Genetic counseling
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This document discusses genetic counseling and the prevention of genetic diseases. It describes genetic counseling as a process that helps people understand and adapt to the risks of genetic contributions to disease. The document outlines several methods for preventing genetic diseases, including genetic counseling, carrier detection in mothers, neonatal screening, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, and family education. It provides details on the roles of genetic counselors and geneticists in helping diagnose genetic conditions and counsel families.
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Genetic counseling
- 1. Genetic Counseling Prevention of Genetic Diseases Mohammad Al-Haggar, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics Mansoura, Egypt
- 2. Prevention of Genetic Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Genetic counseling Genetic counseling Genetic screening and testing (Carrier D) Premarital counseling Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion Neonatal screening Treatment of genetic disease Family education
- 3. Genetic Counseling…is a communication process which deals with problems associated with the occurrence or the risk of recurrence of a birth defect or a genetic disease in a family …is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. This process integrates: • • • Collection and interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources and research Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition. Adopted from the NSGC website
- 4. Genetic Counseling Team Primary Care Provider Pediatrician Obstetrician Internist ENT etc. • • • • • • Maternal age ≥ 35 Consanguinity Early Infant losses Abnormal TRC Fetal anomalies Teratogen exposure
- 5. Role of Geneticist First Diagnosis (Category or Definitive); pedigree construction Final Decision; prevent or ameliorate effects of genetic disease or birth defect
- 6. First: Diagnosis • • • • • Genetic or Not if genetic (what type). Inheritance pattern Gene(s) involved Available lab. tests Available options
- 15. 3
- 16. Prevention of Genetic Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genetic counseling Neonatal screening Carrier Detection Mother (title of article) Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Education
- 17. Multi-D - US (11-14 week scan)
- 23. AMNIOCENTESIS PERFORMED ROUTINELY 16-20 WEEKS
- 24. Chorionic Villus Sampling Performed >10 wks-12 weeks Transcervical Chromosome analysis Risk 1/100-1/200 Transabdominal
- 26. Carrier Testing (Mutation analysis) Lethal AR diseases • Common diseases e.g. Cystic fibrosis, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anemia, FXS, TaySachs. • IEMs categorical diagnosis, metabolic error, enzyme deficiency, single gene defect. • Progressive neurologic deficit e.g. Neuropathy, Myopathy, Ataxia, early onset dementia.
- 32. THANK YOU M. Al-Haggar, MD m.alhaggar@yahoo.co.uk
Editor's Notes
- Genetic Counselor is a medical professional who understand the bases of genetics: Interitance (Traditional and non-traditional) Mutations (molecular genetics) Link between.
- Teratogenesis or mutagenesis// Inheritance (traditional or non-traditional) // Single gene defect or chromosomal: Chromosomal Pregnant with H. Down or abnormal TRC, Woman with balanced translocation, FXS (MR, Premature ovarian failure or low fertility ↑FSH). Single gene defect Carrier consanguineous parents for lethal AR.
- Allow families to make decisions based on their own personal, cultural, ethical and social beliefs Emphasize the fact that there is nothing that they have done that caused the fetal abnormalities
- Unlucky lady, non-consang. Husband, two male neonates died at 1-2 weeks age by ? Sepsis or ill-neonate CP encrourage 3rd baby was male followed immediate developed hyper NH3 IEM, UCD Aminogram localize OTC deficiency confirmed by enzyme assay (liver biopsy) and gene testing (OTC gene).
- Unlucky lady, non-consang. Husband, two male neonates died at 1-2 weeks age by ? Sepsis or ill-neonate CP encrourage 3rd baby was male followed immediate developed hyper NH3 IEM, UCD Aminogram localize OTC deficiency confirmed by enzyme assay (liver biopsy) and gene testing (OTC gene).
- Unlucky lady, non-consang. Husband, two male neonates died at 1-2 weeks age by ? Sepsis or ill-neonate CP encrourage 3rd baby was male followed immediate developed hyper NH3 IEM, UCD Aminogram localize OTC deficiency confirmed by enzyme assay (liver biopsy) and gene testing (OTC gene).
- Heterozygous parents Homozygous probands Prenatal, pre-symptomatic, PGD: Source of DNA before IVF, Amniocentesis (possible contamination), non-invasive (fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood). Cystic fibrosis Caucasian couples (ACOG, 2001). IEMs all Ashkenazi Jews (ACMG 2008) Tay Sachs, Canavan disease, familial dysautonomia, Fanconi anemia (Group C), Bloom syndrome, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick (Type A) and mucolipidosis IV. Fragile X-syndrome (ACMG 2004) for: Families with reported unidentified MR, Known carrier mothers, Women with fertility problems (↑ed FSH) especially if they have FH of premature ovarian failure, FXS, or male or female relatives with unidentified MR. Factor V Leiden carrier screening (ACMG 2001, 2006) for situations suggestive of thrombophilia especially IF: Relatives having factor V Leiden. Recurrent pregnancy loss or unexplained severe preeclampsia, placental abruption, IUGR, or stillbirth.
- Some Dysmorphic syndromes due to single gene defects Seckle// William, Digeorge// CDG// Ehler Danlos, Cutis laxa