abiotic stress is imposing heavy loses in crop production. management practices cannot be a permanent solution for this problem. development of varieties with stress tolerance is an cost effective way to overcome abiotic stresses. for that studying the genetic basis is necessary
RNAi-DIRECTED SILENCING OF POTENT STRESS TOLERANT GENE(S) AND ITS EFFECT ON S...Indrani Baruah
Determination of role of potential stress tolerance genes by RNAi directed silencing with special outline for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in rice
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
abiotic stress is imposing heavy loses in crop production. management practices cannot be a permanent solution for this problem. development of varieties with stress tolerance is an cost effective way to overcome abiotic stresses. for that studying the genetic basis is necessary
RNAi-DIRECTED SILENCING OF POTENT STRESS TOLERANT GENE(S) AND ITS EFFECT ON S...Indrani Baruah
Determination of role of potential stress tolerance genes by RNAi directed silencing with special outline for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in rice
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Mechanisms of abiotic stress such as cold drought and salt stress which takes place in plants. Molecular control activities the plant undergoes during stress.
As a most notable member in the stilbenoid family, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has a wide range of biological activities which may have the impact on human health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antiviral, anticancer, and antiaging properties as demonstrated in in vitro and animal studies.
The concentration of this amino acid is higher in tomato compared with many vegetables such as carrots, onions or pepper. In addition, glutamate provides the characteristic ‘‘umami taste’’ to foods with high free glutamate content such as cheese, tomato and mushrooms, which are major ingredients in cooking.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Abiotic stress related plant growth hormones. Abscissic acid as a signalling molecule. Cytokinine is a molecule which is having negative control. Effect of abscissic acid & cytokinine on stomatal behaviour
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
Plants are continually exposed to harsh environmental conditions which is life- threatening for their survival. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that highly affect plant growth and productivity worldwide. Osmotic stress due to limited availability of water during drought lead to the inhibition of photosynthesis which ultimately affect plant growth, yield and productivity. As sessile in nature, plants cannot escape from such adverse situations. Hence, to cope up with these adverse situations, plants have developed a complex array of adaptive strategies including intricate regulation of cellular, physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes to avoid or tolerate cellular dehydration. Under limited water availability, stomata plays an essential role to check water loss due to transpiration. In addition, upon perception of stress signal, a wide range of signaling cascade has been activated which ultimately initiates the expression of stress-responsive genes in a timely and coordinated manner. Abscisic acid (ABA), the universal stress hormone, highly accumulated under stress condition, also plays an important role in stress adaptation including stomatal closure and expression of stress-responsive genes. In recent times, whole genome sequencing analysis of different plants reveals that a large family of genes is expressed under different types of abiotic stresses that are involved in defense-related pathways. These genes can be grouped into three categories, genes involving recognition of osmotic stress, signal perception, and transduction and production of stress-adaptive components for physiological responses.
As a most notable member in the stilbenoid family, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has a wide range of biological activities which may have the impact on human health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antiviral, anticancer, and antiaging properties as demonstrated in in vitro and animal studies.
The concentration of this amino acid is higher in tomato compared with many vegetables such as carrots, onions or pepper. In addition, glutamate provides the characteristic ‘‘umami taste’’ to foods with high free glutamate content such as cheese, tomato and mushrooms, which are major ingredients in cooking.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Abiotic stress related plant growth hormones. Abscissic acid as a signalling molecule. Cytokinine is a molecule which is having negative control. Effect of abscissic acid & cytokinine on stomatal behaviour
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
Plants are continually exposed to harsh environmental conditions which is life- threatening for their survival. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that highly affect plant growth and productivity worldwide. Osmotic stress due to limited availability of water during drought lead to the inhibition of photosynthesis which ultimately affect plant growth, yield and productivity. As sessile in nature, plants cannot escape from such adverse situations. Hence, to cope up with these adverse situations, plants have developed a complex array of adaptive strategies including intricate regulation of cellular, physiological, biochemical and metabolic processes to avoid or tolerate cellular dehydration. Under limited water availability, stomata plays an essential role to check water loss due to transpiration. In addition, upon perception of stress signal, a wide range of signaling cascade has been activated which ultimately initiates the expression of stress-responsive genes in a timely and coordinated manner. Abscisic acid (ABA), the universal stress hormone, highly accumulated under stress condition, also plays an important role in stress adaptation including stomatal closure and expression of stress-responsive genes. In recent times, whole genome sequencing analysis of different plants reveals that a large family of genes is expressed under different types of abiotic stresses that are involved in defense-related pathways. These genes can be grouped into three categories, genes involving recognition of osmotic stress, signal perception, and transduction and production of stress-adaptive components for physiological responses.
Drought Tolerence in Plants and their Morph-Physiological, Biochemical and genetic adaptation to drought stress. Srategies to enhance drought tolerence.
Use of PGR’s in stress management, mode of action & practical use, HSP(Heat s...AmanDohre
Use of PGR’s in stress management, mode of action & practical use, HSP(Heat shock protein) inducer in stress management
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a crucial role in stress management by regulating physiological responses to environmental challenges. They mitigate stress effects by modulating plant growth, photosynthesis, and hormonal balance. The mode of action involves altering gene expression, enzyme activity, and cellular signaling pathways to enhance stress tolerance. Practical applications include foliar sprays or root drenches of PGRs like abscisic acid (ABA) to mitigate drought stress or gibberellins to promote growth under low-light conditions. Additionally, heat shock proteins (HSPs) act as stress chaperones, protecting plants from heat-induced damage. Utilizing HSP inducers enhances stress resilience, ensuring plant survival and productivity in adverse environments.
Development of transgenics for the abiotic stress tolerance is the need of the hour as the existing plant types were prone to vagaries of climate change and therefore a new technology for the development of abiotic resistant varieties through genetic manipulation is imperative.
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Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
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2. •Stress in plants can be defined as any external factor that negatively
influences plant growth, productivity, reproductive capacity or survival
of the plant.
•Abiotic stress is the
negative impact of non-
living factors on the
living organisms in a
specific environment.
Abiotic stress is
essentially unavoidable.
Types of
Stress
Biotic
Abiotic
4. PERCENTAGE YIELD LOSS BY VARIOUS ABIOTIC STRESSES IN CROPS
Roy et al., 2011
29% of total land is
affected by drought
which includes 26% of
arable land.
36% of land is affected
by salinity which
includes 10% of arable
land
5. In country like India where rice is
stable diet of most of people,
the loss of crop needs to be
reduced.
Second main abiotic stress after
drought that affects the crop of
rice is salinity.
These problems can be overcome by preparation of transgenic
plants by recombinant DNA technology
6. Increased yields (to feed a growing population).
Reduce poverty and hunger.
Give financial benefits to poor farmers.
Decreasing the use of pesticides (to save the environment and the
cost of pesticides).
The production of novel crops (such as providing crops with
increased nutritional value).
Plants can survive with the changing climates of today.
Advantages of transgenic crops:
7. The genetic response
of plant against salinity
involves various genes.
These genes can be
genetically engineered
to functional targets in
plants to make the
plant tolerant to
salinity.
9. 1.1 Proline:
• Proline accumulates in response to stress (drought and salt).
•Proline acts as a hydroxyl radical scavenger and molecular
chaperone reducing the acidity of the cell.
•It also results in root elongation and higher root biomass both
under salt and drought stress conditions.
•The rate limiting step in proline biosynthesis is encoded by nuclear
gene Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (p5cs).
•P5CS1 express in non-diving cells and P5CS2 is expressed in diving
cells
•Rice is transformed by gene from Vigna aconitifolia (Moth bean).
11. • Glycine betaine (GB) is a quaternary ammonium compound
belonging to the organic solutes.
• GB accumulates in the chloroplasts and plastids.
•Accumulation of GB is limited due to choline supply.
•The physiological role of GB is alleviating osmotic stress.
•It protects proteins and enzymes by stabilizing the tertiary
structures under stress.
•It also helps to stabilize membranes during freezing.
1.2 Glycine betaine:
12. Glycine betaine is produced in rice by
two genes:
1) COX (Choline oxidase) gene from E.
coli in rice converts Choline to Betaine
aldehyde.
2)BADH (Betaine aldehyde
dehydrogenase) gene from E. coli in
rice converts Betaine.
13. • The Escherchia coli nahA gene encodes Na+/H+ antiporter which
play a role in homeostasis has been transferred to rice.
• High salt concentration inhibits the growth of the plant so the
physiological condition is maintained in homeostatis by ion
transporters.
• The Na+/H+ antiporters catalyze the exchange of Na+ for
cytoplasmic pH, sodium levels and cell turgour.
• High activity of transporters do not affect the growth of the plant.
•The transgenic plants produce heavier and larger grains in saline
condition.
2. Bacterial Na+/H+ antiporter
14. The extracellular salt stress signals are perceived by Salt overly sensitve 3 (SOS3)
through the Ca2+ signals. The SOS3 activates SOS2, which then phosphorylates the
SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter that transport Na+ out of the
cytosol. SOS2 also phosphorylates the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter, which
accumulates Na+ inside the vacuole. Khan 2011
HKT1- High affinity K+
transporter
NHX1- Na+/ H+ atiporter
15. • Transcription factors are the proteins that bind DNA
specifically, transcribe and regulate genes.
• Researchers have made continuous efforts to identify,
characterize, clone and transform different transcription factors
involved in regulation of stress related genes.
•Arabidopsis DREB subgroup consists of six genes of which
AtDREB2A and AtDREB2B were induced by dehydration and
salt stress but not by cold stress and exogenous ABA.
•AtDREB2A is accumulated in roots, stems and leaves under
normal growth conditions.
3. Transcription factor (AtDREB)
16. •A gene Responsive to ABA (RAB) genes called Responsive to
Dehydration (RD) genes code for LEA proteins.
•LEA proteins are activated under osmotic stress.
•LEA proteins play a role in maintenance of protein or
membrane structure.
•LEA proteins play a role in sequestration of ions.
•LEA proteins play a role by operating as molecular chaperons.
•LEA proteins play by binding of water.
4. Late Embryo Abundance(LEA) proteins
17. •The LEA protein transformed in rice is HVA1 incorporated
from barley.
Properties of HVA1 gene are:
1. It has eleven amino-acid consensus sequence motif
TAQAAKEKAXE is repeated in the protein.
2. It contains apparent amphipathic α helices.
3. It is a Dimeric protein.
18. • Khan, M.S. 2011. Role of sodium and hydrogen (Na+/ H+)
antiporters in salt tolerance of plants : Present and future
challenges. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 10 (63), pp.
13693-13704.
•Mahajan, S. and Tuteja, N. 2005. Transgenic Crops For Abiotic
Stress Resistance. Plant Molecular Biology.
•Roy, B., Noren, S.K., Mandal, A.B. and Basu, A.K. 2011.Genetic
Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Agricultural Crops.
Biotechnology. 10 (1): 1-22.
REFERENCES