GeoPsi Consulting Ltd specializes in solving technology issues for small to mid-size companies using seismic acquisition, processing, interpretation techniques like AVO modeling, AVO interpretation, pore pressures, and petrophysics. They also provide training in AVO and pore pressure courses. Seismic interpretation involves integrating well data, petrophysics, AVO modeling, and geology.

2. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Specialize in solving technology issues for small to mid size companies such as AVO modeling, AVO interpretation, pore pressures and petrophysics. Will perform Seismic acquisition and processing QC Will teach AVO and Pore Pressure courses.

3. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Seismic interpretation involves the integration of well data, petrophysics, AVO modeling, and geology.

4. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Map of the Gulf of Mexico (Whaley, 2006)

5. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. The following slides discuss how the deepwater in the Gulf of Mexico is divided up into three types of plays (Cossey, 2004)

6. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Flex Trend Located just beyond the shelf edge where there is a flex in the sea floor profile. Most discoveries were small reserves, discontinuous sands. They were AVO “ bright spots ” on 2D data. Larger flex trend discoveries were Pompano, Cognac, Lena, and Zinc.

7. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Fold belts As sediments are deposited on top of the salt the salt with its lower density than the sediments begins to move upwards forming salt pillows and fold belts and thrusts in the sediments above the salt. The centers of the folds or thrusts are salt and hydrocarbons flow into reservoir sands that are at the top of the folds or truncated by the thrust faults

8. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Mini Basin Plays When the salt begins to form into pillows we have a withdrawal basin forming which is a mini-basin where we have turbidity currents (submarine fans) and source rocks being deposited.

9. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Salt Canopies When the salt moves upwards we have the formation of a canopy and a stock. As the salt flows more we have the dissolution of the stock and a canopy remains. The dissolution of the stock provides a pathway for the oil from the lower Jurassic source rock to migrate upwards to possible reservoir sands under the canopy. Any one of the above plays discussed above can occur under a salt canopy.

10. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Success in Deepwater The success of the deepwater offshore hydrocarbon exploration is due to technological advances in seismic acquisition, processing, interpretation (AVO and Pore Pressure), and the integration of seismic with well logs and petrophysics to understand the link between seismic data and geology.

11. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Amplitude versus Offset

12. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. AVO Responses on Gathers Utilizing Geokinetics dTips modeling we can examine the amplitude response at different angles of incidence for the different Rutherford and Williams (1989) classes of reservoir sands. Notice for the wet sands we do not have anomalous responses but on the gas cases we do. By showing how the signature of the AVO on the gathers we can begin to be able to draw important conclusions and understand the different AVO indicators and how they will respond for the different classes of AVO. We also see that Class 1 AVO’s are very difficult to see on the gathers and subsequently with the AVO indicators and, because of the attention is focused on the class 2 and class 3 reservoir sands. (Courtesy of Geokinetics).

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14. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. AVO Modeling If we graph the amplitude versus the angle of incidence we see that as we change from a Class 3 AVO sand to a class 1 AVO sands the acoustic impedance increases in value going from a trough (negative) passing through zero and going to a peak (positive) and so does the slope or rate of change in amplitude increase. We also see when we look at the wet sand versus the gas sand that the near impedance drops in magnitude between the wet and gas sand. So the near impedance is affected more by the fluids in the rock than the slope or rate of change in amplitude. The fluids do not affect the slope or rate of change in amplitude as much as the intercept and the wet and gas trends are almost parallel for the class 1 and class 2 sands. This implies that the gradient reflects more the lithology of the rock.

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16. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. AVO Modeling

17. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. AVO Crossplotting Cross plot of Near Impedance versus Poisson Reflectivity for the different Rutherford and Williams (1989) classes of AVO sands. The top of gas sand reflections tends to plot below the background trend and the bottom of gas sand reflections plot above the background trend (Castagna et al., 1998). The background trend is related to the V p /V s ratio. Class 1 (A) has a positive intercept and negative gradient so it plots in the 4th quadrant of the Cartesian axis (light brown trapezoid). Class 2 (B) has a positive or negative intercept and a negative slope so it plots around the 0 on the x-axis in quadrants 3 and 4 (light blue trapezoid) and the Class 3 (C) has a negative intercept and gradient so it is in quadrant 3 (yellow trapezoid). The arrow in each graph represents the fluid factor. As can be seen Class 3 and 2 fluid factors are large but the Class 1 AVO has a small fluid factor.

18. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. AVO Crossplotting

19. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Pore Pressure

20. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Pore Pressure Calculator Pore Pressure Calculator with Centroid.

21. GeoPsi Consulting Ltd. Philosophy of Exploration