Elderly Immune systems weaken with age May be bedridden, leading to bed sores Chest infections can be more serious

29. Who Is Most at Risk? Babies under one Immune system not fully developed Common infections such as diarrhoea and chest infections can be more serious . Children under five Immune system not fully developed Children are adventurous, they crawl all over the place and have a tendancy to put things in their mouth .

30. Who Is Most at Risk? Pregnant women Immune system temporarily weakened Very high fever and some infections can affect the unborn baby: - Rubella - Chicken pox - Toxoplasma

31. How the Body Responds to Germs ? T cell B cell Antigen Naturally acquired immunity Artificially acquired immunity

32. How to diagnose infections ? Medical history Physical examination Microscopy Culture X ray Biopsy Antibiotic sensitivity Bacterial culture Microscopy

33. You can prevent spread of germs.. HOW ????

34. 1. Wash your hands often When to Wash Before eating. Before, during, and after h andling or preparing food. After contact with blood or body fluids (like vomit, nasal secretions, or saliva). After changing a diaper. After you use the bathroom. 80% of common infections are spread by hands Most effective way to prevent the spread of respiratory tract infections

35. 1. Wash your hands often When to Wash After handling animals, their toys or waste. After touching something that could be contaminated (such as a trash can, cleaning cloth, drain, or soil). Before dressing a wound, giving medicine or inserting contact lenses. More often when someone in your home is sick.

36. How to wash ? Remember: If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol based wipe or hand gel!

37. Better to avoid antibacterial soaps

38. Karachi Study-2005 Three groups: no soap plain soap antimicrobial soap Groups receiving soap: 50% reduction in pneumonia 53% reduction in diarrhea 34% reduction in impetigo No benefit in using antibacterial soap

40. 2. Routinely Clean and Disinfect Surfaces In the Kitchen Clean and disinfect counters and other surfaces before, during, and after preparing food (especially meat and poultry). Follow all directions on the product label, which usually specifies letting the disinfectant stand for a few minutes. Use paper towels that can be thrown away OR Cloth towels that are later washed in hot water

41. Kitchen Hotspots Kitchen Sponges and Rags Cutting Boards Kitchen Surfaces Sink Drains

42. Bacteria can multiply quickly in moist environments, such as in food left to stand at room temperature or in damp cleaning cloths. Key Fact 1

43. Kitchen Cleanliness Always wash your hands before preparing food and immediately after handling raw foods Wash salads, fruits and vegetables thoroughly in clean water Cook food thoroughly Never reheat food more than once. Check use by dates on food and discard any food that has expired or has obviously spoiled.

44. 2. Routinely Clean and Disinfect Surfaces In the bathroom Clean and disinfect the toilet bowl as often as necessary Clean up spills immediately Rinse baths, sinks and showers after each use Clean shower curtains with a suitable disinfectant Store personal items, such as toothbrushes Launder and replace towels frequently. Keep the bathroom clean and well ventilated Wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet and after cleaning the bathroom.

45. Bathroom cleaning

46. 2. Routinely Clean and Disinfect Surfaces Floors, Furniture and Other Surfaces D isinfect mop and bucket after each use and store them dry with the head upwards. C lean and disinfect tiled walls

47. 3. Handle and Prepare Food Safely CLEAN: Clean hands and surfaces often Wash your cutting boards, dishes, utensils and counter tops Rinse all fresh fruits and vegetables under running tap water. SEPARATE: Don’t cross-contaminate one food with another COOK: Cook foods to proper temperatures CHILL: Refrigerate foods promptly

48. 4. Pets in the Home Check your pet regularly for signs of ill health and keep claws trimmed Wash your hands after touching animals Clean feeding dishes and utensils separately from other household items Immediately clean surface contaminated with animal excretions. Regularly clean and disinfect floors and feeding areas used by pets. Don't clean pet cages and tanks in your kitchen sink. Do not let your pet share your plate or lick your face.

49. Getting your pets immunized and treated for fleas, ticks and intestinal worms can reduce the risk of infection to your family. Key Fact 2

50. 5. Controlling Pests Keep your home clean and free of trash Keep food securely covered Keep trash in a securely covered bin. Block any potential entry points to your home (e.g., use drain covers).

51. 6. Use Antibiotics Appropriately 7 . Get Immunized Will discuss shortly…

52. Infections are treated in many ways By your immune system Fever Coughing and sneezing Other methods your body may use to fight off an infectious disease include : Inflammation Vomiting Diarrhea Cramping

53. Infections are treated in many ways 2. By your doctor For bacteria Antibiotics should not be overprescribed or inappropriately prescribed. For viruses They should not be treated with antibiotics For fungi Doctors usually do not prescribe oral medications For protozoa No vaccines

54. When to go to the doctor

55. Some common infections

56. Fever Helps the body fight infection Occurs with most respiratory tract infections Occurs with both viral and bacterial infections

57. Cold / Runny Nose Colds are caused by viruses Most colds are associated with a sore throat or a cough Fluid from the nose becomes yellow/green after 2-3 days This does not mean it is a bacterial infection

58. Sore Throat Most sore throats are due to viruses Occasionally a sore throat may be due to Streptococcus bacteria The only way to diagnose Strep throat is with a throat swab.

59. Ear Ache 70-80% of ear infections get better without antibiotics Handwashing is the best prevention for ear infections since most ear infections occur after a cold

60. Sinusitis Viral sinusitis is up to 200 times more common than bacterial sinusitis Yellow / green nasal discharge lasting more than 10 days may indicate bacterial sinusitis

61. Cough Most coughs in adults and children are caused by viral infections Cough is often prolonged with viral infections Sometimes a cough may indicate pneumonia

62. What you should do ? Take care to: Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough Clean your hands often Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth Stay home when you are sick and check with the doctor when needed D ry the skin carefully after bathing W ear loose fitting clothes and inner wear A void sharing towels, hair brushes, and combs C hange socks or tights daily C hoose fabrics that allow the skin to "breathe"

63. Do all bugs need drugs ?

64. Antib iotics are agents that interfere with the growth of bacteria

65. 75% of antibiotics prescribed for respiratory tract infections 50% of antibiotic prescriptions are inappropriate Most respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses Antibiotics do not work against viruses Antibiotics in the Community

66. Misconceptions Canad i a n survey, NIPA, 2002 53% of adults believe antibiotics are effective against viruses FACT

67. How to use antibiotics ? Take medicine as prescribed by your health care provider . Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medication . Antibiotics may cause stomach upsets, diarrhea . Without a bacterial infection do not demand that the doctor prescribe an antibiotic. R educe unnecessary antimicrobial use . Do not keep part of the course for later use . Do not shar e anti biotics with others .

69. Antibiotic Resistance

70. Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics kill most bacteria but some are able to survive Surviving bacteria have “antibiotic resistance” Antibiotic resistant bacteria cannot be killed by that antibiotic

71. Antibiotic Resistance Taking antibiotics when they are not needed makes your good bacteria resistant Antibiotic resistance can be transferred from one bacterium to another. Antibiotics will not work against bacteria with antibiotic resistance People can die from antibiotic resistant infections , including bad bacteria that cause disease.

72. Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria have antibiotic resistance when they cannot be killed by an antibiotic. Remember, it is the bacteria that are resistant NOT YOU!

73. Cleaning everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance of microorganisms in and around us, leaving behind only the “ SUPERBUGS ”.

75. SO YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE!! Promote and support three key messages: Wash your hands! Not all bugs are created equal. Use antibiotics wisely.

76. Vaccines - MMR Vaccine - Hepatitis B Vaccine - Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin - Typhoid Vaccin e - Hib Conjugate Vaccine - Japanese B Encephalitis Vaccin e - Meningococcal A + C Vaccin e - Varicella Vaccine - Hepatitis A Vaccin e - Pneumococcal Vaccine - Influenza Vaccine - Rabies Vaccine www.iapindia.org www.seruminstitute.com www.pediatriconcall.com

77. M icrobes are constantly challenging human population Many microbes are developing new properties to resist drug treatments. Adaptation to changing environment. Newly emerging diseases are a growing global health concern. Since 1976, scientists have identified approximately 30 new pathogens.

78. Did you know ??? Is Antibacterial Soap Really Necessary? Intestinal Bacteria May Explain Obesity Bacteria Added to Gum, Toothpaste and Deodorant Double Bonus: Bacteria Eat Pollution, Generate Electricity www.livescience.com www.cdc.gov www.whoindia.org www.news-medical.net www.sciencedaily.com www.microbeworld.org

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