Genetics 1: classification- Ranks & Clades

1. Genetics 1:
Classification of
Life
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
1
HOOK VIDEO: COSMOS-
“Some Things Molecules do”

2. 3 Domains:
Prokaryote: no nucleus or organelles
Eukaryotes: nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
VIDEO: How we think complex cells evolved (5:30)
2

3. NEW There are 3
Domains
K
C
O
F
S
G
P
RANKING
SYSTEM
3

4. 4
CC video: comparative
anatomy (10 min)
Kingdom
Archae-
bacteria

5. H I S T O R Y
Aristotle: (Greek philosopher 384-322 CE)
classified animals based on method of
reproduction
5

6. Taxonomy: group or categorize organisms
• Before 1700, there were multiple long names for new
species with no rules in naming process
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) 1735
grouped organisms by shared physical characteristics
• wrote Systems Naturae
3 Kingdoms: 1. Mineral
2. Vegetable
3. Animal
6

7. Today naming is
regulated by
Nomenclature
Codes allowing
names to be
divided into ranks:
Binomial
nomenclature
(genus & species)
1740’s
R A N K I N G
S Y S T E M
7CC Video: #19 Taxonomy(12 min)

8. • 1859 Darwin insisted classification should
reflect genetic relatedness
• 1900 Emil Willi Henning: grouped organisms by
inferred evolutionary relatedness
• Homologous structures; inherited
from common ancestors, so were
related
Phylogenetic taxonomy
8

9. • Cladistic system: 1960’s scientists started using
DNA sequences to determine common ancestry
IGNORING RANKS
• This new field is making changes & revisions in
classification everyday.
• International Code of Phylogenetic
Nomenclature (PhyloCode) is currently under
development
Molecular Phylogenetics
C L A D E S Y S T E M
9

10. • 1990’s: New Grouping based on new discoveries
in bacteria metabolism
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukaryota
D O M A I N S
Separated
these 2
Includes Protists
10
CC Video: #35 Archaea, Bacteria, Protists (12 min)

11. 11
Archaea- ancient group of prokaryotic
organisms that are still present today --
Extremphiles- types of archaea that live in very
extreme places
Some examples:
• Halophile: live in extreme salty
conditions
• Thermophile: live in extremely hot
conditions
• Methanogen: metabolize such that they
use acidic conditions (sulfur) and
release methane

12. 12
Hiller Lake, Australia
Halophilic archaea & bacteria live in this salty
lake BACK

13. Under-ocean
hot vent
13
Yellowstone hot vent, Wyoming
thermophilic archaea & bacteria live in this
hot vent BACK

14. 14
Methanogenic archaea
BACK

15. 15
Bacteria- ancient group of prokaryotic
organisms that are still present today

16. 16
Eukaryota- group of organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles
ALL THE REST

17. Phylogenetic tree
17

18. H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735
Linnaeus
1866
Haeckel
1925
Chatton
1938
Copeland
1969
Whittaker
1990
Woesse
1998
Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply
Darwin to
Microscopic
organisms
To show
having
nucleus or
not
To show
evolutionary
history of
life
18
NOTES LAB

19. H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735
Linnaeus
1866
Haeckel
1925
Chatton
1938
Copeland
1969
Whittaker
1990
Woesse
1998
Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply
Darwin to
Microscopic
organisms
To show
having
nucleus or
not
To show
evolutionary
history of
life
19

20. 1969 Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms
Protists
Monera
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual Reproduction
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
Absorb
Spores: asexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
20
NOTES LAB

21. 1969 Whittaker: 5 Kingdoms
Protists
Monera
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual Reproduction
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
Absorb
Spores: asexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
21

22. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Spores: asexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
mobile
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
22
NOTES LAB

23. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Spores: Asexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
mobile
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
23

24. Protist
Fungi
Tree of life Web Project
Tolweb.org
24
NOTES LAB

25. Protist
Fungi
Tree of life Web Project
Tolweb.org
25

26. 26
1. System of classification in which organisms are grouped
based on physical characteristics in gradual degrees of
specificity
2. Definition: To group or categorize organisms
3. System of classification based on genetic relatedness of
species
4. Organism with cells containing a nucleus & organelles
5. Organism that has no nucleus or organelles
6. Two-name naming system introduced by Linneus
7-9. Name the 3 Domains of life
10. Why were two of these domains separated in the 1990’s?
Genetics UNIT CHECK 1
a. Eukaryote b. Ranking c. Phylogenetic (cladistics)
d. taxonomy e. Prokaryote f. Binomial nomenclature
B
D
C
A
E
F
It was realized there were significant differences in
the DNA & metabolism of Archaea & Bacteria
Archaea, Bacteria,
Eukaryota

27. 27
NOTES LAB:
(WS COPIES)

28. H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735
Linnaeus
1866
Haeckel
1925
Chatton
1938
Copeland
1969
Whittaker
1990
Woesse
1998
Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply
Darwin to
Microscopic
organisms
To show
having
nucleus or
not
To show
evolutionary
history of
life
NOTES LAB-
Highlight Animal category pink. In 1925, Chatton wanted to classify based upon ___________________________
Highlight plant category green. Which is more complex- prokaryote or eukaryote?___________________
Highlight prokaryotes blue. In 1969 Whittaker wanted to classify based upon visual similarities. How many kingdoms did he establish? ___
Which scientist coined the categorization of domains? ____________________ 28

29. Protists
Monera
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Movement?:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Movement?:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Movement?:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Movement?:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Movement?:______________
NOTES LAB-
1969 Wittaker: 5 Kingdoms
29
NOTES LAB

30. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
metabolism:__________
____________________
Respiration: __________
Reproduction_________
metabolism:__________
____________________
Respiration: __________
Reproduction_________
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Reproduction:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Reproduction:______________
metabolism: _______________
__________________________
Respiration: ________________
Reproduction:______________
metabolism:__________
____________________
Respiration: __________
Reproduction_________
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN
NOTES LAB- 30
NOTES LAB

31. _______
_______
Tree of life Web Project
Tolweb.org
NOTES LAB- 31
NOTES LAB

32. EGG LAB:
Phylogeny
LINK:
http://www.tbi.montana.edu/outreach/hotscience/m
aterials/pdfs/Egg_Teachers.pdf
32

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