The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic diversity among 31 maize genotypes based on fodder yield and quality parameters. Key findings include:
- Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between genotypes for various traits measured like plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, fodder yield, protein and fiber content.
- The best performing genotypes identified were DTMA-271, DTMA-15, DTMA-281 and DTMA-295 based on traits like plant height, leaf area, fodder yield and protein content.
- Correlation analysis showed traits like plant height, stem diameter, leaf moisture percentage and fodder yield were significantly correlated with increased fodder yield per plant.
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN INDIGENOUS RICE (OR...Vipin Pandey
The present study was carried out to study ninety four rice accessions, along with checks, on the basis of sixteen
qualitative and twenty quantitative characters. Analysis of variance for quantitative characters showed differences for
different characters. High coefficient of variation in the entire genotypes was observed for grain yield per plant (27.4 %),
number of effective tillers per plant (22.37 %), test weight (21.14 %) and kernel length breadth ratio (20.59 %).
Correlation analysis revealed positive and highly significant correlation of total number of filled grains per panicle, total
number of grains per panicle, plant height and number of effective tiller per plant; harvest index, test weight, flag leaf
length and days to maturity had positive highly significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Principal Component
Analysis revealed, out of 20, only seven principal components (PCs) exhibited more than 1.00 eigen value, and showed
about 77.42 % variability among the traits studied. So, these 7 PCs were given due importance for further explanation.
Component matrix revealed that the PC1 was mostly related to quality characters while PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6 and
PC7 mostly associated with yield related traits. Cluster analysis performed by UPGMA method using Euclidean distance
as dissimilarity measure divided the 97 genotypes of rice into ten clusters. The cluster III constituted of 48 genotypes,
forming the largest cluster followed by cluster VI (22 genotypes), cluster V (10 genotypes), cluster II (5 genotypes) and
cluster VIII (4 genotypes), cluster I, IV and VII (two genotypes each), cluster IX and X had (only one genotypes each).
Quality analysis performed for 97 rice genotypes revealed wide range of genetic variability for most of the quality traits.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN INDIGENOUS RICE (OR...Vipin Pandey
The present study was carried out to study ninety four rice accessions, along with checks, on the basis of sixteen
qualitative and twenty quantitative characters. Analysis of variance for quantitative characters showed differences for
different characters. High coefficient of variation in the entire genotypes was observed for grain yield per plant (27.4 %),
number of effective tillers per plant (22.37 %), test weight (21.14 %) and kernel length breadth ratio (20.59 %).
Correlation analysis revealed positive and highly significant correlation of total number of filled grains per panicle, total
number of grains per panicle, plant height and number of effective tiller per plant; harvest index, test weight, flag leaf
length and days to maturity had positive highly significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Principal Component
Analysis revealed, out of 20, only seven principal components (PCs) exhibited more than 1.00 eigen value, and showed
about 77.42 % variability among the traits studied. So, these 7 PCs were given due importance for further explanation.
Component matrix revealed that the PC1 was mostly related to quality characters while PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6 and
PC7 mostly associated with yield related traits. Cluster analysis performed by UPGMA method using Euclidean distance
as dissimilarity measure divided the 97 genotypes of rice into ten clusters. The cluster III constituted of 48 genotypes,
forming the largest cluster followed by cluster VI (22 genotypes), cluster V (10 genotypes), cluster II (5 genotypes) and
cluster VIII (4 genotypes), cluster I, IV and VII (two genotypes each), cluster IX and X had (only one genotypes each).
Quality analysis performed for 97 rice genotypes revealed wide range of genetic variability for most of the quality traits.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Heritability and genetic advance in F5 segregating generation of Tomato (Sola...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated the yield and its contributing attributes among F5 segregating tomato lines so as to find degree of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. This research study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during season 2018-2019 at Agricultural Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The experimental material (23 segregating lines and 2 parental genotypes) were characterized for morphological days to first flowering, days to fruiting, plant height, stem diameter, cluster per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits cluster-1, fruits per plant, yield hectare-1. Analysis of variance regarding morphological attributes showed highly significant differences (P≤ 0.01) among tomato F5 segregating lines. Minimum days to first flowering and days to fruiting were recorded for ST-12, ST-14, ST-17 with values of (50.00), (78.33) each, respectively. Maximum plant height, stem diameter, clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, fruit per cluster, fruits per plant, single fruit weight were observed for ST-20, ST-17, ST-12, ST-21, Roma, ST-12, ST-8, Roma with values of (105.38), (1.69), (29.33), (6.18), (6.00), (150.27), (81.41). Very little differences were observed between phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits except cluster plant-1 and fruits plant-1 indicating that most of the traits were less influenced by environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. All traits had high h2 but only fruit plant-1 (0.37), single fruit weight (0.58), yield ha-1 (0.39) were found to be moderate and clusters plant-1(0.12) had low h2. Low genetic advance (20.0) was recorded for all traits except yield. Moderate to low genetic advance suggests the action of both additive and non-additive genes and favorable influence of environment in the expression. Desired morphological characterization on the basis of the yield attributing traits to fruit yield showed these lines ST-1, ST-2, ST-4, ST-5, ST-6, ST-7, ST-9, ST-11, ST-12, ST-14, ST-17, ST-18, ST-19, ST-21, could further be used for the development of improved varieties in future tomato breeding program.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity has been a critical step in knowing the different growth traits for selection and varietal improvement of rice. The present study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among the growth traits and to work out how to select between traits. Three field experiments were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season of 2016/2018. Sixteen advanced blast resistant rice lines were studied in order to find out the genetic diversity in some quantitative characters and to find out the relationship between yield and yield related components by using the multivariate analysis. The field trials were conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distant was 25 × 25 cm spacing and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a significant difference among the characters, most of the genotypes responded significantly. The high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, relative distance and genetic advance indicated that different traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influenced the yield trait. In addition, the genotypes were grouped into 9 major clusters based on the assessed characters by using the UPGMA dendrogram. Group 1 with Group VII could be hybridized in order to attain higher heterosis or the best between the genotypes, which becomes helpful in developing a good selection in rice.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
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Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Analysis of Yield Factors in Earliness Related Traits and Yield in Pigeonpeaijtsrd
Pigeonpea productivity is greatly constrained by poor plant ideotype of existing Indian cultivars. Enhancing pigeonpea yield demands a renewed focus on restructuring the ideal plant type by using more efficient approaches like genomic tools. Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. belongs to the tribe Phaseoleae in the family Leguminosae .Although conventional breeding in pigeonpea has delivered a range of cultivars catering to the demand of wider farming community, remodeling of plant type through deploying modern genomic tools has not yet been started . VB Singh | SS Kashyap | AK Singh "Analysis of Yield Factors in Earliness Related Traits and Yield in Pigeonpea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42489.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42489/analysis-of-yield-factors-in-earliness-related-traits-and-yield-in-pigeonpea/vb-singh
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
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Similar to Genetic Diversity among Maize (Zea mays L) Genotypes Based on Fodder Yield and Quality Parameters
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Heritability and genetic advance in F5 segregating generation of Tomato (Sola...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated the yield and its contributing attributes among F5 segregating tomato lines so as to find degree of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. This research study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during season 2018-2019 at Agricultural Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The experimental material (23 segregating lines and 2 parental genotypes) were characterized for morphological days to first flowering, days to fruiting, plant height, stem diameter, cluster per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits cluster-1, fruits per plant, yield hectare-1. Analysis of variance regarding morphological attributes showed highly significant differences (P≤ 0.01) among tomato F5 segregating lines. Minimum days to first flowering and days to fruiting were recorded for ST-12, ST-14, ST-17 with values of (50.00), (78.33) each, respectively. Maximum plant height, stem diameter, clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, fruit per cluster, fruits per plant, single fruit weight were observed for ST-20, ST-17, ST-12, ST-21, Roma, ST-12, ST-8, Roma with values of (105.38), (1.69), (29.33), (6.18), (6.00), (150.27), (81.41). Very little differences were observed between phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits except cluster plant-1 and fruits plant-1 indicating that most of the traits were less influenced by environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. All traits had high h2 but only fruit plant-1 (0.37), single fruit weight (0.58), yield ha-1 (0.39) were found to be moderate and clusters plant-1(0.12) had low h2. Low genetic advance (20.0) was recorded for all traits except yield. Moderate to low genetic advance suggests the action of both additive and non-additive genes and favorable influence of environment in the expression. Desired morphological characterization on the basis of the yield attributing traits to fruit yield showed these lines ST-1, ST-2, ST-4, ST-5, ST-6, ST-7, ST-9, ST-11, ST-12, ST-14, ST-17, ST-18, ST-19, ST-21, could further be used for the development of improved varieties in future tomato breeding program.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity has been a critical step in knowing the different growth traits for selection and varietal improvement of rice. The present study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among the growth traits and to work out how to select between traits. Three field experiments were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season of 2016/2018. Sixteen advanced blast resistant rice lines were studied in order to find out the genetic diversity in some quantitative characters and to find out the relationship between yield and yield related components by using the multivariate analysis. The field trials were conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distant was 25 × 25 cm spacing and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a significant difference among the characters, most of the genotypes responded significantly. The high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, relative distance and genetic advance indicated that different traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influenced the yield trait. In addition, the genotypes were grouped into 9 major clusters based on the assessed characters by using the UPGMA dendrogram. Group 1 with Group VII could be hybridized in order to attain higher heterosis or the best between the genotypes, which becomes helpful in developing a good selection in rice.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
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Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Analysis of Yield Factors in Earliness Related Traits and Yield in Pigeonpeaijtsrd
Pigeonpea productivity is greatly constrained by poor plant ideotype of existing Indian cultivars. Enhancing pigeonpea yield demands a renewed focus on restructuring the ideal plant type by using more efficient approaches like genomic tools. Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. belongs to the tribe Phaseoleae in the family Leguminosae .Although conventional breeding in pigeonpea has delivered a range of cultivars catering to the demand of wider farming community, remodeling of plant type through deploying modern genomic tools has not yet been started . VB Singh | SS Kashyap | AK Singh "Analysis of Yield Factors in Earliness Related Traits and Yield in Pigeonpea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42489.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42489/analysis-of-yield-factors-in-earliness-related-traits-and-yield-in-pigeonpea/vb-singh
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In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
2. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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8
high nutritional value for fodder i.e. starch (66.7%), protein (10%), fiber (8.5%), sugar (3%) and ash (7%) [4]. In
Pakistan maize is cultivated on large scale and it covers an area 1.418 million hectares and the production is 8.465
million tons annually [2].
From the total world production only two third is utilized for animal feed and commercially for oil and starch
production in all over the world. No doubt maize is highly nutritional crop but its production in Pakistan is not
enough to complete the human and livestock requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the genetics of the
traits that are responsible for quality of fodder. Genetic variations play an important role to understand the genetic
variation helpful for nominating the elite genotypes for the desired traits. Wide diversity present in maize crop
fruitful in breeding programs for improving the fodder quality and yield.
Association existing among different traits (genotypic and phenotypic correlation) determines the mutual
relationship of traits. For developing desired genotypes it is important to estimate the relationship of various traits
which are directly linked with fodder yield. Therefore, correlation analysis is effective method for selecting the
traits that can be used in breeding program. Therefore, the aim of the study to elite the maize genotypes based on
morphological and quality traits and that could be used in breeding programs in future.
2. Material and Methods
The experiment was planned in autumn season 2018 at MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan Pakistan. The 31
maize genotypes were collected from Australian Grain Gene Bank given in Table 1. These were sown in a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The genotypes were sown following the
dibbling method with a rate of one seed per hole on 29th
of August 2019.
Each genotype was maintained with row × row and plant × plant distance of 75 cm and 25 cm, respectively. Before
sowing recommended fertilizers i.e. urea (1bag, 50kg per acre) and DAP (1bag, 50kg per acre) were applied
properly. At tasseling stage recommended dosage of DAP (1bag, 50kg per acre) was also applied. To control the
shoot fly Trichlorofan was applied @ 250g/acre at seedling stage. A systematic insecticide Furidan was applied @
8kg/acre against the stem borer. For imitation and establishment, the crop received seven irrigation of nine to
eleven days interval. Weeding was carried out by hand hoeing.
Table 1. Maize (Zea mays L) germpasm collection
Sr. # Genotype Sr. # Genotype Sr. # Genotype
1 NS(FS)L.F.W-8 12 DTMA-155 23 DTMA-289
2 TL83B-1581-11 13 DTMA-160 24 DTMA-295
3 Sel precoz C12 14 DTMA-161 25 DTMA-297
4 Rampur-8078 15 DTMA-164 26 DTMA-298
5 A 131-60 16 DTMA-195 27 DTMA-266
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6 DTMA-181 17 DTMA-208 28 DTMA-254
7 DTMA-183 18 DTMA-265 29 PGH39
8 DTMA-184 19 DTMA-15 30 LH123HT
9 DTMA-187 20 DTMA-271 31 LP5
10 DTMA-119 21 DTMA-276
11 DTMA-127 22 DTMA-281
2.1. Morphological traits
Randomly five plants in each replication per genotype were selected for data recording of morphological traits.
Following traits are considered for data recording, plant height (PH) (cm), days to 50% tasseling (DTT), days to
50% silking (DTS), leaves plant-1
, stem diameter (SD), leaf-stem ratio (LSR) , leaf area (LA) (cm2
), leaf moisture
(MOS) (%), green fodder yield (GFY) and dry fodder yield (DFY) plant-1
.
2.2. Fodder quality traits
Five plants in each replication per genotype were collected and chopped manually for quality analysis. Ash content
%, crude fiber (CF) %, ether extract (EE) %, nitrogen free extract (NFE) % and crude protein (CP) % (N x 6.25
equals crude protein content) were estimated by following the protocol of micro-kjeldahl, AOAC (1965).
3. Statistical Analysis
The Data collected on all parameters were analyzed by using analysis of variance technique and Duncan’s new
multiple range (DMRT) test at 1% probability level were applied to compare the means [5]. The Biplot analysis
was performed for the selection of stable and adapted genotypes based on all traits along with yield by using
XLSTAT software [6]. Among the traits under study genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient were
estimated according to the statistical techniques given by [7].
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of variance
Analysis of variance revealed significant differences with days to 50% silking, days to 50% tasseling, PH, LA, SD,
MOS %, leaves plant-1
, GFY plant-1
, DFY plant-1
, CF %, CP %, EE %, ash content % NFE % while non-significant
differences with LSR values given in Table 2. The mean values of PH, leaves plant-1
, DTS, SD, LA, LSR, MOS %,
GFY plant-1
and DFY plant-1
, EE (% ), CF (%), NFE (%), CP (%) and ash content (%) were 156 to 46 cm, 62 to
56, 9 to 4, 14 to 9 cm, 255 to 170 cm2
, 0.7 to 0.2, 65 to 37%, 163 to 60 g, 79 to 24 g, 9.55 to 3.58 %, 26.43 to 15.08
%, 56.67 to 45.22 %, 10.34 to 7.82 % and 13.97 to 6.61 %, respectively given in Table 3.
The DMRT results based on morphological and quality traits revealed that the genotype DTMA-271 gave best
performance for DTT, DTS, PH, number of leaves, GFY plant-1
, CP and SD given in Table 4. The genotype
DTMA-15 gave best performance for LA, SD, MOS %, CP and number of leaves plant-1
which is given in Table 2.
4. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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The genotype DTMA-281 gave best performance for MOS %, SD, CP and GFY plant-1
performed better as
compared to other genotypes.
Table 2. Maximum and minimum value for morphological and quality parameters of maize genotypes
Morphological Parameters Minimum Value Maximum Value
Days to 50% Tasseling 49 55
Days to 50% Silking 56 62
Plant height (cm) 46 156
Stem diameter (cm) 9 14
No. of leaves plant-1
56 62
Leaf: stem ratio (wt. basis) 0.26 0.74
Leaf area (cm2
) 172.73 255.95
Green fodder yield (g) 60 163
Dry fodder yield (g) 24 79
Moisture (%) 37 65
Quality Parameters
Crude protein (%) 7.82 10.34
Crude Fiber (%) 15.08 26.43
Ash Content 6.61 13.97
Ether Extract % 3.58 9.5
Nitrogen free extract 45.22 56.67
Table 3. Mean square of absolute values for morphological and quality traits in maize genotypes
SOV DF DTT DTS PH NOL SD LA LSR MOS GFY DFY Ash CP CF ETH NFE
Replications
2
6.1
6.1
1211.1
3.1
20.1
44404.9
0.96
1626.3
3844.2
1188.9
24.2
11.5
191.8
15.3
184
Genotypes
30
13.6**
13.6**
5920.3**
8.6*
13.7*
1229.8*
0.08
ns
313.6*
2115.2**
2115.2*
6.9**
1.4**
21.9*
6.2*
32.4**
Error
296
3.4
3.4
3822.6
2.7
8.6
355.9
0.03
210.4
1962.2
624
3.1
1
17.1
5.1
19.7
SOV= Source of variation, DF= Degree of freedom, *= significant, **= highly significant, NS= non-significant
5. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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Table 4. Mean performance of morphological and quality parameters in maize genotypes
Genot
ype
DTT
DTS
PH
NOL
SD
LA
LSR
MOS
GFY
DFY
Ash
CP
CF
EE
NFE
DTMA-
271
55.50
a
62.61
a
156.76
a
9.66
a
14.56
a
237.59
E
0.74
a
55.39
D
125.88
e
54.94
g
9.01
kl
10.34
A
23.72
fg
9.30
a
56.67
a
DTMA-
281
54.99
ab
60.00
efg
86.91
l
7.85
fghi
14.42
a
223.96
M
0.62
a
65.77
A
163.23
a
43.71
n
10.66
fgh
10.05
Ab
24.35
ef
6.31
de
56.05
ab
DTMA-
298
54.55
b
61.85
b
95.62
f
7.30
ghijk
12.76
bc
219.85
q
0.49
a
40.50
R
120.02
n
69.12
c
11.21
def
7.97
Jk
26.43
a
6.20
def
46.18
q
LP5
53.63
c
60.69
cd
67.50
t
7.75
fghi
12.25
cd
226.25
l
0.45
a
54.28
E
81.02
t
36.86
r
13.97
a
8.71
fghi
24.82
de
4.62
jk
47.86
op
Rampur
-8078
53.33
cd
59.61
fgh
83.91
n
9.38
b
11.89
de
211.63
s
0.57
a
53.36
Fg
60.80
y
28.30
t
9.66
jk
8.52
ghijk
20.90
mn
5.12
ghijk
55.79
bc
DTMA-
297
53.08
cde
61.16
c
96.44
e
7.94
efgh
13.10
b
228.48
j
0.43
a
44.17
P
127.94
d
73.75
b
8.18
m
9.04
defgh
22.83
hi
5.26
ghij
54.68
de
DTMA-
184
53.00
cdef
60.33
de
80.66
p
8.33
def
10.98
f
219.82
q
0.39
a
44.24
op
99.00
p
54.33
gh
9.46
jkl
9..51
bcde
21.61
kl
6.56
d
52.83
i
DTMA-
254
52.92
def
59.66
efgh
100.73
c
8.23
def
10.87
f
221.23
o
0.32
a
39.97
t
81.60
t
53.04
i
10.91
efg
7.82
K
20.32
no
6.38
de
54.55
ef
PGH39
52.83
defg
59.08
hij
95.45
f
7.69
fghij
11.86
de
231.65
h
0.48
a
52.96
gh
110.31
j
50.80
k
12.70
b
9.34
bcdef
19.11
p
4.49
k
55.79
bc
DTMA-
266
52.80
defgh
61.90
b
94.48
g
8.93
bed
14.06
a
222.94
n
0.42
a
47.46
n
148.61
b
79.16
a
11.15
defg
7.98
Jk
21.63
kl
6.32
de
51.54
jk
Sel
precoz
C12
52.77
defgh
58.11
lmn
65.72
u
7.00
jk
9.88
gh
208.34
t
0.37
a
47.53
n
69.00
x
35.83
s
9.96
hij
9.48
bcde
24.99
cde
5.68
efg
49.02
mn
DTMA-
295
52.63
defghi
60.19
def
91.76
i
8.09
ef
13.14
b
218.84
r
0.61
a
39.91
s
111.79
i
69.39
c
9.08
kl
8.86
efghi
23.30
gh
6.77
d
49.45
m
DTMA-
160
52.62
defghi
57.57
no
86.38
l
8.34
def
13.10
b
233.08
h
0.41
a
52.37
hi
93.32
q
43.52
no
9.71
jk
8.59
ghij
25.38
bcd
7.95
bc
48.36
no
LH123HT
52.55
efghij
59.23
ghi
49.44
w
4.55
l
9.42
h
236.19
f
0.26
a
52.08
i
60.55
y
24.44
u
11.21
def
8.74
fghi
20.21
o
6.76
d
53.06
hi
DTMA-
289
52.52
efghij
59.61
fgh
91.44
i
6.97
jk
12.15
cd
221.08
o
0.57
a
50.81
jk
108.83
k
60.75
d
11.16
defg
8.58
ghij
21.21
lm
4.05
ghijk
53.98
fg
DTMA-
119
52.33
fghijk
59.20
hij
98.88
d
8.11
ef
14.03
a
227.14
k
0.44
a
56.08
c
100.77
o
43.02
o
8.89
l
9.51
bcde
23.24
gh
6.59
d
51.74
j
DTMA-
155
52.27
fghijkl
59.05
hij
82.11
o
9.16
bc
12.79
bc
220.18
pq
0.57
a
53.75
ef
120.77
g
56.66
f
11.56
de
9.19
cdefg
26.00
ab
5.59
fgh
47.65
p
6. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 07-17, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
12
DTMA-
208
52.27
fghijkl
59.33
ghi
85.69
m
9.65
a
13.09
b
238.23
d
0.58
a
54.08
e
108.73
k
52.30
j
10.65
fgh
9.65
abcd
17.19
q
6.44
d
49.45
m
DTMA-
195
52.16
ghijkl
58.00
lmn
90.63
j
8.41
def
13.17
b
223.59
n
0.54
a
55.06
d
123.13
f
52.51
ij
11.82
cd
8.89
efghi
19.05
p
4.92
hijk
55.31
cd
DTMA-
161
52.08
hijkl
53.33
klm
69.13
s
8.40
def
11.26
ef
239.95
b
0.53
a
53.41
fg
76.40
u
35.26
s
11.35
def
8.83
efghi
25.60
bc
3.58
l
50.63
l
DTMA-
181
52.00
ijkl
58.50
jkl
72.33
r
7.16
ijk
12.72
bc
239.49
bc
0.47
a
51.27
j
81.50
t
45.50
m
11.19
defg
9.89
Abc
24.13
f
7.66
c
45.22
r
DTMA-
187
52.00
ijkl
58.66
ijkl
52.00
v
6.66
k
11.22
ef
117.73
u
0.48
a
53.34
fg
85.66
s
40.66
q
9.94
ij
8.44
Hijk
20.13
o
4.80
ijk
50.99
kl
TL83B-
1581-11
51.87
jkl
57.48
no
65.44
u
7.80
fghi
10.25
g
228.96
j
0.47
a
50.63
kl
72.61
w
37.18
r
7.45
n
9.90
Abc
22.44
ij
4.45
k
55.73
bc
DTMA-
265
51.71
kl
58.08
lmn
86.27
lm
7.25
hijk
12.03
d
223.58
m
0.42
a
47.41
n
104.21
m
54.80
g
11.12
defg
7.98
Jk
19.17
p
8.05
bc
53.66
gh
NS(FS)L.
F.W-8
51.66
klm
56.33
p
84.33
n
8.08
ef
11.86
de
239.20
c
0.53
a
49.12
m
103.58
n
60.83
d
11.77
cd
9.21
cdefg
21.85
jkl
7.46
c
48.85
mn
DTMA-
127
51.58
lmn
58.66
ijkl
77.30
q
6.80
k
11.05
f
220.60
op
0.39
a
55.09
d
110.61
j
49.30
l
11.64
cd
7.90
Jk
23.72
fg
7.65
c
49.07
m
DTMA-
164
51.55
lmn
58.00
lmn
89.77
k
8.66
cde
10.94
f
230.20
i
0.56
a
43.51
q
73.55
v
41.88
p
12.28
bc
9.02
defgh
21.92
jk
6.15
def
50.61
l
DTMA-
276
51.00
mn
59.25
hi
108.25
b
8.00
efg
14.20
a
230.64
i
0.35
a
46.94
n
105.00
l
58.91
e
10.47
ghi
8.27
Ijk
19.43
p
5.46
ghi
49.26
m
A
131-
60
50.95
no
57.57
no
67.54
t
7.33
ghijk
13.04
b
234.02
g
0.39
a
44.86
o
90.12
r
53.77
h
11.25
def
9.33
bcdef
15.80
r
8.59
b
55.01
de
DTMA-
15
50.33
o
57.26
o
93.80
h
9.86
a
14.44
a
250.95
a
0.66
a
60.53
b
110.40
j
56.60
f
10.05
hij
9.96
Ab
25.05
cd
9.55
a
56.34
ab
DTMA-
183
49.66
p
57.66
mno
72.00
r
9.55
b
13.20
b
235.70
f
0.47
a
49.97
l
143.33
c
54.66
g
6.61
o
8.44
Hijk
25.33
bcd
6.53
d
53.08
hi
4.2. Correlation analysis
At genotypic and phenotypic level significant association of GFY plant-1
was observed with DTS, PH, NOL
plant-1
, SD, MOS %, DFY plant-1
, CF and EE %.
Significant association of PH was observed with, DTS, NOL plant-1
, SD, GFY plant-1
, DFYplant-1
and CF, while
significant association of NOL plant-1
were observed with PH, SD, LSR at genotypic and phenotypic level,
respectively. At genotypic and phenotypic level significant association of leaf area was examined with GFYplant-1
,
DFY plant-1
and NFE % given in Table 5.
8. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 07-17, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
14
4.3. Biplot analysis
Biplot analysis was performed to evaluate the genotypes based on morphological and biochemical traits. The
Biplot analysis based on PCA for different quantitative parameters showed that first two principal components i.e.
F1 and F2 are contributing 23.29% and 14.53 % to the total variations, respectively. The genotypes which were
closer from the origin were considered as less similar as compared to those genotypes which were away to the
origin [7]. The evaluation of the genotypes was divided into three categories which were given below.
4.3.1. Morphological traits
In the Biplot analysis the OP (origin point) length and the direction of the vectors in the given environments was
considered very important for the selection of the genotypes. In the present study, the genotype DTMA-271
performed well from other genotypes in DTF, DTM, GFY and PH traits because of high OP length and positive
direction of the vectors and the average values of the given traits were 52.80, 61.90,148.61g and 94.48,
respectively. The genotype DTMA-15 performed well in SD and DFY traits except the other genotypes. The OP
length of this genotype for given traits was high as compared to other genotypes and the average value of these
traits were 13.10cm and 73.75g, respectively. It was resulted from the Biplot analysis of the genotypes for
morphological data only DTMA-271 genotype was performed well in most morphological traits as related to other
genotypes.
4.3.2. Biochemical traits
In the biochemical traits the vectors were randomly scattered and the direction of the most vectors were downward
but in positive manners. In the scattered vectors of the traits the genotype DTMA-298 was performed excellent in
CP and Ether traits as compared to the others genotypes. The average values of given traits were 7.57% and 6.20%,
respectively. While the DTMA-183, DTMA-155, DTMA-281 and DTMA-295 were also performed well for the
given traits. The direction of the vectors was upward and OP length was also high for the NFE trait and in NFE trait
only PGH-39 genotype performed well related to others. Based on NOL trait four genotypes NS(FS)L.F.W-8,
DTMA-184, DTMA-271, DTMA-119 performed well but DTMA-271 genotype considered as an ideal genotype
based on the NOL trait as related to others because the OP length of this genotype was higher than the others. It
was resulted from the Biplot analysis of the genotypes for biochemical data only DTMA-298 genotype was
considered as an ideal genotype for the EE and CP traits and PGH-39 for NFE trait.
4.3.3. Ideal genotypes for morphological and biochemical traits
In Biplot analysis only four genotypes were considered as ideal and best performing genotypes in the given
environments. DTMA-271, DTMA-289 and DTMA-15 were screened out as best performing genotypes in both
ETH
-0.429
-0.218
0.326
-0.174
0.470
*
0.550
*
-0.434
-0.121
0.209
*
0.731
*
-0.573
*
0.323
*
0.855
*
-0.392
*
NFE
-0.248
-0.216
-0.179
-0.046
0.617
*
-0.787
*
-0.172
-0.185
-0.282
-0.156
-0.211
-0.486
*
-0.921
*
-0.599
*
9. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 07-17, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
15
quantitative traits. The data of these genotypes were also guided that the morphological traits are interlinked with
most of the biochemical traits. As NOL, LA were interlinked with the CP and EE contents while PH, SD, DTT and
DTS were linked with DFY and DGY traits. The interaction of these quantitative traits was fruitful for the breeders
to develop the desire traits containing genotypes for the present and future era.
Fig.1. Biplot of different morphological and quality parameters of maize genotypes
5. Discussions
Analysis of variance revealed significant differences with DTT, DTS, PH, SD, LA, NOL plant-1
, MOS %, GFY
plant-1
, DFY plant-1
, EE %, CF %, NFE %, CP % and ash content %. The highly significant differences indicate the
presence of variability [8], studied traits which is significantly difference in genotype of maize.
Similar result were also reported in literature for days to 50 % tasseling 45 to 65 days, for days to 50 % silking 56
to 63 days, for PH 37.18 to 212.40 cm, for SD 8.6 to 12.5 cm, for NOL per plant 11 to 13, for LSR 0.27 to 0.50, for
LA 157.5 to 260.9 cm2
[9], for GFY 80.8 to 165.7 g , for DFY 12.71 to 34.46 g, for MOS % was recorded 25.6,
for ash content 10.0% for CP 7.2 to 10 %, for average of CF 23.3 %, for EE 5.7 % and for NFE 52.3 % [10].
Association existing among different traits (genotypic and phenotypic correlation) determines the mutual
relationship of traits. [11] reported the significant correlation of GFY at genotypic and phenotypic level with SD,
DFY, NOL and PH. [12] studied the significant correlation of MOS % at genotypic and phenotypic level with
DFY, CF and NOL. It was reported that a significant correlation of PH with SD, DTS and GFY. [13] reported the
10. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 07-17, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
16
significant relationship of NOL at phenotypic as well as at genotypic level with PH, SD and LF. [14] noticed
significantly relationship of CP with CF and SD. It was studied that a positive significant correlation between ash
contents and LSR.
Biplot analysis based on PCA was used to determine the genotypes which are responsive to fodder yield and
quality traits. Based on PCA results, genotypes DTMA-271 and DTMA-15 performed best for the trait i.e PH,
GFY, DFY and SD which enhanced the yield of fodder maize. These were most ideal genotypes. [15] showed the
significant result that PH, GFY, DFY and SD were fell towards positive directionto enhanced the yield of fodder
maize.
6. Conclusions
Genetic diversity is key to bring improvement in yield and fodder quality of maize. Furthermore, It was concluded
that the fodder yield and quality were significantly affected by several components e.g. PH, NOL, SD, CP, MOS %
and CF. The presence of variability in maize germplasm may be helpful to develop high fodder yielding cultivars.
At phenotypic and genotypic level, DTS, PH, NOL, SD, MOS %, DFY plant-1
, CF and EE revealed significant
correlation with fodder yield plant-1
.
Therefore, to achieve high fodder yield special attention should be given to these traits in selection. PCA for
different quantitative parameters showed genotypes DTMA-271, DTMA-281 and DTMA-15 performed best for
yield related parameters. Consider all the traits genotype DTMA-271, DTMA-281 and DTMA-15 performed
better among the studied genotypes. These genotypes could be used in breeding programmes to enhance the fodder
yield and quality.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Consent for publication
Authors declare that they consented for the publication of this research work.
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