1. Gerontological and geriatrics nursing is guided by evidence-based standards and principles focused on providing holistic care for older adults.
2. Core roles of gerontological nurses include serving as healers, caregivers, educators, advocates, and innovators to address the physical, psychological, social, and environmental needs of aging patients.
3. Effective communication, an understanding of aging theories and legal/ethical issues are essential for gerontological nurses to provide respectful, individualized care.
The presentation discusses the management of special groups, specifically the aged, in the community. It introduces the group members and defines key terms related to aging like geriatrics, gerontology, aging, and senescence. It also describes some major theories of aging, physiological changes associated with aging, and the effects of aging on individuals, families, and communities. Furthermore, it discusses the levels of prevention in relation to aging and the roles of community health nurses in delivering care to elders.
Age-specific competencies refer to skills that allow healthcare providers to tailor care to a patient's unique needs based on their age and stage of development. There are physiological and psychological differences between age groups that influence patient care. The document outlines characteristics and considerations for caring for patients in adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and late adulthood. Providers should avoid stereotyping and consider all factors that may affect a patient's care needs.
Geriatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the physiological and psychological aspects of aging and treatment of diseases affecting the elderly. The worldwide elderly population is growing rapidly and is expected to double to over 2 billion by 2050. In India, the elderly population is over 82 million currently and is projected to reach 177 million by 2025. Gerontology is the scientific study of the biological, psychological and social phenomena associated with aging. The objectives of geriatric care are to maintain health, detect diseases early, and prevent deterioration. Gerontological nurses help the elderly achieve optimal health through various roles including providing care, counseling, teaching, advocating, and rehabilitating.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The document provides an overview of aging and older adulthood, covering biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. It defines gerontology as the study of aging and notes the fastest growing segment of the population is older adults. Key points include how marital status, living arrangements, income, and health profiles change with age. Biological processes like changes to sensory and musculoskeletal systems are described. Environmental risks include falls and medications. Social factors incorporate living situations, healthcare access, and financial planning challenges faced by older adults.
This document discusses aging and the elderly. It defines key terms like aging, gerontology, and geriatric care. It also outlines the four dimensions of aging: chronological, biological, psychological, and social. The document then discusses the assessment of elderly patients, noting it is multidimensional and focuses on functional status and quality of life. Specific system changes that occur with aging, like decreased renal and GI function, are also mentioned.
The document discusses several social and cultural determinants of health, including income and social status, social support networks, education, employment conditions, the social and physical environment, personal health practices, access to healthcare, gender, and culture. It notes that higher income and social status are linked to better health outcomes. Additionally, it explores concepts like ethnomedicine, complementary and alternative medicines, and how cultural beliefs can impact health and healthcare.
This document discusses family caregivers for elderly relatives and the responsibilities of nurses in caring for the elderly. It notes that most family caregivers are women, especially wives, daughters, and sisters. Wives face emotional burdens as they care for ill husbands alone. Middle-aged daughters take on caregiving responsibilities while also having their own lives. Nursing care should include teaching care skills, providing resources and support, and encouraging self-care. Nurses are responsible for health assessments, promoting nutrition, exercise, and preventive care for the elderly, as well as providing psychological support. A variety of home care services and programs can support the elderly. Nurses must understand legal issues around consent, supervision, medications and other areas of practice.
The presentation discusses the management of special groups, specifically the aged, in the community. It introduces the group members and defines key terms related to aging like geriatrics, gerontology, aging, and senescence. It also describes some major theories of aging, physiological changes associated with aging, and the effects of aging on individuals, families, and communities. Furthermore, it discusses the levels of prevention in relation to aging and the roles of community health nurses in delivering care to elders.
Age-specific competencies refer to skills that allow healthcare providers to tailor care to a patient's unique needs based on their age and stage of development. There are physiological and psychological differences between age groups that influence patient care. The document outlines characteristics and considerations for caring for patients in adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and late adulthood. Providers should avoid stereotyping and consider all factors that may affect a patient's care needs.
Geriatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the physiological and psychological aspects of aging and treatment of diseases affecting the elderly. The worldwide elderly population is growing rapidly and is expected to double to over 2 billion by 2050. In India, the elderly population is over 82 million currently and is projected to reach 177 million by 2025. Gerontology is the scientific study of the biological, psychological and social phenomena associated with aging. The objectives of geriatric care are to maintain health, detect diseases early, and prevent deterioration. Gerontological nurses help the elderly achieve optimal health through various roles including providing care, counseling, teaching, advocating, and rehabilitating.
medical surgical nursing , nursing care of elderly patient with disease conditions and different care given to them,it contain introduction , definition, nursing care, patient teaching, diet management, research.
The document provides an overview of aging and older adulthood, covering biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. It defines gerontology as the study of aging and notes the fastest growing segment of the population is older adults. Key points include how marital status, living arrangements, income, and health profiles change with age. Biological processes like changes to sensory and musculoskeletal systems are described. Environmental risks include falls and medications. Social factors incorporate living situations, healthcare access, and financial planning challenges faced by older adults.
This document discusses aging and the elderly. It defines key terms like aging, gerontology, and geriatric care. It also outlines the four dimensions of aging: chronological, biological, psychological, and social. The document then discusses the assessment of elderly patients, noting it is multidimensional and focuses on functional status and quality of life. Specific system changes that occur with aging, like decreased renal and GI function, are also mentioned.
The document discusses several social and cultural determinants of health, including income and social status, social support networks, education, employment conditions, the social and physical environment, personal health practices, access to healthcare, gender, and culture. It notes that higher income and social status are linked to better health outcomes. Additionally, it explores concepts like ethnomedicine, complementary and alternative medicines, and how cultural beliefs can impact health and healthcare.
This document discusses family caregivers for elderly relatives and the responsibilities of nurses in caring for the elderly. It notes that most family caregivers are women, especially wives, daughters, and sisters. Wives face emotional burdens as they care for ill husbands alone. Middle-aged daughters take on caregiving responsibilities while also having their own lives. Nursing care should include teaching care skills, providing resources and support, and encouraging self-care. Nurses are responsible for health assessments, promoting nutrition, exercise, and preventive care for the elderly, as well as providing psychological support. A variety of home care services and programs can support the elderly. Nurses must understand legal issues around consent, supervision, medications and other areas of practice.
This document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It begins by describing the biomedical concept of health as the absence of disease, but notes that this view minimizes social and environmental factors. It then outlines the ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health as dynamic interactions between individuals and their environments. The document also discusses definitions of health from WHO and as an adequate functioning of the organism. It examines dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual and more. Finally, it reviews determinants of health and various health indicators.
Ethical, moral and legal issues in oncologyManali Solanki
The document discusses end of life care and ethics in oncology nursing. It defines end of life care as treating, comforting, and supporting those living with or dying from chronic life-threatening illnesses. It also discusses the importance of communication, education, and addressing spiritual-psychosocial needs of dying patients and their families. The document outlines several ethical issues that may arise in end of life care, such as medical futility, terminal sedation, euthanasia, physician assisted suicide and advocates respecting patient autonomy.
This document summarizes presentations given at the Royal Women's Hospital about addressing gender as a social determinant of women's health. It discusses how the hospital is moving from a focus on mother and baby care to providing comprehensive women's health services across a woman's lifespan using a population health approach. Key topics covered include mental health issues for young women and during pregnancy/postpartum, strategies to improve care for these groups, menopause and midlife health challenges through a social lens, and the hospital's initiatives to advance women's health research and care.
The categorization of Health and Elderly people.birpradash
This document discusses the role of family and community in elderly care. It defines old age as 60+ years old according to the WHO. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly and will reach 1.5 billion by 2050 due to declining fertility and increased longevity. Common health problems in old age include memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's, which can cause behavior similar to a child's. The document emphasizes that families should provide support through regular doctor visits, exercise, fall prevention, and physical activity. It also stresses that communities should stay socially connected to the elderly through assistance, recreational activities, and intergenerational projects to prevent isolation.
Intro gerontological nursing_fall 2013 abridgedShepard Joy
Based on the information provided in the document, the leading cause of death for persons 65 years of age and older is heart disease. Heart disease is listed as the number one leading cause of death in the table on page 9 titled "Leading Causes of Death for Persons 65 Yrs of Age & Older". Therefore, when planning a course about mortality rates for elderly clients, the topic that should be emphasized is heart disease.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to family health. It defines family health as more than just the sum of individual health, and also discusses factors that influence family health like living/working conditions, education, and culture. The document also outlines the scope of family health, including reproductive health, child health, gender issues, aging, and mental health. It discusses the roles families and peer groups can play in promoting or hindering health. Finally, it introduces concepts like positive deviance and taking a life cycle perspective when addressing health issues.
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS for 1st SEM BSc NURSINGSheenaSaju1
Introduction to health and illness... an unit of Nursing Foundation 1 for First Sem BSc Nursing students. The given content is from the book of author Celstina Francis. Content is uploaded for easy understandability and learning. Thank you
C-TAC 2015 National Summit on Advanced Illness Care - Master Slide Deckzbarehmi
This document provides an overview of the National Summit on Advanced Illness Care that took place on March 2-3, 2015 in Washington DC. The summit was hosted by C-TAC (Coalition to Transform Advanced Care) and brought together leaders, clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to drive improvements in advanced illness care. Over the two-day event, there were presentations on models of advanced illness care, engaging patients and families, improving clinician-patient communication, the role of research and policies to support high-quality end-of-life care for all Americans.
Health services consist of medical professionals, organizations, and workers who provide care to those in need. They cover emergency, preventative, rehabilitative, long-term, hospital, diagnostic, primary, palliative, and home care centered around making healthcare accessible, high quality and patient-centered. There are four main types of health services: promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative. Promotive services enable people to improve their health through education, environmental initiatives, and lifestyle changes. Preventive services aim to prevent disease through immunization, family planning, and controlling infectious diseases. Curative services detect and treat diseases, while rehabilitative services help restore functional ability through medical, vocational, economic and social
This document provides an introduction to geriatric nursing, including definitions of key terms like gerontology, geriatrics, aging, and life expectancy. It discusses the developmental tasks and needs of elderly people, including adjusting to retirement, death of a spouse, and accepting one's own mortality. It also addresses life transitions experienced by older adults like retirement, chronic illness, relocation, and bereavement. Finally, it outlines different care environments for elderly people and ways for health professionals to help older adults and their families cope with life transitions.
This document defines key concepts related to health, illness, disease, and wellness. It provides definitions of health from WHO and other organizations, distinguishing health from disease and illness. Illness is defined as an individualized perception of changes in body functioning, while disease refers to objective pathological changes. Wellness is presented as an active process rather than an endpoint. Several models of health are described, including the agent-host-environment model, health belief model, health-illness continuum, Dunn's high-level wellness grid, and Travis' illness-wellness continuum. Stages of illness are also outlined.
This chapter discusses theories of person-environment interactions and how they relate to where older adults live. It describes models of competence/environmental press and congruence and how they influence decisions about living arrangements. Options discussed include aging in place with home modifications, adult day care, congregate housing, assisted living, and nursing homes. Special care units are designed to provide extra support for those with cognitive impairments. The goal is finding the best fit between an individual's abilities and the demands of their environment.
Occupational therapists can help older adults age in place safely and independently. Assessments of the home environment are important to identify barriers and safety hazards. Adaptations to the bathroom, kitchen, and other areas can promote mobility and prevent falls. Occupational therapists also educate family caregivers to avoid injuries when assisting older adults, as lifting and other physical tasks can lead to musculoskeletal problems if done improperly. With an aging population, more solutions are needed to allow elderly people to receive necessary care while preserving their privacy and dignity within the home.
This document provides an overview of health care for the elderly in India. It discusses the increasing elderly population in India and challenges they face. Key points include:
- India's elderly population is growing rapidly and will exceed 300 million by 2051, placing stress on families and the health system.
- The elderly experience many health issues like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, accidents and falls. Functional and economic dependency is also a major problem.
- Proper nutrition, physical activity, social engagement and managing medications are important for healthy aging. Support is needed through home care, day care centers and institutionalization in some cases.
- The government has introduced policies and programs to support elderly welfare, but more support is
Women face unique health challenges compared to men. Key factors that influence women's health include insufficient attention to sex differences in disease, greater burden from conditions like COPD and HIV/AIDS, and higher risk of visual impairment and difficulties quitting smoking. Women also face greater risks of early marriage, adolescent motherhood, pregnancy complications, and violence. Improving women's health requires addressing gaps in medical training, lack of primary care access, sex-based bias, inadequate clinical guidelines, focus on social determinants, and shortages in women's health specialists. Economic inequities also profoundly impact women's health outcomes.
TOWARDS BUILDING AN AGE FRIENDLY COMMUNITYCollaborative initiative of WHO-S...Alakananda Banerjee
Community and Health Services a feature of the WHO Guidelines on Towards Building Age Friendly Community was adopted for community dwelling older women at Chattarpur Extension,New Delhi.Results of the collaboration betwwen WHO-SEARO and dharma Foundation of India is shared in these slides
Virginia Henderson's Needs Theory identifies 14 basic human needs that nurses help patients meet to achieve independence and health. These needs include breathing, eating, eliminating, sleeping, dressing, and communicating. Henderson defined nursing as assisting individuals with activities contributing to health or recovery to help them become independent. Her theory views individuals as holistic beings with biological, psychological and social needs that nurses address through substitutive, supplementary, complementary and independent care.
Intro gerontological nursing_spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an introduction to gerontological nursing, outlining objectives for understanding how older adults are viewed in society, the characteristics and future projections of the aging population, the nursing process for older adult care, and the roles and challenges of gerontological nurses. It discusses myths and stereotypes around aging, the diversity within the older adult population, factors influencing increased life expectancy, and the future implications of a rapidly growing aging population for healthcare.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It begins by describing the biomedical concept of health as the absence of disease, but notes that this view minimizes social and environmental factors. It then outlines the ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health as dynamic interactions between individuals and their environments. The document also discusses definitions of health from WHO and as an adequate functioning of the organism. It examines dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual and more. Finally, it reviews determinants of health and various health indicators.
Ethical, moral and legal issues in oncologyManali Solanki
The document discusses end of life care and ethics in oncology nursing. It defines end of life care as treating, comforting, and supporting those living with or dying from chronic life-threatening illnesses. It also discusses the importance of communication, education, and addressing spiritual-psychosocial needs of dying patients and their families. The document outlines several ethical issues that may arise in end of life care, such as medical futility, terminal sedation, euthanasia, physician assisted suicide and advocates respecting patient autonomy.
This document summarizes presentations given at the Royal Women's Hospital about addressing gender as a social determinant of women's health. It discusses how the hospital is moving from a focus on mother and baby care to providing comprehensive women's health services across a woman's lifespan using a population health approach. Key topics covered include mental health issues for young women and during pregnancy/postpartum, strategies to improve care for these groups, menopause and midlife health challenges through a social lens, and the hospital's initiatives to advance women's health research and care.
The categorization of Health and Elderly people.birpradash
This document discusses the role of family and community in elderly care. It defines old age as 60+ years old according to the WHO. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly and will reach 1.5 billion by 2050 due to declining fertility and increased longevity. Common health problems in old age include memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's, which can cause behavior similar to a child's. The document emphasizes that families should provide support through regular doctor visits, exercise, fall prevention, and physical activity. It also stresses that communities should stay socially connected to the elderly through assistance, recreational activities, and intergenerational projects to prevent isolation.
Intro gerontological nursing_fall 2013 abridgedShepard Joy
Based on the information provided in the document, the leading cause of death for persons 65 years of age and older is heart disease. Heart disease is listed as the number one leading cause of death in the table on page 9 titled "Leading Causes of Death for Persons 65 Yrs of Age & Older". Therefore, when planning a course about mortality rates for elderly clients, the topic that should be emphasized is heart disease.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to family health. It defines family health as more than just the sum of individual health, and also discusses factors that influence family health like living/working conditions, education, and culture. The document also outlines the scope of family health, including reproductive health, child health, gender issues, aging, and mental health. It discusses the roles families and peer groups can play in promoting or hindering health. Finally, it introduces concepts like positive deviance and taking a life cycle perspective when addressing health issues.
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS for 1st SEM BSc NURSINGSheenaSaju1
Introduction to health and illness... an unit of Nursing Foundation 1 for First Sem BSc Nursing students. The given content is from the book of author Celstina Francis. Content is uploaded for easy understandability and learning. Thank you
C-TAC 2015 National Summit on Advanced Illness Care - Master Slide Deckzbarehmi
This document provides an overview of the National Summit on Advanced Illness Care that took place on March 2-3, 2015 in Washington DC. The summit was hosted by C-TAC (Coalition to Transform Advanced Care) and brought together leaders, clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to drive improvements in advanced illness care. Over the two-day event, there were presentations on models of advanced illness care, engaging patients and families, improving clinician-patient communication, the role of research and policies to support high-quality end-of-life care for all Americans.
Health services consist of medical professionals, organizations, and workers who provide care to those in need. They cover emergency, preventative, rehabilitative, long-term, hospital, diagnostic, primary, palliative, and home care centered around making healthcare accessible, high quality and patient-centered. There are four main types of health services: promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative. Promotive services enable people to improve their health through education, environmental initiatives, and lifestyle changes. Preventive services aim to prevent disease through immunization, family planning, and controlling infectious diseases. Curative services detect and treat diseases, while rehabilitative services help restore functional ability through medical, vocational, economic and social
This document provides an introduction to geriatric nursing, including definitions of key terms like gerontology, geriatrics, aging, and life expectancy. It discusses the developmental tasks and needs of elderly people, including adjusting to retirement, death of a spouse, and accepting one's own mortality. It also addresses life transitions experienced by older adults like retirement, chronic illness, relocation, and bereavement. Finally, it outlines different care environments for elderly people and ways for health professionals to help older adults and their families cope with life transitions.
This document defines key concepts related to health, illness, disease, and wellness. It provides definitions of health from WHO and other organizations, distinguishing health from disease and illness. Illness is defined as an individualized perception of changes in body functioning, while disease refers to objective pathological changes. Wellness is presented as an active process rather than an endpoint. Several models of health are described, including the agent-host-environment model, health belief model, health-illness continuum, Dunn's high-level wellness grid, and Travis' illness-wellness continuum. Stages of illness are also outlined.
This chapter discusses theories of person-environment interactions and how they relate to where older adults live. It describes models of competence/environmental press and congruence and how they influence decisions about living arrangements. Options discussed include aging in place with home modifications, adult day care, congregate housing, assisted living, and nursing homes. Special care units are designed to provide extra support for those with cognitive impairments. The goal is finding the best fit between an individual's abilities and the demands of their environment.
Occupational therapists can help older adults age in place safely and independently. Assessments of the home environment are important to identify barriers and safety hazards. Adaptations to the bathroom, kitchen, and other areas can promote mobility and prevent falls. Occupational therapists also educate family caregivers to avoid injuries when assisting older adults, as lifting and other physical tasks can lead to musculoskeletal problems if done improperly. With an aging population, more solutions are needed to allow elderly people to receive necessary care while preserving their privacy and dignity within the home.
This document provides an overview of health care for the elderly in India. It discusses the increasing elderly population in India and challenges they face. Key points include:
- India's elderly population is growing rapidly and will exceed 300 million by 2051, placing stress on families and the health system.
- The elderly experience many health issues like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, accidents and falls. Functional and economic dependency is also a major problem.
- Proper nutrition, physical activity, social engagement and managing medications are important for healthy aging. Support is needed through home care, day care centers and institutionalization in some cases.
- The government has introduced policies and programs to support elderly welfare, but more support is
Women face unique health challenges compared to men. Key factors that influence women's health include insufficient attention to sex differences in disease, greater burden from conditions like COPD and HIV/AIDS, and higher risk of visual impairment and difficulties quitting smoking. Women also face greater risks of early marriage, adolescent motherhood, pregnancy complications, and violence. Improving women's health requires addressing gaps in medical training, lack of primary care access, sex-based bias, inadequate clinical guidelines, focus on social determinants, and shortages in women's health specialists. Economic inequities also profoundly impact women's health outcomes.
TOWARDS BUILDING AN AGE FRIENDLY COMMUNITYCollaborative initiative of WHO-S...Alakananda Banerjee
Community and Health Services a feature of the WHO Guidelines on Towards Building Age Friendly Community was adopted for community dwelling older women at Chattarpur Extension,New Delhi.Results of the collaboration betwwen WHO-SEARO and dharma Foundation of India is shared in these slides
Virginia Henderson's Needs Theory identifies 14 basic human needs that nurses help patients meet to achieve independence and health. These needs include breathing, eating, eliminating, sleeping, dressing, and communicating. Henderson defined nursing as assisting individuals with activities contributing to health or recovery to help them become independent. Her theory views individuals as holistic beings with biological, psychological and social needs that nurses address through substitutive, supplementary, complementary and independent care.
Intro gerontological nursing_spring 2014 abridgedShepard Joy
This document provides an introduction to gerontological nursing, outlining objectives for understanding how older adults are viewed in society, the characteristics and future projections of the aging population, the nursing process for older adult care, and the roles and challenges of gerontological nurses. It discusses myths and stereotypes around aging, the diversity within the older adult population, factors influencing increased life expectancy, and the future implications of a rapidly growing aging population for healthcare.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document provides an overview of preeclampsia and eclampsia. It begins with an introduction and outlines risk factors and classifications. It then describes clinical features such as hypertension and proteinuria. The pathophysiology section explains how abnormal placentation leads to reduced blood flow and imbalance of prostaglandins. Complications are also discussed, including renal failure, pulmonary edema, and intrauterine growth restriction. The document provides information on diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This seminar presentation discusses hypersensitivity reactions, which are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to benign antigens. It covers the objectives, mechanisms, classification, complications, and references related to hypersensitivity reactions. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity, Type III involves immune complex formation and deposition, and Type IV involves T-cell mediated reactions. The presentation provides examples and details of each type of hypersensitivity reaction and their clinical implications.
This document discusses inflammation. It defines inflammation as the body's local response to injury or infection aimed at eliminating the cause of injury and initiating repair. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The early response involves vasodilation and increased permeability, causing swelling. The late response involves neutrophils in acute inflammation and macrophages in chronic cases, which work to destroy pathogens and initiate healing. Understanding inflammation is important for diagnosing conditions like appendicitis and treating diseases.
This document provides an overview of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), for nursing students. It defines RDS as a lack of pulmonary surfactant, outlines its pathophysiology and risk factors. The document discusses the clinical presentation of RDS, including respiratory distress, radiographic findings and laboratory abnormalities. It also covers diagnosis, differential diagnoses, treatment including surfactant replacement and supportive care, complications and prevention of RDS through antenatal corticosteroids.
1. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, characterized by fluid and protein exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation is slower in onset and longer lasting, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis.
2. The key features of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the site of injury. Chronic inflammation features mononuclear cell infiltration, persistent tissue damage, and attempts to repair through fibrosis and angiogenesis.
3. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen with certain infections, featuring focal collections of activated macrophages that develop an epithelial-like appearance known
Cellular injury can result in adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis, or intracellular accumulation. The outcome depends on the injurious agent and cell type. Adaptations include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Reversible injury includes fatty changes and pigment accumulation. Necrosis is cell death resulting from hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or calcium influx. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrenous. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy. It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that spreads to involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Common causes are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and past gynecological procedures. Symptoms can range from mild to severe abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and tests. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is defined as implantation outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. Causes may include anatomical obstructions or abnormalities in the fallop
The document discusses acid-base balance and disturbances. It defines the two main buffer systems - metabolic (kidneys) and respiratory (lungs) - that work to maintain blood pH between 7.35-7.45. Five primary acid-base imbalances are described: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and mixed disturbances. Diagnosis involves blood tests including arterial blood gases and electrolytes to classify the disturbance based on pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause rather than just the pH effect.
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It defines autoimmune diseases as conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. The causes include genetic factors, environmental triggers like infections, and defects in immunologic tolerance. Some specific autoimmune diseases discussed are rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, and systemic sclerosis. The mechanisms, clinical features, pathology, and treatment options are described for each condition.
Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events may result from problems in practice, products, procedures or systems. Improving patient safety demands a complex, system-wide effort involving performance improvement, risk management, infection control, safe clinical practices, and a safe environment of care. Unsafe injections expose millions of people to infections worldwide each year. Ensuring single-use injection devices and safety boxes are available in every healthcare facility can prevent reuse and unsafe waste disposal.
The document discusses integumentary disorders and provides information on the anatomy and functions of the skin. It describes common skin conditions like eczema, acne, and psoriasis. Eczema is characterized by redness, dryness, and itching. Acne presents as inflamed papules and pustules on the face and back. Psoriasis causes thickened red patches covered with silvery scales. The document outlines signs, causes, and management approaches for various dermatological disorders and skin lesions.
A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including the major glands and hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which regulate many other endocrine glands. Other glands covered include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, and pineal. The document outlines how to assess endocrine disorders and lists some common laboratory studies. It also provides details on diabetes mellitus, describing the main types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiac and abdominal examination. It outlines the objectives, symptoms, and physical examination techniques for assessing the cardiovascular and abdominal systems. The cardiovascular section covers inspection of the jugular veins, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and measurement of blood pressure. The abdominal section reviews inspection, auscultation, percussion and palpation techniques. Proper examination order and identification of normal versus abnormal findings are emphasized.
This document summarizes several endocrine system disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pituitary adenomas. It provides epidemiological data on certain disorders and describes associated symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical management approaches. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes are also briefly discussed.
This document provides guidance on effectively breaking bad news to patients. It discusses the importance of this communication skill for healthcare professionals. The document outlines best practices for setting, perception checking, invitation, knowledge sharing, exploring the patient's response, and summarizing. Key aspects include ensuring privacy, empathy, clarity, and allowing time for the patient's questions and reactions. The SPIKES protocol is presented as a framework for structuring the discussion. Examples of both best practices and things to avoid are also highlighted.
2 Assessment of patient with respiratory disorder.pptxMohammedAbdela7
This document provides guidelines for performing a physical examination of the thorax and lungs. It begins by outlining the session objectives and general examination guidelines. It then discusses pertinent history data to obtain, such as cough characteristics and sputum type/color. The physical exam involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Inspection evaluates breathing patterns, respiratory distress signs, and overall appearance. Palpation assesses tracheal position, chest expansion, tactile fremitus, and tenderness. Percussion and auscultation are also performed to evaluate the lungs. Proper equipment, patient positioning, and exam techniques are emphasized throughout.
This document provides an overview of critical thinking, evidence-based medicine, and how to practice evidence-based medicine. It defines critical thinking as the process of conceptualizing and evaluating information to guide beliefs and actions. Evidence-based medicine is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values/circumstances. The history of evidence-based medicine is discussed, from Cochrane's work in the 1970s highlighting gaps between research and practice, to Guyatt coining the term "evidence-based medicine" in 1991 and Sackett explaining the combination of research, expertise, and patient factors in 1996. The five steps to practice evidence-based medicine are described as developing questions, finding evidence, appraising evidence, integrating
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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1. Gerontological and Geriatrics Nursing
• An encompassing view of the care of older adults
• Providing both physical and emotional support in addition to
respectful care
2. Myths
• Elderly people are incompetent and incapable of making
decisions or handling their own affairs.
• Most elderly live in nursing homes
• All elderly people live in poverty
• Older people are lonely and unhappy
• Elderly do not want to work
• “Old Age” begins a 65
• Retirement ends your active life
3. Gerontology is the study of the aging processes and individuals as they
grow from middle age through later life.
It includes:
– the study of physical, mental, and social changes in older people
as they age
– the investigation of the changes in society resulting from our
aging population
– the application of this knowledge to policies and programs.
– As a result of the multidisciplinary focus of gerontology,
professionals from diverse fields call themselves
"gerontologists“
Geriatrics is:
• the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to
geriatric or aged individuals.
• the study of health and disease in later life
• the comprehensive health care of older persons and the well-being of their
informal caregiver.
The aging population
4. Old Defined
• Young old: 65 – 74
• Middle old: 75 – 84
• Old old: 85 and up
• Only a guide as there is a vast difference in
biological and chronological aging
5. Continuum of Care
• Multitude of settings for those > 65
– 48% in hospital requiring care
– 80% receiving home care
– 90% in nursing homes receiving care
• Acute Care Hospital
• Acute Rehab
• Home Health Care
• Alzheimer’s Care – preserve functional status
• Hospice
• Respite Care
• Continuing Care Retirement Community
– Independent living to skilled care
• Assisted Living
• Foster Care or Group Homes
• Adult Daycare
6. The Numbers
• Steady increase in older population
• In 2006, 37 million people age 65 and over lived in the United
States, accounting for just over 12 percent of the total
population.
• The older population in 2030 is projected to be twice as large as
in 2000, growing from 35 million to 71.5 million and
representing nearly 20 percent of the total U.S. population.
• Why they increase?
– Improved sanitation
– Advances in medical care
– Implementation of preventive health services
– In 1900s, deaths were due to infectious diseases and acute
illnesses
– Older population now faced with new challenge
• Chronic disease
• Health care funding
7. • Heredity
• Nutrition
• Health Status
• Life Experience
• Environment
• Activity
• Stress
Nurses must understand the multitude of factors that influence the
aging process and recognize the unique outcomes for each
individual.
Factors Influencing the Aging Process
8. Some Facts
• Female to male ratio increases with age
• Higher education equates to more money, higher
standards of living, and above-average health
• Older people who live alone are more likely to live in
poverty
• Significant increase in proportion of minorities
– More racially and ethnically diverse
• Aging disabled population
– Traumatic injuries
– Developmentally disabled
– Elderly inmates
• Elderly begins at 50 due to stresses of prison life
9. Mortality and Morbidity
• Heart disease and cancer are two top causes of death,
regardless of age, race, gender or ethnicity
• Chronic Disease
– Increases with age
– 4 leading causes of death
• Heart disease-33%
• Stroke-8%
• Cancer-22%
• DM
– Sensory impairments and oral health problems more
frequent
10. Aging Well
• 72% of seniors report having good to excellent health
• Numbers living in nursing homes has declined
• 1 out of every 5,578 people was 100 yo or older
• Older adults are active and healthy
Successful aging
• Achievement of sense of autonomy, dignity, and absence of
suffering
• New England Centenarians study
– Avoided chronic/acute diseases
– Successfully navigated through obstacles and the
physical/psychosocial challenges
• Healthy People 2010 – to increase the quality and quantity of
a healthy life
• A positive view of aging as a normal process is needed
11. • Ageism- “the prejudices and stereotypes that are applied to older
people sheerly on the basis of their age…”
• Changes in Family Roles and Relationships- Parenting and
grandparenting
• Loss of a Spouse- affects more women than men because women
tend to have a longer life expectance than men; many are widowed
by their eighth decade of life.
• Retirement- Loss of the Work Role and Reduced Income
• Changes in Health and Functioning- changes in appearance and
bodily function occur
• Cumulative Effects of Life Transitions- Shrinking Social World and
Awareness of Mortality
• Responding to Life Transitions- Life Review, Life Story and Self
Reflection, and Strengthening Inner Resources
Life transitions and Story
12. Aging Theories
• The biological, psychological, and social processes of
aging are interrelated and interdependent.
• Cultural, spiritual, regional, socioeconomic,
educational, environmental factors, and health status
impact the older adults perceptions and choices about
their health care needs
• Limited work has been done to identify nursing-specific
aging theories
• Aging is a distinct discipline that requires aging theories
that have an interdisciplinary perspective
13. Types of Theories
• Psychosocial: Attempt to explain aging in terms of
behavior, personality, and attitude change
• Encompass psychological and sociological theories
• Psychological: How mental processes, emotions,
attitudes, motivation, and personality influence
adaptation to physical and social demands
• Sociological: How changing roles, relationships, and status within a
culture or society impact the older adult’s ability to adapt
• Activity theory – central theme that remaining active in old
age is desirable
• Disengagement theory – characterized by gradual withdrawal
from society and relationships
• Biological: Explain the physiologic processes that change with aging
– Free Radical Theory – aging caused by effects of free radicals
– Wear and Tear Theory – cumulative changes occurring in cells
age and damage cellular metabolism
14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Theory
Although Maslow doesn’t specifically address old age, it is clear that
physical, economic, social, and environmental constraints can impede
need fulfillment of older adults.
15. Aging theory summary
Genetic
– Aging is controlled by genes
– Programmed senescence
• Wear and tear
– Environmental factors result
in cumulative damage to
molecules and cells
– Protective and repair
mechanisms fail
Inflammatory process
The balance between
pro-inflammation (naturally selected
to keep people alive until
reproduction) versus
modulators of the inflammatory
response (necessary to reduce
collateral damage)
affects longevity
16. Implications of aging theories
• Past experiences in life
• Health beliefs & values
• Adjustment to limitations
• Indications for wellness
• Changes view of aging equates to illness
17. Nursing Theories
• Need to take human aging into consideration
• Need to develop a more situation-specific theory of aging to guide
practice
• Nursing practice must be comprehensive yet consider individual
differences
• Must be holistic and take into account all that impacts on a person
throughout a lifetime of aging
• Functional Consequences Theory
– A guiding framework that would address older adults with physical
impairment and disability
– Nursing’s role is to minimize age-associated disability in order to
enhance safety and quality of living
• Theory of thriving
– Based on the concept of failure to thrive and application of thriving to
the experience of well-being among frail elders living in nursing
homes
– Nurses identify and modify factors that contribute to disharmony
among a person and his or her physical environment and personal
relationships
18. 1. Evidence-Based Practice= practice has moved
from trial and error to following a systemic
approach that uses existing research for clinical
decision-making= a process known as
evidence-based practice
2. Standards= Professional nursing practice is
guided by standards. Standards serve to both
guide and evaluate nursing practice.
3. Principles= Nursing principles are those proven
facts or widely accepted theories that guide
nursing actions.
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
19. • Healer- Nightingale wrote “nursing put the patient in the best
condition for nature to act upon him”.
– As medical knowledge and technology grew more sophisticated
and the nursing profession became grounded more in science
than in healing arts, the early emphasis on nurturance, comfort,
empathy, and intuition was replaced by detachment, objectivity,
and scientific approaches.
• Caregiver- active participation of older adults and their significant
others and promotion of the highest degree of self-care.
• Educator- Nurses must take advantage of formal and informal
opportunities to share knowledge and skills related to the care of
older adults
• Advocate- For individual older adults, and to facilitate a
community’s efforts to affect change
• Innovator- Nurses need to think “out of the box” and take risks
associated with traveling down new roads, and transform visions
into reality.
Gerontological Nursing Roles
20. Advantages of Learning Geriatric Care
• Learning patience, tolerance, understanding, and basic
nursing skills
• Witnessing the terminal stages of disease and the
need for skilled nursing care
• Preparing for the future because the aged will always
be a part of the care you provide
• Recognizing the importance of rehab
• A need for research
22. Communication
Nonverbal
• 80% of communication
process
• Body language
• Positioning
• Eye contact
• Touch
• Tone of voice
• Facial expressions
Verbal
• Do not yell or speak too loudly
• Communicate at eye level
• Minimize background noise
• Monitor patient’s reaction
• Use touch as appropriate
• Supplement verbal instruction with
written instructions
• Guidelines
– Avoid long, complicated instructions
– Determine how patient would like to be
addressed
– Use caring responses and caring listening
– Encourage reminiscing
23. Barriers to Communication
• Fear of one’s own aging
• Fear of showing emotion
• Fear of missing something
• Fear of being called on to rectify every problem
• Lack of knowledge of patient’s culture, goals, and
values
• Unresolved issues with aging relatives in own family
• Feelings that professional distance must be maintained
• Being overworked, or overscheduled
24. • Gerontological Nursing Practice is governed by the law
• Because laws are developed at the state and local levels, variation
exists among the states.
–Constitutions- basic rights, grant powers, and place limits on
government agencies
–Court decisions- establish precedents from cases heard in state or
federal courts
–Statutes- established by local, state and federal legislation (nurse
practice acts)
–Regulations- laws enacted by state and federal agencies that define
the methods to achieve goals (conditions for agencies to receive
reimbursement from Medicare or Medicaid)
–Attorney General Opinions- laws derived from the opinions of the
chief attorney for the state or federal government
Legal aspects of gerontological nursing
25. •Negligence- omission or commission of an act that
departs from acceptable and reasonable standards,
which can take several forms:
•Malfeasance- unlawful or improper act (surgical
procedure)
•Misfeasance: performing an act improperly (no
signed consent)
•Nonfeasance: failure to take proper action
•Malpractice: failure to abide by the standards of
one’s profession (not checking that a NG tube is in
the stomach before administering a tube feeding)
•Criminal negligence: disregard to protecting the
safety of another person (allowing a confused patient
to have matches)
Acts that could result in legal liability for nurses
26. • Guardianship- court appointment of an individual to have the
authority to make decisions for an incompetent person
• Power of Attorney- Competent individuals appoint parties to
make decisions for them
• Restraints- chemical and physical
–Anything that restricts a patient’s movement can be
considered a restraint
–Alternatives should be used whenever possible-
alarmed doors, wristband alarms, bed alarm pads, beds
and chairs close to the floor, increased staff and
supervision
–When restraints are necessary, a seniors’ order must be
obtained- must include the type of restraint, condition
of patient, and duration of use
•
Reducing the Risk of Malpractice
27. • Terminally ill patients that are going to die and resuscitation attempts
would not be therapeutic
• A physician order must be obtained to clearly state the wishes for no
resuscitation- it is negligence to withhold CPR without an order
• DNR at bedside is not valid without an official order
• Advance Directives or a Living Will:
–Protects the patients right to make decisions about terminal
care
–Express the desires of competent adults regarding terminal
care, life-sustaining measures, and other issues pertaining to
their death and dying
–1990- Patient Self-Determination Act- requires all health
care institutions receiving Medicare or Medicaid funds to ask
patients on admission if they possess a living will for health
care
No-code orders
28. • Many forms- inflicting pain or injury; stealing, mismanaging funds,
misusing medications, causing psychological distress, withholding
food or care, sexual abuse, confinement
• Threatening to commit these acts is a crime
• Nurses have a legal responsibility to report cases of known or
suspected abuse
Ethical Aspects of Gerontological Nursing
The concept of accepted standards of conduct and moral judgment
Elder abuse
29. – Older persons face the same environmental hazards as any adults,
but their risks are compounded by age related factors that reduce
their capacity to protect themselves from and increase their
vulnerability to safety hazards.
– Age related changes can reduce the capacity of older adults to
protect themselves from injury and increase their vulnerability
(Key Concept)
– Accidents rank as the sixth leading cause of death for older
adults- falls is the leading cause
safety
30. Environment can be considered in two
parts-
1. Microenvironment- our immediate
surroundings with which we closely interact
2. Macroenvironment- elements in the larger
world that affect groups of people or entire
populations
Importance of the Environment to Health and
Wellness
31. • Potential Environmental Impact of Various Physical
Limitations
• Assessing basic standards for older adult’s
environment
• Lighting= function, orientation, mood and behavior
• Temperature= because older adults have lower normal
body temperatures and decreased amounts of natural
insulation, they are especially sensitive to lower
temperatures.
• Colors= red, yellow, and white can be
stimulating/blue, brown, and earth tones can be
relaxing
» Orange?
» Green?
» Black? Grey?
Impact of Aging on Environmental Safety and
Function
32. • Age-related changes-
• Improper use of mobility aids-
• Medications-
• Unsafe clothing-
• Disease-related symptoms-
• Environmental hazards-
• Caregiver-related factors-
Falls- Risk and Prevention
33. • Effects of Aging on Medication Use:
– Polypharmacy- The high prevalence of drugs
consumed by older people and the complexity of drug
dynamics in old age require geri nurses to evaluate the
effects of drugs
– Altered Pharmacokinetics- absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
• Absorption- decreased gastric blood flow and motility,
slower metabolism
• Distribution- dehydration will decrease drug distribution,
and lower dosage levels may be necessary
• Metabolism, detoxification, and excretion- the renal system
is primarily responsible for the body’s excretory functions.
Drugs are not as quickly filtered from the blood stream and
are present in the body longer.
Safe medication use
34. • Avoiding Inappropriate Drugs
• Reviewing Necessity and Effectiveness of Prescribed Drugs
– Why is drug ordered?
– Is the smallest possible dosage ordered?
– Is the pt. allergic?
– Can this drug interact with other drugs?
– Special instructions?
– Most effective route?
• Promoting Safe and Effective Administration
• Encourage good oral hygiene, fluids, proper positioning to
facilitate swallowing
• Frequently an older person will bleed or ooze after an injection
because of decreased tissue elasticity.
Provide Patient Teaching
• Assess a patient’s risk for medication errors
Promoting the Safe Use of Drugs
35. Summary
Potential Negative Effects Society Places on the
Aged
Aging as an illness
Loss of autonomy
Loss of individuality
Isolation
Deprivation of intimacy
Dependency issues
36. Normal Aging
Aging is NOT an illness
Slowing of the body’s functions
Impact of chronic illness
Physiological changes that accompany aging may
alter the way an individual responds to stress and
disease
37. Physical Changes Related to Aging
•Many physiologic changes are not related to aging or
disease states but to individual differences, e.g.:
•Some 100 year old marathon runners have no arthritis or
cartilage loss
•Many 80 year old men and women frequently engage in
normal sexual expression
•There is no reason to necessarily expect pulmonary, cardiac,
intestinal, renal reserve to degenerate simply because of aging
•While the incidence of dementia increases with age cognitive
decline is a disease not normal aging