The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
The Malwa constituting the Deccan Trap volcanic province (Upper Cretaceous –Eocene). The Malwa region occupies a plateau in Western M.P and South-Eastern Rajasthan (between 21010’ N and 73045 E ) with Gujarat in the West . The region include the M.P district of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain parts of Guna and Sehore and the Rajasthan district of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Pratapgarh. It is covered an area of 81,767 sq. km. and elevation of 500m.Ujjain region constituting the Malwa region. Ujjain District is situated in Madhya Pradesh and lies between longitude 750 45’ to 750 50’ and latitude 230 15’ to 230 5’ and area lies the toposheet No. 45M/16 and 46M/12.
The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
The Malwa constituting the Deccan Trap volcanic province (Upper Cretaceous –Eocene). The Malwa region occupies a plateau in Western M.P and South-Eastern Rajasthan (between 21010’ N and 73045 E ) with Gujarat in the West . The region include the M.P district of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain parts of Guna and Sehore and the Rajasthan district of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Pratapgarh. It is covered an area of 81,767 sq. km. and elevation of 500m.Ujjain region constituting the Malwa region. Ujjain District is situated in Madhya Pradesh and lies between longitude 750 45’ to 750 50’ and latitude 230 15’ to 230 5’ and area lies the toposheet No. 45M/16 and 46M/12.
This time the slide rock mainly contains what Huangshan has seen and heard, as well as the resolution of stone sampling and the final understanding of the law.
This time the slide rock mainly contains what Huangshan has seen and heard, as well as the resolution of stone sampling and the final understanding of the law.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Basic Facts About The American River
● The River is 120 miles long.
● It ranges from the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range to its confluence with
the Sacramento River.
● The river is fed from the melting snow of the Sierra Nevada along with
its fellow tributaries: North Fork of American River, Middle Fork, and
South Fork.
● Mostly known for the discovery of gold at Coloma that led to the
California Gold Rush.
● Rocks found along the river include: graanite, conglomerates, sandstones,
claystones, and lahars.
4. Basic Facts About The Sierra Nevadas
● Elevation is 14,505 ft (4,421 m)
● It is 400 Miles long, About 70 Miles
wide.
● It includes the largest alpine lake in
North America: Lake Tahoe.
● Its peak is Mount Whitney, the
highest point in the United States.
● Also Includes Yosemite Valley.
● It is the home of 3 National Parks:
Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon.
5. Evolutionary History
● During the Cretaceous period, a
subduction zone formed, causing
an oceanic plate to dive under
the North American plate.
● Magma then began to form
through the subduction of plutons
underground, this mass formed
the “Sierra Nevada batholith”.
● These plutons formed at
different various times eventually
forming the first of the Sierra
Nevada mountains about 66
million years ago.
● Next, volcanic activity occurred
within the Sierra, about 10
million years ago a block of crust
began to form between the Coast
Range and the Basin and Range
Province causing the west to tilt
entirely.
● Rivers started to cut through the
canyons while lava filled some of
these canyons, which eroded and
left table mountains that follow
the old river channels.
About 2.5 million years ago the Earth's climate began to cool, then the ice ages started.
Glaciers then carved out U-shaped canyons throughout the Sierras. The combination of the
river and glacier erosions exposed the uppermost portions of the plutons that were emplaced
millions of years ago, leaving a remnant of metamorphic rock on top of some Sierra peaks.
6. Animal That Lives On The American River:
The Beaver!
● Mostly Nocturnal, and are semi-aquatic
creatures.
● Genus: Castor, there are two extant
species, the North American beaver and
Eurasian beaver.
● Known for building dams along the river,
in addition to canals and their homes.
● They are the second largest rodent in
the world.
● Population used to be more than 60
million but has declined due to more
general hunting or specifically for beaver
fur.
7. Evolutionary History Of The Beaver
● Rodents first appear in the fossil record
about 65 million years ago, around the time
when the non-avian dinosaurs became
extinct.
● Today’s beavers and their relatives appear
in the fossil record near the end of the
Eocene period.
● Castoroides leiseyorum was an ancestor that
lived over 2.5 million years ago, found in the
fossil record and shows direct relation since
their fossils have only been found in North
America. (Existed in the Pleistocene era)
● First Castoroides fossils
were discovered in 1837 in
Ohio.
9. Facts About The California Wildrose
● Grows through the coast,
foothills of California, and
throughout the mountains up
to elevations of 6000 feet.
● It is deciduous, and grows on a
shrub with prickly stems.
● They grow open-faced and
with five petals in any shade
of pink ranging from
almost-white to deep magenta.
● It can go summer dormant if it
doesn't get enough water.
● Berries may or may not happen
to grow.
● Can grow up to 10 ft. tall and 10
ft. wide.
● Smells very pleasant! (:
10. Evolutionary History
● Rosaceae (Part of the Rose Family)
● Molecular clock analysis revealed an estimated
age of about 101.6 million years for crown
Rosaceae and divergence times of tribes and
genera, providing a geological and climate
context for fruit evolution.
● Rosaceae is a moderately large angiosperm
family in the order Rosales, with about 3000
species, 3 subfamilies, 16 tribes, and 88–100
genera.
● Rosaceae likely originated near the boundary of
early to late Cretaceous period.
● Rosaceae species are classified into three
subfamilies , with two large ones, Rosoideae and
Amygdaloideae, and Dryadoideae.
● Among the three largest tribes
having over 500 species, Rubeae
diverged earlier at 75 Ma in Late
Cretaceous; the other two tribes
originate under relatively
stressful conditions than current
environment: Potentilleae during
Paleocene shortly after a global
catastrophe at the boundary of
Cretaceous and Paleocene (66
Ma), and Maleae during the
hottest and most humid period in
the Cenozoic Era.
12. Rock #1: Granite
● Granite is an igneous rock with grains large
enough to be visible with the unaided eye.
● It forms from the slow crystallization of
magma below Earth's surface.
● Granite is composed mainly of quartz and
feldspar along with minor amounts of mica,
amphiboles, and other minerals.
● Can come in colors such as red, pink, gray, or
white color with dark mineral grains visible
throughout the rock itself.
● Granite is the best-known igneous rock
● Many people recognize
granite since it is the most
common igneous rock found
at Earth's surface &
because granite is used to
make many objects that we
encounter in daily life.
13. Identification Of Granite
● The large mineral crystals in
granite are evidence that it cooled
slowly from molten rock material.
● The texture of the granite
indicated a phaneritic texture with
coarse grains, easily visible.
● This picture consists of tan,
smoother granite rocks with specs
of darker crystals, lying on top of
one another.
-Picture taken from the North Fork of
The American River-
14. Rock #2: Sandstone
● Sandstone is defined as a detrital sedimentary
rock, meaning it is made up of solid particles such
as gravel, sand, silt, and clay from parent
material.
● Quartz sandstone is the most common, being
mostly made of quartz.
● Contains a cementing material that binds the
sand grains together & may contain a matrix of
silt or clay-size particles that occupy the spaces
between the sand grains.
● Quartz content of these sandstones can be very
high, up to 90% or more. These are called
“mature” since they have been worked and
reworked.
● Other sands can contain
significant amounts of
feldspar, if they came
from a source rock with
a significant quartz
content, they are said to
be "immature."
15. Identification Of Sandstone
● The grains in these sandstones indicated a
mixture of particles, possibly mineral,
rock, and other organic material.
● The tiny grains make it known that these
materials must have been reduced to
"sand" size by weathering, then
transported to their depositional site by
the action of moving water, wind, or ice
● These particular rocks were found by a
much bigger rock formation, the rocks
resembled this and may have derived from
this parent rock.
-Picture taken from The American
River in Fair Oaks, Ca-
16. Rock #3: Conglomerate
● Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock
that contains large rounded clasts.
● The space between the clasts is generally
filled with smaller particles and or a
calcite/quartz cement that binds the rock
together.
● As a clastic sedimentary rock, it can contain
clasts of any rock material or weathering
product that is washed downstream or down
current.
● Particles such as quartz or feldspar may be
found, materials may be sedimentary,
metamorphic, or igneous rock fragments.
● Clasts of quartzite,
sandstone, limestone,
granite, basalt, and gneiss
are especially common.
17. Identification Of Conglomerate
● Conglomerate is easier to identify since it
is obvious when there are larger clasts
within the rock itself.
● The clasts must be greater than 2 mm in
diameter, in this picture they are indeed.
● The clasts are held together by minerals
such as quartz or calcite in a cement
binding the materials as one.
● There are a ton of conglomerates around
the river since the strong water current
tends to transport and shape the particles
as they tumble down the stream, forming
conglomerates.
-Picture of conglomerate
rock by the river-
19. The Law Of Superposition
● A basic law of geology
stating that in any
undisturbed sequence of
rocks deposited in layers,
the youngest layer is on
top and the oldest on
bottom, each layer being
younger than the one
beneath it and older than
the one above it.
20. Identification Of Superposition
● In this picture, the layers of this
land become very clear.
● According to the law, the lowest
layers, closest to the water are
the oldest, while the upper layers
on the top with the trees, are the
youngest.
● Here there are many layers, which
becomes very interesting as the
layers themselves are history
telling its story, layering more as
more time passes.
22. Identification Of Disconformity
● An erosion surface between
two packages of sediment,
yet the lower package of
sediments was not tilted
prior to deposition of the
upper sediment package.
● The red line indicates
where the top package of
sediment ends and where
the lower half starts.
● The lower package of
sediment is tilted slightly.
24. References:
Sierra Nevada (U.S.). (2018, May 29). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)#Geologic_history
Beaver. (2018, June 24). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver
Castoroides. (2018, June 24). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castoroides
Pepper, D. (n.d.). Castoroides. Retrieved from http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/c/castoroides.html
American River. (2018, June 25). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_River
About the American River. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theamericanriver.com/rivers/
Sartore, J. (2010, September 10). Beaver. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/b/beaver/
Rosa californica (California Wild Rose). (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.parksconservancy.org/conservation/plants-animals/native-plant-information/california-wild-rose.html
California Wildrose, Rosa californica. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://calscape.org/Rosa-californica-()
25. References (continued):
X., Y., H., C., Y., W., . . . H. (2016, November 17). Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in the Context of
Geological Times and Genome Duplication | Molecular Biology and Evolution | Oxford Academic. Retrieved from
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/2/262/2528249
Granite. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/rocks/granite.shtml
Sandstone. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/rocks/sandstone.shtml
Conglomerate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/rocks/conglomerate.shtml
Law of superposition. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/law-of-superposition
Unconformities. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105b/images/gaia_chapter_6/unconformities.htm