George Whitefield was an 18th century Calvinist evangelist and revivalist known for his powerful oratory skills. He drew huge crowds across Britain and North America through his open-air preaching. Whitefield was instrumental in sparking the Great Awakening religious revival movement. Though he had disagreements with John Wesley over theology, the two were ultimately reconciled. Whitefield preached an estimated 18,000 times in his lifetime and was one of the most famous celebrities of colonial America.
Oxfam Australia was formed through the 1992 merger of Community Aid Abroad and the Australian Freedom from Hunger Campaign. It is now one of Australia's largest international aid organizations and works in over 70 countries worldwide to fight poverty and injustice through long-term development projects, advocacy and emergency humanitarian aid. Oxfam employs over 700 staff and also relies on the support of thousands of volunteers and donors. It raises funds through charity shops, community fundraising events, workplace giving programs and online donations.
This document discusses the classification of antibiotics according to their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure into groups including sulphonamides, quinolones, beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others. They are also classified based on their mechanism of action such as inhibition of cell wall synthesis, interference with cell membranes, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, and inhibition of protein synthesis. Antibiotics can be broad spectrum or narrow spectrum based on the range of pathogens they act against. They are also classified as bacteriostatic or bactericidal based on whether they stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. The document
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It begins by listing the key learning objectives which include explaining the mechanisms of action and resistance of aminoglycosides, describing different dosing regimens, monitoring therapy to avoid toxicity, and the unique features of individual drugs. It then covers the common structural features and characteristics of aminoglycosides, their mechanisms of action, and causes of resistance. The advantages and disadvantages of different dosing regimens are outlined. Signs of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are described along with monitoring therapy. Individual drugs like gentamicin, streptomycin, and amikacin are discussed in terms of their uses, doses, and spectra of activity.
This document provides an overview of vitamins. It begins by defining vitamins as organic substances that are necessary in small quantities for normal health and growth, and cannot be synthesized by the body. The document then discusses the history of vitamin discovery and naming. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C vitamins). Tables are provided listing sources, recommended daily amounts, and deficiency diseases for each vitamin type. The document concludes with an overview of vitamins and their importance as micronutrients for the body.
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in many metabolic processes in the body. It is found in a variety of foods like meat, fish, eggs, nuts, and whole grains. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and even death. Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of niacin through foods or supplements. Maintaining a balanced diet with adequate protein and B vitamins can help prevent niacin deficiency diseases.
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone mineralization. There are two main forms - K1 (phylloquinone) synthesized by plants and K2 (menaquinone) synthesized by bacteria. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors and bone proteins. Deficiency can cause bleeding issues while toxicity is rare. Good dietary sources include green vegetables and fermented foods. Drug interactions with anticoagulants are an important consideration.
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has two active forms, NAD+ and NADP+, which serve as coenzymes in various oxidation-reduction reactions in the electron transport chain. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, known as the "3D disease" as it results in dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. It can also cause gingivitis, stomatitis, fatty liver, and affect plasma lipids. Rich dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, fish, legumes, nuts, green vegetables, coffee, and tea.
Oxfam Australia was formed through the 1992 merger of Community Aid Abroad and the Australian Freedom from Hunger Campaign. It is now one of Australia's largest international aid organizations and works in over 70 countries worldwide to fight poverty and injustice through long-term development projects, advocacy and emergency humanitarian aid. Oxfam employs over 700 staff and also relies on the support of thousands of volunteers and donors. It raises funds through charity shops, community fundraising events, workplace giving programs and online donations.
This document discusses the classification of antibiotics according to their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure into groups including sulphonamides, quinolones, beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others. They are also classified based on their mechanism of action such as inhibition of cell wall synthesis, interference with cell membranes, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, and inhibition of protein synthesis. Antibiotics can be broad spectrum or narrow spectrum based on the range of pathogens they act against. They are also classified as bacteriostatic or bactericidal based on whether they stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. The document
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It begins by listing the key learning objectives which include explaining the mechanisms of action and resistance of aminoglycosides, describing different dosing regimens, monitoring therapy to avoid toxicity, and the unique features of individual drugs. It then covers the common structural features and characteristics of aminoglycosides, their mechanisms of action, and causes of resistance. The advantages and disadvantages of different dosing regimens are outlined. Signs of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are described along with monitoring therapy. Individual drugs like gentamicin, streptomycin, and amikacin are discussed in terms of their uses, doses, and spectra of activity.
This document provides an overview of vitamins. It begins by defining vitamins as organic substances that are necessary in small quantities for normal health and growth, and cannot be synthesized by the body. The document then discusses the history of vitamin discovery and naming. It classifies vitamins as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C vitamins). Tables are provided listing sources, recommended daily amounts, and deficiency diseases for each vitamin type. The document concludes with an overview of vitamins and their importance as micronutrients for the body.
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in many metabolic processes in the body. It is found in a variety of foods like meat, fish, eggs, nuts, and whole grains. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and even death. Treatment involves increasing dietary intake of niacin through foods or supplements. Maintaining a balanced diet with adequate protein and B vitamins can help prevent niacin deficiency diseases.
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone mineralization. There are two main forms - K1 (phylloquinone) synthesized by plants and K2 (menaquinone) synthesized by bacteria. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors and bone proteins. Deficiency can cause bleeding issues while toxicity is rare. Good dietary sources include green vegetables and fermented foods. Drug interactions with anticoagulants are an important consideration.
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has two active forms, NAD+ and NADP+, which serve as coenzymes in various oxidation-reduction reactions in the electron transport chain. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, known as the "3D disease" as it results in dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. It can also cause gingivitis, stomatitis, fatty liver, and affect plasma lipids. Rich dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, fish, legumes, nuts, green vegetables, coffee, and tea.
This document provides evidence for Christianity aimed at skeptics. It summarizes prophecies from the Bible that have been fulfilled, such as prophecies about Egypt, Babylon, Tyre, and others. It then discusses how the Bible has survived numerous attempts to destroy it. Finally, it discusses how skeptical researchers, like lawyers and historians, examined Christianity and the evidence for the resurrection and became convinced, converting to Christianity themselves. The document argues Christianity is reasonable and based on historical facts, not blind faith.
This document discusses plans to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation throughout Africa. It will include hosting a youth choir from Europe, distributing Reformation resources digitally and physically, training field workers, and holding conferences to inspire Christians. The goal is to spread the foundational doctrines of the Reformation in order to revive churches and communities according to biblical principles.
William Wilberforce & The War Against SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, facing immense opposition from political and economic interests invested in the slave trade. It outlines the various organizations and reforms Wilberforce championed to help abolish slavery and promote moral betterment in society beyond just the slave trade.
The Assassination of General George S. PattonPeter Hammond
General George Patton, a highly decorated American war hero, opposed the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after WWII. He believed the Soviets could not be trusted as allies and warned that they posed a threat. Patton was seen as a "loose cannon" by those supporting an appeasement policy towards the Soviets. He received warnings that Soviet leader Stalin had ordered his assassination by the NKVD secret police. Despite these warnings, Patton's concerns were ignored by some American leaders. He died in a mysterious car accident in December 1945, fueling speculation that he was assassinated on Stalin's orders to silence his criticisms of Soviet policy.
How Capitalists Saved Communism in the Soviet UnionPeter Hammond
The United States provided extensive military and economic aid to the Soviet Union during World War 2 that helped the Soviets survive against Nazi Germany's invasion. Over several years, the US supplied billions of dollars worth of weapons, vehicles, raw materials and other supplies via three main routes. This massive aid from the US and its allies against their ideological enemy helped turn the tide of the war and ultimately strengthened the Soviet Union for decades to come.
This document provides details about Fidel Castro and communism in Cuba. It summarizes Castro's background growing up wealthy in Cuba, his turn to Marxism and revolutionary activities against the Cuban government. It describes Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara launching a guerrilla campaign against the Batista regime in 1956-1959 that ultimately led to Castro taking power. The document then outlines Castro imposing a communist dictatorship on Cuba, nationalizing businesses, suppressing opposition through public executions, and turning Cuba into an impoverished police state dependent on the Soviet Union for decades. It shares reactions from world leaders to Castro's death and perspectives of both those who praised his legacy and Cuban exiles who suffered under his oppressive regime.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
This document discusses how the concept of sin has diminished in modern society. It notes that words like drunkenness are now described using softer language rather than being called sin. Many churches no longer emphasize sin and repentance, focusing instead on feel-good messages. However, the Bible is clear that God hates sin. The document urges a return to taking sin seriously and emphasizing the need for repentance, as called for in the Bible.
Martin Luther Captive To The Word Of GodPeter Hammond
Martin Luther found spiritual freedom and assurance of salvation through studying the Bible, especially Paul's letter to the Romans. This led Luther to challenge the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences, which claimed to reduce time spent in purgatory. In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences to the church door in Wittenberg, sparking the Protestant Reformation. When summoned before the Holy Roman Emperor in 1521, Luther boldly declared "Here I stand, I can do no other," refusing to recant his biblical teachings. Luther's stand on Scripture transformed Christianity and changed the course of world history.
O documento discute a angelologia, ou o estudo dos anjos, descrevendo suas diversas classes como serafins, querubins e arcanjos. Explica que os anjos foram criados por Deus para servir como mensageiros que executam Sua vontade, podendo aparecer aos homens ou trazer socorro. O texto também aborda a existência e origem dos anjos na Bíblia.
O documento discute a importância das missões cristãs para salvar os perdidos e obedecer a ordem de Jesus de espalhar o Evangelho. Ele enfatiza que cada crente tem a responsabilidade de fazer sua parte para alcançar aqueles que ainda não conhecem Cristo. A comunidade evangélica Macedônia apoia missionários em países como Moçambique, Índia, África do Sul e ajuda a fundar igrejas em locais ainda não alcançados pelo Evangelho.
William Carey - The Father Of Modern MissionsPeter Hammond
William Carey was known as the "Father of Modern Missions." He faced immense challenges but was determined to spread Christianity in India, which was illegal at the time. Through perseverance and translating the Bible into many languages, he helped launch the missionary movement. Despite obstacles like his wife's mental illness and criticism of his work, Carey established schools, translated scriptures, and helped change laws to allow missionaries in India.
O documento discute a importância das missões cristãs em levar o evangelho ao mundo. Ele explica que missões fazem parte do plano de Deus desde a criação e que Jesus ordenou que seus discípulos pregassem em todas as nações. Também descreve como missões são realizadas pelo Espírito Santo através da Igreja e da participação de cada cristão com oração, doações e evangelização.
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist and RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield (1714-1770) was an influential English Anglican priest and leader in the 18th century Protestant evangelical movement known as the Great Awakening. He was renowned as an eloquent preacher who drew immense crowds across Britain and America through his passionate open-air sermons. Whitefield helped spark revivals of Christianity in both countries and established orphanages and schools. Though he had theological differences with John Wesley, the two were ultimately reconciled and helped spread evangelical Christianity. Whitefield preached an extraordinary number of sermons in his lifetime and traveled extensively despite poor health, establishing himself as one of the most important religious figures of his era.
The document discusses the First Great Awakening, a religious revival in American Protestantism that occurred in the 18th century. It notes key leaders like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield who preached to large crowds and traveled throughout the colonies. Their preaching helped spread the Great Awakening and convert people. The document also discusses the Methodist movement founded by John and Charles Wesley and how the Great Awakening divided people into groups like the "Old Lights" who opposed the revivals and the "New Lights" who supported them. The Great Awakening increased religious diversity and tolerance in the colonies.
The document summarizes various instances of religious persecution throughout history, from colonial America to modern times. It describes how Baptists were persecuted for their beliefs in America before the Constitution through punishments like whipping, banishment, and fines. It also discusses prominent figures like Roger Williams who fought for religious freedom and founded the first Baptist church. Several missionary martyrs are outlined, such as Jim Elliot who was killed reaching out to the Auca tribe in Ecuador and John and Betty Stam who were murdered by communist bandits in China.
William Wilberforce and the Campaign to End SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in Britain. It details how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, despite facing overwhelming opposition. After years of persistent effort, public awareness campaigns, and legal battles, Wilberforce succeeded in getting Parliament to pass acts abolishing the slave trade in 1807 and emancipating all slaves in the British Empire by 1833, just before his death. The document emphasizes Wilberforce's moral leadership and the role of his evangelical Christian faith in fueling his determination to achieve these landmark reforms.
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
The Eschatology of Victory in the Greatest Century of MissionsPeter Hammond
This document discusses the Protestant missionary movement of the 19th century. It describes how Protestant Christianity expanded from being concentrated in Europe and North America to becoming a worldwide religion by the end of the 1800s. The missionary movement was unprecedented in scale, reducing languages to writing, pioneering schools, introducing modern medicine, and ending many social evils. This expansion was driven by an eschatological belief in the coming universal reign of Christ over all nations, inspired by figures like John Calvin and William Carey who helped launch the modern missionary movement through voluntary societies that mobilized resources on a massive scale.
HIS 2213 LU9 Was the USA Founded as a Christian Nation-State?historyteacher38668
The document provides an overview of the Great Awakening in colonial America during the 1700s. It discusses how evangelical Protestantism grew during this period through the preaching of figures like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. This religious revival led to the emergence of new denominations like Baptists and Methodists and challenged the authority of established churches. However, the document notes that most of the Founding Fathers were not evangelical Christians but rather deists who believed in rationalism over religious doctrine. It analyzes whether the US was founded as a Christian nation based on the text of the Constitution and concludes it was founded on secular rather than religious principles.
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Great Awakening Essay
By the beginning of the 18th century, there was an unmistakable feeling in the American Colonies that its intemperate society had become too comfortable and assertive, and had forgotten its original intentions of religious prosperity. The result was a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s, a movement known as The Great Awakening . This revival was part of an evangelical upsurge occurring simultaneously in England, Scotland, Germany, and other inhabitants on the other side of the Atlantic. In all these Protestant cultures, a new Age of Faith had arisen contrasting the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, advocating the belief that being truly religious meant relying on...show more content...Under the Half Way Covenant, adults who did not have an apparent religious experience could have their children baptized as well, as long as they professed a belief in the basic principles of Reformed Christianity. Despite not being able to vote on church matters, they were welcomed as partial members of the congregation. This trend of religious leniency would extend through the early 1700 s. Reverend Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts, insisted that the sacrament of the Lord s Supper should have been available to all who lived outwardly pious lives and had a good reputation in the community, disregarding the absence of full membership of the church. He argued that it was both impossible and immoral for any human to distinguish the sheep from the goats , and that consequently, it was best to let God decide. In 1725, his congregation decided to bring in Stoddard s young gra
This document provides evidence for Christianity aimed at skeptics. It summarizes prophecies from the Bible that have been fulfilled, such as prophecies about Egypt, Babylon, Tyre, and others. It then discusses how the Bible has survived numerous attempts to destroy it. Finally, it discusses how skeptical researchers, like lawyers and historians, examined Christianity and the evidence for the resurrection and became convinced, converting to Christianity themselves. The document argues Christianity is reasonable and based on historical facts, not blind faith.
This document discusses plans to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation throughout Africa. It will include hosting a youth choir from Europe, distributing Reformation resources digitally and physically, training field workers, and holding conferences to inspire Christians. The goal is to spread the foundational doctrines of the Reformation in order to revive churches and communities according to biblical principles.
William Wilberforce & The War Against SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background information on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It describes how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, facing immense opposition from political and economic interests invested in the slave trade. It outlines the various organizations and reforms Wilberforce championed to help abolish slavery and promote moral betterment in society beyond just the slave trade.
The Assassination of General George S. PattonPeter Hammond
General George Patton, a highly decorated American war hero, opposed the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after WWII. He believed the Soviets could not be trusted as allies and warned that they posed a threat. Patton was seen as a "loose cannon" by those supporting an appeasement policy towards the Soviets. He received warnings that Soviet leader Stalin had ordered his assassination by the NKVD secret police. Despite these warnings, Patton's concerns were ignored by some American leaders. He died in a mysterious car accident in December 1945, fueling speculation that he was assassinated on Stalin's orders to silence his criticisms of Soviet policy.
How Capitalists Saved Communism in the Soviet UnionPeter Hammond
The United States provided extensive military and economic aid to the Soviet Union during World War 2 that helped the Soviets survive against Nazi Germany's invasion. Over several years, the US supplied billions of dollars worth of weapons, vehicles, raw materials and other supplies via three main routes. This massive aid from the US and its allies against their ideological enemy helped turn the tide of the war and ultimately strengthened the Soviet Union for decades to come.
This document provides details about Fidel Castro and communism in Cuba. It summarizes Castro's background growing up wealthy in Cuba, his turn to Marxism and revolutionary activities against the Cuban government. It describes Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara launching a guerrilla campaign against the Batista regime in 1956-1959 that ultimately led to Castro taking power. The document then outlines Castro imposing a communist dictatorship on Cuba, nationalizing businesses, suppressing opposition through public executions, and turning Cuba into an impoverished police state dependent on the Soviet Union for decades. It shares reactions from world leaders to Castro's death and perspectives of both those who praised his legacy and Cuban exiles who suffered under his oppressive regime.
Freedom Betrayed - Herbet Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and...Peter Hammond
This document summarizes the book "Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath". The book is a critical analysis of FDR and Churchill's actions before, during, and after WWII. It argues that FDR deliberately led the US into WWII against public opinion and betrayed Eastern European nations to Stalin. It also asserts that FDR provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor by imposing sanctions. The book challenges conventional views of WWII and the actions of FDR and Churchill. It provides extensive documentation through footnotes to support its claims and interpretations of events.
This document discusses how the concept of sin has diminished in modern society. It notes that words like drunkenness are now described using softer language rather than being called sin. Many churches no longer emphasize sin and repentance, focusing instead on feel-good messages. However, the Bible is clear that God hates sin. The document urges a return to taking sin seriously and emphasizing the need for repentance, as called for in the Bible.
Martin Luther Captive To The Word Of GodPeter Hammond
Martin Luther found spiritual freedom and assurance of salvation through studying the Bible, especially Paul's letter to the Romans. This led Luther to challenge the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences, which claimed to reduce time spent in purgatory. In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences to the church door in Wittenberg, sparking the Protestant Reformation. When summoned before the Holy Roman Emperor in 1521, Luther boldly declared "Here I stand, I can do no other," refusing to recant his biblical teachings. Luther's stand on Scripture transformed Christianity and changed the course of world history.
O documento discute a angelologia, ou o estudo dos anjos, descrevendo suas diversas classes como serafins, querubins e arcanjos. Explica que os anjos foram criados por Deus para servir como mensageiros que executam Sua vontade, podendo aparecer aos homens ou trazer socorro. O texto também aborda a existência e origem dos anjos na Bíblia.
O documento discute a importância das missões cristãs para salvar os perdidos e obedecer a ordem de Jesus de espalhar o Evangelho. Ele enfatiza que cada crente tem a responsabilidade de fazer sua parte para alcançar aqueles que ainda não conhecem Cristo. A comunidade evangélica Macedônia apoia missionários em países como Moçambique, Índia, África do Sul e ajuda a fundar igrejas em locais ainda não alcançados pelo Evangelho.
William Carey - The Father Of Modern MissionsPeter Hammond
William Carey was known as the "Father of Modern Missions." He faced immense challenges but was determined to spread Christianity in India, which was illegal at the time. Through perseverance and translating the Bible into many languages, he helped launch the missionary movement. Despite obstacles like his wife's mental illness and criticism of his work, Carey established schools, translated scriptures, and helped change laws to allow missionaries in India.
O documento discute a importância das missões cristãs em levar o evangelho ao mundo. Ele explica que missões fazem parte do plano de Deus desde a criação e que Jesus ordenou que seus discípulos pregassem em todas as nações. Também descreve como missões são realizadas pelo Espírito Santo através da Igreja e da participação de cada cristão com oração, doações e evangelização.
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist and RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield (1714-1770) was an influential English Anglican priest and leader in the 18th century Protestant evangelical movement known as the Great Awakening. He was renowned as an eloquent preacher who drew immense crowds across Britain and America through his passionate open-air sermons. Whitefield helped spark revivals of Christianity in both countries and established orphanages and schools. Though he had theological differences with John Wesley, the two were ultimately reconciled and helped spread evangelical Christianity. Whitefield preached an extraordinary number of sermons in his lifetime and traveled extensively despite poor health, establishing himself as one of the most important religious figures of his era.
The document discusses the First Great Awakening, a religious revival in American Protestantism that occurred in the 18th century. It notes key leaders like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield who preached to large crowds and traveled throughout the colonies. Their preaching helped spread the Great Awakening and convert people. The document also discusses the Methodist movement founded by John and Charles Wesley and how the Great Awakening divided people into groups like the "Old Lights" who opposed the revivals and the "New Lights" who supported them. The Great Awakening increased religious diversity and tolerance in the colonies.
The document summarizes various instances of religious persecution throughout history, from colonial America to modern times. It describes how Baptists were persecuted for their beliefs in America before the Constitution through punishments like whipping, banishment, and fines. It also discusses prominent figures like Roger Williams who fought for religious freedom and founded the first Baptist church. Several missionary martyrs are outlined, such as Jim Elliot who was killed reaching out to the Auca tribe in Ecuador and John and Betty Stam who were murdered by communist bandits in China.
William Wilberforce and the Campaign to End SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in Britain. It details how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, despite facing overwhelming opposition. After years of persistent effort, public awareness campaigns, and legal battles, Wilberforce succeeded in getting Parliament to pass acts abolishing the slave trade in 1807 and emancipating all slaves in the British Empire by 1833, just before his death. The document emphasizes Wilberforce's moral leadership and the role of his evangelical Christian faith in fueling his determination to achieve these landmark reforms.
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
The Eschatology of Victory in the Greatest Century of MissionsPeter Hammond
This document discusses the Protestant missionary movement of the 19th century. It describes how Protestant Christianity expanded from being concentrated in Europe and North America to becoming a worldwide religion by the end of the 1800s. The missionary movement was unprecedented in scale, reducing languages to writing, pioneering schools, introducing modern medicine, and ending many social evils. This expansion was driven by an eschatological belief in the coming universal reign of Christ over all nations, inspired by figures like John Calvin and William Carey who helped launch the modern missionary movement through voluntary societies that mobilized resources on a massive scale.
HIS 2213 LU9 Was the USA Founded as a Christian Nation-State?historyteacher38668
The document provides an overview of the Great Awakening in colonial America during the 1700s. It discusses how evangelical Protestantism grew during this period through the preaching of figures like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. This religious revival led to the emergence of new denominations like Baptists and Methodists and challenged the authority of established churches. However, the document notes that most of the Founding Fathers were not evangelical Christians but rather deists who believed in rationalism over religious doctrine. It analyzes whether the US was founded as a Christian nation based on the text of the Constitution and concludes it was founded on secular rather than religious principles.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Great Awakening Essay
By the beginning of the 18th century, there was an unmistakable feeling in the American Colonies that its intemperate society had become too comfortable and assertive, and had forgotten its original intentions of religious prosperity. The result was a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s, a movement known as The Great Awakening . This revival was part of an evangelical upsurge occurring simultaneously in England, Scotland, Germany, and other inhabitants on the other side of the Atlantic. In all these Protestant cultures, a new Age of Faith had arisen contrasting the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, advocating the belief that being truly religious meant relying on...show more content...Under the Half Way Covenant, adults who did not have an apparent religious experience could have their children baptized as well, as long as they professed a belief in the basic principles of Reformed Christianity. Despite not being able to vote on church matters, they were welcomed as partial members of the congregation. This trend of religious leniency would extend through the early 1700 s. Reverend Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts, insisted that the sacrament of the Lord s Supper should have been available to all who lived outwardly pious lives and had a good reputation in the community, disregarding the absence of full membership of the church. He argued that it was both impossible and immoral for any human to distinguish the sheep from the goats , and that consequently, it was best to let God decide. In 1725, his congregation decided to bring in Stoddard s young gra
William Tyndale & The Battle for The BiblePeter Hammond
1) William Tyndale was burned at the stake in 1536 for translating the Bible into English from the original Greek and Hebrew.
2) Two other Protestant bishops, Hugh Latimer and Nicolas Ridley, were burned at the stake in 1555 at Balliol College, Oxford for their Protestant faith, along with Archbishop Thomas Cranmer four months later.
3) Their martyrdom served to inspire further calls for Bible translation into English and the Protestant Reformation in England, though over 450 years later their sacrifices are often forgotten.
This document provides information on several Christian missionaries from the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses the work of Isaac McCoy with Native American tribes, the killing of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman by the Cayuse tribe, and the 40 years of work by Stephen and Mary Riggs among the Sioux Indians. It also profiles several influential missionaries including Bishop John Horden in Canada, William Carey in India, and the difficulties faced in missionary work with indigenous populations.
In the ongoing ecumenical dialogue between Mennonites and Catholics the Anabaptist martyrs of the 1500s play a major role. In an address to the 2008 Bridgefolk Conference at Saint John's Abbey in Collegeville MN Ivan Kauffman related the Catholic tradition of saints to the Mennonite tradition of martyrs.
John Knox and the Reformation of ScotlandPeter Hammond
This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Knox, a key figure in the Scottish Reformation. It summarizes his early conversion to Protestantism, his time as a galley slave after being captured for his beliefs, and his eventual release. It describes Knox's preaching against Catholicism in Scotland and Switzerland, and his view that Christians had an obligation to revolt against tyrannical rulers promoting idolatry. The document outlines Knox's call for resistance against Queen Mary I of England and his belief that no woman could legitimately rule as queen.
The document discusses the spread of Christianity in early America. It notes that the earliest settlers brought the religions of their home nations like Anglicanism. The Pilgrim Fathers established the Plymouth colony as Congregationalist Puritans seeking religious freedom. The Great Awakening of the 1730s-1750s saw influential preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield preach to vast crowds and spark revivals across the colonies. Figures like Roger Williams established separation of church and state, allowing religious diversity and freedom to grow.
A new social frontier church history ii lesson 4Andre Fernandez
The document summarizes two Christian movements in 19th century England: the Clapham Sect and the Oxford Movement.
1) The Clapham Sect was a group of evangelical Christians led by William Wilberforce who were deeply engaged in social reform causes, such as abolishing slavery in the British Empire.
2) The Oxford Movement was a group at Oxford University led by John Henry Newman who wanted to strengthen the authority of bishops and traditional rituals in the Church of England in response to social reforms weakening the Church's power. They moved the Church of England closer to Catholicism.
1. Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter who came from a family that experienced loss and mental illness. His mother and sister died from illness when he was young.
2. He was influenced by his father and aunt who told him ghost stories. His painting "The Scream" was inspired by his own feelings of anxiety.
3. The painting came to represent existential dread and anxiety through its depiction of a figure with an agonized expression against a landscape with a tumultuous orange sky. It had a profound personal meaning for Munch related to his own mental anguish.
This document profiles 10 reformers who changed the world:
1) King Alfred the Great of Wessex defended England from Viking invaders and established a stable legal system based on biblical principles.
2) John Wycliffe translated the Bible to English and inspired reformers like Jan Hus.
3) Jan Hus was a professor who confronted corruption in the Catholic Church and was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
4) Martin Luther's 95 Theses launched the Protestant Reformation and he courageously defended his beliefs at the Diet of Worms.
5) Ulrich Zwingli reformed Zurich and Switzerland through biblical preaching.
JOHN KNOX; Converting our Scottish Ancestors from Catholicism to ProtestantismPeter McIntyre
This document provides a summary of the key figures and events that shaped the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. It discusses influential reformers like Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, and John Knox, and how they faced persecution but continued preaching. It also describes the challenges posed by political rulers like Mary of Guise and Cardinal Beaton who opposed the Reformation. Finally, it summarizes how John Knox helped establish a Presbyterian system of church governance in Scotland in the 1560s, though this faced future threats under kings who favored a more Episcopal church structure.
Similar to George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist & Revivalist (17)
Girolamo Savonarola - The Reformer of FlorencePeter Hammond
Savonarola was born in 1452 in Ferrara, Italy to a noble family. He studied philosophy, logic, and medicine before becoming a monk in 1475 and joining the Dominicans. He was sent to Florence where he began fearlessly preaching against the corruption and immorality he saw in the Catholic Church and Florentine society. Savonarola gained a large following and confronted the ruling Medici family. When the Medici's power waned, Savonarola became ruler of Florence for three years and instituted moral reforms. However, he made enemies, including Pope Alexander VI, who had Savonarola excommunicated, imprisoned, and tortured. Remaining steadfast in his beliefs,
Jan Hus was a 15th century Bohemian priest who preached reformist views that challenged the Catholic Church's corruption and abuse of power. Inspired by John Wycliffe's teachings, Hus denounced the sale of indulgences and sins of clergy. He was excommunicated, summoned to a church council, and despite an imperial guarantee of safe passage, was imprisoned and burned at the stake for heresy. Hus' martyrdom helped spread reformist resistance against Rome's authority and led to military conflicts between Hussite followers and the Holy Roman Empire.
Anne of Bohemia was the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and a friend of the Protestant Reformation. She loved studying the Bible and protected John Wycliffe from persecution. Anne encouraged Bohemian students to study under Wycliffe and helped spread Reformation teachings throughout Europe. Her marriage to King Richard II of England was said to be happy. However, Anne tragically died of plague at age 27, deeply mourning by the people of England. Her influence helped spread Reformation ideas to Bohemia and beyond.
The Waldesians Firm and Faithful Alpine Fighters for the FaithPeter Hammond
Peter Waldo was a wealthy merchant in Lyons, France who gave away all his possessions after a friend's death led him to seriously consider his soul. He had priests translate the Gospels into French and was convicted by what he read. Waldo and his followers, called the Waldensians, sought to live in voluntary poverty and preach the Gospel, which brought persecution from the Catholic Church. Despite centuries of persecution, the Waldensians survived and helped inspire reformers like Jan Hus, spreading the Gospel across Europe through traveling preachers.
Countering Halloween Witchcraft with Biblical ReformationPeter Hammond
This document discusses Halloween and argues that it has origins in pagan rituals rather than Christianity. It describes Halloween traditions like costumes, jack-o-lanterns, and trick-or-treating as having roots in Celtic harvest festivals and Druid practices involving human and animal sacrifices to appease spirits. The document recommends that Christians celebrate Reformation Day instead of Halloween and warns that Halloween promotes occult beliefs and can introduce people to witchcraft. It provides many Bible verses condemning pagan practices and encouraging Christians to stand against evil.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish ArmadaPeter Hammond
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
A Christian Perspective on the War in UkrainePeter Hammond
This document provides a Christian perspective on the war in Ukraine from Dr. Peter Hammond. It makes several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
The war pits millions of Christians against each other and has caused much suffering. Ukraine has a history of oppression under communism, particularly Stalin's regime which caused millions of deaths. Attempts to expand NATO and draw Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence helped precipitate the conflict despite warnings from Russia.
Hudson Taylor was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China in the 19th century. He founded the China Inland Mission, now known as OMF International, which became a large missionary organization that focused on evangelizing interior regions of China. Some key aspects:
- Taylor was called to be a missionary to China from a young age and prepared extensively through language study, theology study, and living frugally.
- He adopted Chinese dress and customs to better connect with Chinese people and viewed this as important for an indigenous church. This was controversial among other missionaries.
- Taylor started the China Inland Mission in 1865 with the goal of sending missionaries deep into China without salaries and relying on faith for provisions.
This document discusses the challenge of finding suitable missionary volunteers. It notes that while opportunities for missionary work are vast, there are not enough volunteers to fill positions on the mission field. It attributes this shortage to modern secular culture that discourages long-term commitment and sacrifice. The document then outlines the qualities needed for effective missionary work, including diligent Bible study, strong Christian character, integrity, a positive attitude, and a willingness to endure hardship and criticism. It provides examples from missionary pioneers who exhibited these qualities and were willing to sacrifice all for the cause of missions.
The document discusses how the 19th century was the greatest century of Christian missions and expansion. It summarizes that in 1801, Christianity was concentrated in Europe and North America, with Asia and Africa largely unevangelized. However, by 1900 Christianity had spread to become a worldwide religion. It attributes this to the pioneering missionaries of the 19th century who overcame immense hardships and obstacles to spread the gospel despite limited resources. The document urges Christians to learn from these missionaries' effective strategies and sacrifices if the 21st century is to see similar growth.
This document provides 17 reasons for why the evangelization of non-Christians (the heathen) is important. It argues that all people are lost and in need of salvation due to humanity's sinful nature. It cites biblical passages stating that Jesus is the only way to salvation and that he commands followers to spread the gospel message to all nations. The document emphasizes that God loves all people and that the whole world belongs to him. It concludes by stating that the Lord is worthy of all praise, worship, and honor.
Samuel Zwemer and the Mission to MuslimsPeter Hammond
Samuel Zwemer (1867-1951) was a Dutch-American missionary who dedicated his life to bringing Christianity to Muslims. He grew up in a missionary family and felt called from a young age to take the gospel to followers of Islam. After facing rejection from missionary boards, he co-founded the American-Arabian Mission. Throughout his career, he traveled extensively in the Middle East, wrote prolifically advocating for missions to Muslims, and trained future missionaries. Though he saw few Muslim converts himself, Zwemer laid important groundwork for later missionary efforts and helped mobilize Christians worldwide to reach Muslims with the gospel.
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
The document discusses the importance and power of prayer in the church and for Christians. It notes that prayer meetings used to be a central part of church life but have declined in many Western churches today. When the author was first converted, their local church had vibrant weekly prayer meetings, men's meetings, and outreach events, but these were suspended due to conflicts with television viewing. The document advocates that prayer, studying the Bible, and evangelism should be core priorities and activities for all Christians and churches. It provides many examples from the Bible of the emphasis on prayer and how prayer strengthened the early church.
Oliver Cromwell the Protector and the English Civil WarPeter Hammond
Oliver Cromwell was a dedicated Puritan and military leader who played a pivotal role in the English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy. As a member of Parliament, he helped dismantle the King's oppressive powers and supported religious freedom. Cromwell went on to select and train a highly disciplined New Model Army that proved victorious against Royalist forces. However, he opposed Presbyterian attempts to impose religious uniformity, believing in liberty of conscience. This led to further conflict and ultimately the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649, with Cromwell establishing himself as Lord Protector afterwards.
The document provides an overview of the Book of Acts, describing it as an account of the origin and expansion of the early Christian church. It summarizes that Acts shows Christianity conquering pagan cultures through the power of the Holy Spirit, acting as a missionary manual. Key events and figures in the spread of Christianity are highlighted, obstacles to communicating the gospel cross-culturally are examined, and the church's strategies for successful missionary work are outlined.
Charles Spurgeon The Puritan Prince of PreachersPeter Hammond
Charles Spurgeon was the greatest preacher of the 19th century. Born in 1834 in England, he was called to preach at a young age and went on to establish the largest church in London, the Metropolitan Tabernacle, which seated over 5,000 people. He faced intense opposition but was a prolific author and preacher, with his sermons being published weekly and translated into over 20 languages, selling over 100 million copies total. He preached to an estimated 10 million people in his lifetime and was a leading voice against ritualism and liberal theology of his time.
Florence Nightingale - The Lady With The LampPeter Hammond
Florence Nightingale transformed nursing into a respectable profession and greatly improved standards of hospital care. She established rigorous training programs for nurses and emphasized cleanliness, sanitation, and observation of patients. During the Crimean War, Nightingale reduced the death rate of soldiers in hospitals from 42% to 2% through her reforms. Her lifelong work established nursing practices still used today and saved countless lives through her pioneering of public health initiatives and advocacy for improved healthcare systems.
Patrick was captured from his home in Britain by Irish raiders at age 16 and enslaved in Ireland for 6 years. During this time, he turned to Christianity for comfort. After escaping, he had a vision calling him to return to Ireland as a missionary. Patrick spent over 30 years evangelizing Ireland, converting many to Christianity, establishing churches, and ordaining clergy. He endured opposition from druids but saw much success, with over 120,000 converts. Patrick's missionary work helped spread Christianity throughout Ireland and beyond.
1) The document discusses when the use of force and violence is justified according to the Bible, such as in self-defense of oneself and one's family or community.
2) It argues that Christianity does not mandate pacifism and that just wars can be fought defensively to protect innocent lives according to theological principles.
3) The key message is that while military defense may sometimes be necessary, the most effective way to undermine oppression and conflict is through fulfilling the Great Commission of making disciples of all nations through preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
4. George Whitefield was described
by his contemporaries as: “the
marvel of the age.” Whitefield
was an eloquent preacher who
electrified his audiences.
He drew some of the greatest
crowds ever assembled up to that
time, across two continents,
without any institutional support,
through prayer and the sheer
power of his personality.
The Great Evangelical
Awakening that swept across the
British Isles and North America in
the 18th Century has been
attributed primarily to the dynamic
ministry of George Whitefield.
5. “Probably not since Luther and Calvin has there been such a vessel
chosen for bearing the errands of mercy to the multitude. By the power
of the Holy Spirit, he changed sterile religious wastes into verdant,
heavenly pastures, and sowed on good ground those seeds of practical
piety, whose fruit bless and encourage us in the institutions and habits
that have been handed down to us from the Christianity of past
generations.” Gene Fedele
6. George Whitefield was born,
the youngest of seven
children, at Gloucester, the son
of an innkeeper.
His father died when he was
just two years old. His mother
remarried, but that resulted in a
disastrous divorce.
His mother, Elizabeth
Whitefield, struggled to
maintain the Bell Inn, with
George mopping floors,
cleaning rooms and serving
customers food and drink.
7. Whitefield later recalled how his mother endured 14 weeks sickness after giving
birth to him, and that she would often say to him that she expected more out of him
than any of her other children. George expressed his desire to “follow the example
of my dear Savior, Who was born in a manger belonging to an inn.” Through the
efforts of his mother, young Whitefield entered Pembroke College, Oxford, as a
servitor. He would be put through college by serving the wealthier Oxford
students.
8. Even before he arrived at
Oxford, he had heard of
“the Holy Club” (the
Methodists) of John and
Charles Wesley, who
were generally despised
and ridiculed.
George felt strongly
drawn to defend them in
argument. In time
Whitefield was welcome
to their “Holy Club” and
sought to live by their
strenuous rules.
9. At this time, while reading “The Life of God in the Soul of Man” by Henry
Scougal, Whitefield declared: “God showed me that I must be born again.”
George later commented that at Oxford it became clear that he was no scholar, but
that he was called to be a communicator of the Gospel. He determined to be a
missionary to America. However, his great devotional excesses and lengthy
fastings broke down his health and he was laid aside by a long and wearisome
sickness.
10. When Whitefield recovered, Dr. Benson, Bishop of Gloucester, offered
him ordination as a deacon. After a short time as a temporary pastor to a
congregation in Hampshire, Whitefield sailed for America. He had
already risen to great prominence as a popular preacher. Huge crowds
had gathered in and around London wherever he spoke.
11. Newspaper articles had been
written concerning the
sensation of the “boy
preacher” and his intense and
emotional presentations of
Biblical characters and stories
were attended to by huge
crowds and unprecedented
emotional responses.
Before departing for America,
Whitefield published
his first message:
“The Nature and Necessity of
Our Regeneration or New
Birth in Christ Jesus.”
13. When he returned to
London, churches were
opened on week days and
constables were placed at the
doors to prevent too many
people from forcing their
way into the buildings.
At Bermondsey church,
nearly 1,000 people stood
outside the church unable to
hear his message.
Whitefield felt a strong
compulsion to go out and
preach to this crowd from
the tombstones.
14. This was the beginning of his open-air preaching. Soon, at Kingswood,
near Bristol, Whitefield began his field preaching to about 200 coal
miners. The second time he preached 2,000 people assembled to hear
him. The third time, the audience numbered up to 5,000.
The numbers gathering increased until more than 20,000 people were
assembled on the fields to hear this powerful preacher.
15. Although the common people thronged to hear him, the church authorities took
great offence to George Whitefield’s innovations of preaching the Gospel outside
of the sanctuary of a church building and determined to prevent him preaching
from any of their pulpits in future. What Whitefield had adopted by choice, now
became a necessity. At the time, the idea of outdoor, extemperaneous preaching,
with no wooden pulpit or even sermon notes, between him and his congregation,
seemed revolutionary and undignified to the established church.
16. It was at this point, early 1738,
that George Whitefield
concluded that his calling was
to be an itinerant preacher to
urban areas throughout the
Anglo-American world. It was
during his preaching tour of
the American colonies in 1739
– 1740 that the Great
Evangelical Awakening
erupted. Whitefield’s first stop
was Philadelphia – a major
port city, the most
cosmopolitan city in the New
World, with a thriving market
economy.
17. At every stop along
Whitefield’s ministry
tour from Philadelphia to
New York, and back
again, record audiences,
often exceeding the
population of the towns
in which he preached,
assembled.
18. Observers reported on the remarkable phenomenon of spellbound audiences
listening in profound silence in greater numbers that had ever been seen up until
that point in North America. Some of the most dramatic spiritual responses
occurred during Whitefield’s 39-day whirlwind tour of New England. On 17
October 1740, Whitefield preached in Northhampton, Massachusetts, and stayed
with the famed theologian Johnathan Edwards. Edwards reported: “The
congregation was extraordinarily melted… almost the whole assembly being in
tears for a great part of the time.”
19. It was after that visit that Edwards preached his famous
sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Sarah
Edwards observed that Whitefield aimed more at affecting the
heart by proclaiming the simple truths of the Bible than any
other preacher she had ever heard.
20. It was on this second ministry tour of America that Whitefield acquired a 500-acre
plot for his Bethesda (House of Mercy) orphanage 10 miles north of Savannah,
Georgia. By 1740 he had nearly 40 children under his care, but it was at this point,
while Revival was breaking out in New England, that a disagreement arose
between Whitefield and his trustees, who withdrew their support. Supplies bound
for the orphanage were stolen. Soon Whitefield owed about 500 pounds – 20 years
wages at that time.
21. Then his primary sponsor for the endeavour, William Seward died
without a will. Whitefield reported: “I was embarrassed with Mr.
Seward’s death. He died without making any provision for me, and I was
at the same time much indebted for the Orphan House… I am almost
tempted to wish I had never undertaken the Orphan House.”
22. The debt against Bethesda placed Whitefield in jeopardy of
being jailed for unpaid debt. The financial burdens associated
with this orphanage Whitefield described as: “lying like a
dead weight upon me.” It was only by 1768 that Whitefield
finally managed to settle the debt.
23. With Revival sweeping
England and North America,
Whitefield sailed for Scotland.
In 1742 Whitefield’s preaching
was received with great
enthusiasm in Glasgow and
Edinburgh. Whitefield’s
evening services attracted
thousands and continued until
2 AM, “there were scenes of
uncontrollable distress, like a
field of battle… all night in the
fields, might be heard the
voices of prayer and praise.”
24. Whitefield commented that
the responses in Scotland
“far outdid all that I ever
saw in America.” At one
service 20,000 people
attended a meeting that
stretched late into the night.
On Sunday Whitefield
served communion in the
fields. It was reported that
wherever you walked “you
might have heard persons
praying to, and praising,
God.” Whitefield made 14
ministry tours to Scotland
and 7 to America.
25. Early in his ministry a
sharp conflict developed
between John Wesley
and George Whitefield.
When Whitefield left
England in 1739,
he was the recognised
leader of the Evangelical
Awakening,
and he entrusted his
thousands of converts to
John Wesley’s care.
26. When he returned to England in
early 1741, he found that
“many of my spiritual
children… will neither hear,
see, nor give me the least
assistance. Yes, some of them
sent threatening letters…”
John Wesley had preached and
published against the teachings
of George Whitefield on
predestination and total
depravity. Wesley rejected
Whitefield’s Calvinist
convictions and held that
sinless perfection was
obtainable in this life.
27. Whitefield had always
respected John Wesley as his
“spiritual father in Christ”
and addressed Wesley in his
letters as “Honoured Sir.”
Although Whitefield’s
evangelistic successes far
outstripped that of his
former instructor, he
continued to show John
Wesley great respect to the
very end of his life, when he
requested that John Wesley
preach the sermon at his
funeral.
28. However, the Arminianism of John
Wesley was hostile to Whitefield’s
Calvinist convictions. In March
1739, while Whitefield was in
America, Wesley preached and
published a passionately Arminian
sermon “Free Grace.” He testified
that this step was only taken with
great unease, and after seeking a sign
from heaven and drawing lots twice.
Wesley feared that Calvinism would
discourage growth in holiness.
Wesley ensured that “Free Grace”
was widely published in America,
forcing Whitefield to write a
response.
29. Despite some hot tempers and hard words in the exchanges,
George Whitefield and John Wesley were ultimately reconciled.
Not that there was any agreement on the two issues of predestination
& perfection, but they agreed to disagree. Whitefield refused to build
Calvinist Methodist chapels in places that already had a Methodist
society. Wesley agreed to do the same.
30. Whitefield was welcomed to preach at many of
Wesley’s societies. And more than once Whitefield
acted as a mediator when the Wesley brothers fell out,
notably when Charles sabotaged John’s marriage
prospects to Grace Murray.
31. In 1749, Whitefield resigned formal leadership of the Calvinist Methodist Societies
and posed no further “threat” to Wesley as the chief organiser of the Revival in
England. Wesley lent Whitefield one of his best preachers, Joseph Cownley to
minister at the Tabernacle in London. Whitefield laid the foundations for the
Kingswood College Bristol, which became so important to Methodism.
32. Another interesting
friendship of George
Whitefield was with
Benjamin Franklin.
Franklin and Whitefield
were clearly on opposite
ends of the theological
spectrum. Benjamin
Franklin proclaimed a
religious creed which
consisted primarily of
good works. Whitefield’s
last public words,
preached within hours of
his death, declared:
“Works! Works! A man
gets to heaven by works?
I would as soon think of
climbing to the moon on
a rope of sand!”
34. As colonial tensions with the Mother Country arose, Whitefield clearly sided with
the Americans. When Benjamin Franklin appeared before Parliament, Whitefield
attended every session and gave his old friend public support. Benjamin Franklin
commended Whitefield’s evangelistic zeal and charitable ministries.
35. He wrote to Whitefield
encouraging him to organise
“a strong body of religious
and industrious people” to
settle Ohio.
“Might it not greatly
facilitate the introduction of
pure religion among the
heathen, if we could, by
such a colony, show them a
better example of Christians
than they commonly see in
our Indian traders?”
36. Some historians
attribute “the advent of
black Christianity” in
America to George
Whitefield’s first
preaching tour in
Philadelphia when he
sought out audiences of
slaves, preached the
Gospel to them and
wrote on their behalf.
37. One of Whitefield’s classic
open-air preaching battles
occurred in 1746 in the
Moorfields of London.
He began preaching at 6 in
the morning when some
10,000 people had
assembled, waiting for the
sports events to begin.
Whitefield preached three
times for many hours
during the day, in spite of
drummers, trumpeters,
players, hecklers and vulgar
attacks with stones, dirt,
rotten eggs, pieces of dead
animals, and all manner of
filth was thrown at him.
38. When a recruiting sergeant
marched his men through the
midst of the audience in the hope
of making a disturbance,
Whitefield requested his people to
fall back and make way for “the
king’s officers” and then close up
again. This maneuver trapped the
men within a mass of worshipers.
When the uproar of the heathen
became so great that Whitefield
could not be heard, he stopped
preaching and called the
Christians to sing with loud
voices, and so, with singing,
praying and preaching he held
the field throughout the day.
39. More than a
thousand letters
were handed to him
by persons who
were “brought
under conviction.”
350 people came to
Christ and joined
his congregation as
a result of that day’s
preaching.
40. In his lifetime, Whitefield preached at least 18,000 times.
He would preach an average of 12 times a week and spent 20
– 50 hours in the pulpit each week. Whitefield was America’s
first celebrity. About 80% of all American colonists heard
him preach at least once.
41. Brutal mobs of non-Christians sometimes attacked Whitefield and his followers.
Whitefield received death threats by letters, and once he was stoned until nearly
dead. In his lifetime, he was declared: “the greatest preacher that England has
ever produced.” It was calculated that he preached to over 10 million people in
his lifetime. Whitefield usually awoke at 4 AM and began preaching at 5 or 6 AM.
42. While John Wesley is known as the founder of the Methodist movement,
few remember that it was actually George Whitefield who formed the first
Methodist societies and pioneered most of the methods used
in the 1700’s Evangelical Awakenings.
43. It was Whitefield that
pioneered preaching in fields
rather than churches,
publishing magazines and
holding conferences.
Whitefield published the first
magazine in North America:
“Christian History” –
containing “authentic
accounts of the most
remarkable passages,
historical and doctrinal”
of famous Christians
from the past.
44. Whitefield pushed himself so hard and
preached with such intensity that he was
frequently ill afterwards. Aside from
preaching an average of 12 times a
week, Whitefield sometimes conducted
funerals and performed weddings, often
counselled enquirers, oversaw numerous
congregations, maintained a large
correspondence, as well as organising
his charitable endevours, and preaching
at conferences which Lady Huntington
described as times “of refreshing from
the presence of our God… Mr.
Whitefield’s sermons and exhortations
were close, searching, experimental,
awful and awakening.”
45. Yet, despite all
that he achieved
amidst physical
trials and spiritual
labours,
Whitefield wrote
on the occasion of
his 37th birthday:
“I am ashamed to
think I have lived
so long and done
so little.”
46. Many times Whitefield
travelled through torrential
rain and blizzards of snow in
order to make his
appointments. Much of his
correspondence, reading and
study was accomplished while
travelling, and amidst a
“throng of business.”
Frequently, Whitefield
ignored the advice of doctors
and he continued his 1770
preaching tour in America,
declaring: “I would rather
wear out than rust out.”
47. Struggling with
breathing, nearly
collapsing, needing to
be helped onto his
horse, Whitefield was
heard to pray: “Lord, if
I have not yet finished
my course, let me go
and speak for Thee
once more in the fields,
seal Thy truth and let
me come home and
die!”
48. This prayer was answered as he managed to complete one
final powerful sermon. The following morning he died at
Newburyport. All of the bells in the town tolled, the ships in
the harbour fired their canon in mourning, flags were hung at
half-mast. In Georgia all the black cloth in the stores were
bought up and the churches were hung in black.
49. The governor and council met at the State House in deep
mourning and marched in procession to hear the funeral
sermon. Poet John Green Whittier described Whitefield as:
“That life of pure intent. That voice of warning yet
eloquent.”
50. Whitefield has been attributed
with pioneering non-
denominational, international,
para-church ministry.
He preached to the heart, and
demanded a response.
He utilized the media and blazed
the trail which future generations
of Evangelical Revivalists,
chaplains, youth and student
para-church leaders and
Christian charities have
followed.
51. By all accounts, those who were awakened by his burning words to a sense of their
spiritual needs and who came to Christ as a result of his Biblical preaching number
in, at least, the hundreds of thousands. The lives changed by the Great Evangelical
Awakening launched through his itinerant preaching ministry are incalculable.
52. Some quotable
sayings of
George
Whitefield:
“There is not a
thing on the face of
the earth that I
abhor so much as
idleness or idle
people.”
“God forbid that I should travel with anybody a quarter of an hour without
speaking of Christ to them.”
“I hope to grow rich in heaven by taking care of orphans on earth.”
53. “Young Christians are like little rivulets that make a large
noise and have shallow water; old Christians are like deep
water that makes little noise, carries a good load and gives not
way.”
“Suffering times
are a Christian’s
best improving
times.”
54. “In mighty signs and wonders,
by the power of the Spirit of God…
I have fully preached the Gospel
of Christ, and so I have made it my
aim to preach the Gospel,
not where Christ was named,
lest I should build on another
man’s foundation.”
Romans 15:19 – 20
55.
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62. REFORMATION SOCIETY
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: info@ReformationSA.org
Web: www.ReformationSA.org
65. 1:
My hope is built on nothing less,
than Jesus’ blood and righteousness;
I dare not trust the sweetest frame,
But wholly lean on Jesus’ Name.
On Christ, the solid rock I stand;
All other ground is sinking sand,
all other ground is sinking sand.
66. 2:
When darkness veils His lovely face,
I rest on His unchanging grace;
In every high and stormy gale,
My anchor holds within the veil.
On Christ, the solid rock I stand;
All other ground is sinking sand,
all other ground is sinking sand.
67. 3:
His oath, His covenant, His blood,
support me in the whelming flood;
when all around my soul gives way,
He then is all my hope and stay.
On Christ, the solid rock I stand;
All other ground is sinking sand,
all other ground is sinking sand.
68. 4:
When He shall come with trumpet sound,
O may I then in Him be found;
dressed in His righteousness alone,
faultless to stand before the throne.
On Christ, the solid rock I stand;
All other ground is sinking sand,
all other ground is sinking sand.