This document discusses object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts and languages. It begins with an introduction to programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages. It then covers OOP concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of OOP as well as its suitability for complex, modular systems that can benefit from code reuse.
An overview of object oriented programming , definitions of class and objects, Encapsulation, data abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
This presentation will introduce you to programming languages that support different programming paradigms and to give you the knowledge of basic concepts and techniques that will allow them to differentiate between various programming paradigms.
An overview of object oriented programming , definitions of class and objects, Encapsulation, data abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
This presentation will introduce you to programming languages that support different programming paradigms and to give you the knowledge of basic concepts and techniques that will allow them to differentiate between various programming paradigms.
This all is about the object oriented programming in c++ language. It includes the importent components of oops , related terminologies and the related details.
Object Oriented Programming in Java _lecture 1Mahmoud Alfarra
Introduction to OOP
Let’s start with the first set of concepts
What is Object-Oriented Programming ?
Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming
OO Programming Concepts
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
This all is about the object oriented programming in c++ language. It includes the importent components of oops , related terminologies and the related details.
Object Oriented Programming in Java _lecture 1Mahmoud Alfarra
Introduction to OOP
Let’s start with the first set of concepts
What is Object-Oriented Programming ?
Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming
OO Programming Concepts
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
This whole C++ course focus on giving the insight of different kind of data structures that could be used while dealing with a variety of data that needs to be stored depending upon the circumstances.
The course also focus on how to reduce the complexity of a code by teaching us the variety of approaches that could be employed for a solving the same problem.
Object Oriented Programming For Engineering Students as well as for B.Tech -IT. Covers Almost All From The Basics.
For more:
Google Search:: Prabhaharan Ellaiyan
Introduction to Object Oriented ProgrammingMoutaz Haddara
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Download the presentation to view it correctly, as it has some animations that won't show here.
If you have any questions, please contact me. You are free to use it this presentation, but it would be nice at least to give me some credit :)
Content:
1- History of Programming
2. Objects and Classes
3- Abstraction, Inheritance, Encapsulation, and Polymorphism
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
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Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
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from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
General oop concept
1.
2. INTRODUCTIONWITH THE RAPIDLY CHANGING THE WORLD AN
THE HIGHLY COMPETITIVE AND VERSATILE NATURE
OF INDUSTRY , THE OPERATIONS ARE BECOMING
MORE AND MORE COMPLEX. IN VIEW OF THE
INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF SOFTWARE SYSTEM ,
THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY AND SOFTWARE ENGINEER
CONTINOUSLY LOOK FOR THE NEW APPROACHES TO
SOFTWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT. THE INCREASESD
COMPLEXIITY HAD BECOMETHE CHIEF PROBLEM WITH
COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN TRADITIONAL LANGUAGES.
3. EVOLUTION OF SOFTWAREA PROGRAM SERVES THE PURPOSE OF COMMANDING THE COMPUTER. THE EFFICIENCY AND USEFULNESS
OF A PROGRAM DEPENDS NOT ONLY ON PROPER ISE COMMAND BUT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ALSO.
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES
These are machine oriented and require
extensive knowledge of computer circuitry.
Machine language, in which instructions are
written in binary code, is the only language
the computer can execute directly. Assembly
language, in which instructions are written
using symbolic names for machine
operations and operands, makes
programming less tedious than machine
language using assembler software (e.g
READ, ADD, STORE, etc)
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
The programs written in HLLS are
converted into machine language using
compiler or interpreter as a computer can
work with machine language only.
A PROGRAM LANGUAGE SHOULD:
(I) It should provide a vehicle for the
programmer to specify actions to be
executed and
(II) It should provide a set of concepts for
the programmer to use when thinking
about what can be done.
5. Programming Languages
•Programming languages allow programmers to develop
software.
•The three major families of languages are:
•Machine languages
•Assembly languages
•High-Level languages
6. 6
Machine Languages
• Comprised of 1s and 0s
• The “native” language of a computer
• Difficult to program – one misplaced 1 or 0 will cause the
program to fail.
• Example of code:
1110100010101 111010101110
10111010110100 10100011110111
7. 7
Assembly Languages
• Assembly languages are comprised of a set of
elemental commands which are tied to a specific
processor.
• Assembly language code needs to be translated to
machine language before the computer processes
it.
• Example:
ADD 1001010, 1011010
8. 8
Procedural Languages
• Early high-level languages are typically called procedural
languages.
• Procedural languages are characterized by sequential
sets of linear commands. The focus of such languages is
on structure.
• Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP, Perl, HTML,
VBScript
9. 9
PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
PARADIGMS
Paradigms means organizing
principle of a program.
It is an approach to programming.
MODULE
A module is an identifiable piece of
code within a program, with a sets of
inputs an outputs.
It has a sole purpose, and processes
its inputs in a way dictated by its goal
and provide some output.
10. 10
Object-Oriented Languages
• The focus of OOP languages is not on structure,
but on modeling data.
• Programmers code using “ blueprints ” of data
models called classes.
• Examples of OOP languages include C++, Visual
Basic.NET and Java.
11. 11
Early programming languages
Classic C
Simula
Pascal
Algol68
BCPL
Fortran
Lisp
COBOL
Algol60
PL1
1950s 1960s 1970s
Red==major commercial use
Blue==will produce important “offspring”
12. 12
Modern programming languages
Object Pascal
C++
Java95
C#Ada98
C++98
Java04
C++0x
PythonLisp
Smalltalk
Fortran77
Ada
Eiffel
Simula67
COBOL89
PHP
C89
Pascal
PERL
Visual Basic
COBOL04 Javascript
13. 13
OOP• OOP is mainly a program design philosophy.
• OOP uses a different set of programming languages than old procedural programming languages (C,
Pascal, etc.).
• Everything in OOP is grouped as self sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain re-usability by means of
four main object-oriented programming concepts. In OOP programmers define not only the data type of
a data structure, but also the types of operations/methods (functions) that can be applied to the data
structure.
• In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions (methods) in
one unit. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another.
• For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects.
14. 14
Object
- usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
Method
- an action performed by an object (a verb)
Property or attribute
- Characteristics of certain object.
Class
- a category of similar objects (such as automobiles), does not hold any
values of the object’s attributes/properties
OOP Basic Terminology
15. 15
Classes and Objects
• A class is a prototype, idea, and blueprint for
creating objects.
• An object is an instance of a class.
• For example, in Java we define classes,
which in turn are used to create objects
• A class has a constructor for creating objects
• Class is composed of three things: its
name, attributes/properties, and methods.
16. 16
Classes and Objects
“X” CAR
PROPERTY
Plate no: AD47483
Color: Blue
Manufacturer: Mercedes
Model: CLK
Gear type: Automatic
METHOD
Moves forward
Moves backward
Moves right
Moves left
Stops
17. 17
CLASS OBJECT
Class is a data type Object is an instance of Class.
It generates OBJECTS It gives life to CLASS
Does not occupy memory location It occupies memory location.
It cannot be manipulated because it is not
available in memory (except static class)
It can be manipulated.
Technical contrast between Objects & Classes
Object is a class in “runtime”
18. 18
BASIC CONCEPTS OF OOP
The object oriented programming has been developed with a view to
overcome the drawbacks of conventional programming approach. The oop
approach is based on certain concepts that help it attain its goal of
overcoming the drawbacks of shortcomings of conventional programming
approaches.
The different types of oops concepts are :-
1) Data Abstraction
2) Encapsulation
3) Inheritance
4) polymorphism
19. 19
DATA ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction is a design principle.
• Is the process of removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics.
• Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides all but the relevant data about a class in order to reduce
complexity and increase reusability.
• Abstraction is a basic representation of a concept. Abstraction allows programmers to represent complex real world
in the simplest manner.
• It is a process of identifying the relevant qualities and behaviors an object should possess, in other word represent
the necessary features without representing the back ground details
• You should always use abstraction to ease reusability, and understanding for the design and enable extension.
• When we design the abstract classes, we define the framework for later extensions.
• An abstract class, which declared with the “abstract” keyword, cannot be instantiated.
• It can only be used as a super-class for other classes that extend the abstract class. Abstract class is a design
concept and implementation gets completed when it is being realized by a subclass.
20. 20
Encapsulation
• Is the inclusion of property & method within a class/object in which
it needs to function properly.
• Also, enables reusability of an instant of an already implemented
class within a new class while hiding & protecting the method
and properties from the client classes.
• The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell, which encapsulate
the set of methods, attributes and properties to provide its indented
functionalities to other classes.
• In that sense, encapsulation also allows a class to change its internal implementation without hurting the overall
functioning of the system.
• That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does its operations while allowing requesting its operations.
21. 21
Inheritance
• Inheritance—a way of organizing classes
• Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes with properties in common can be grouped so that their common
properties are only defined once in parent class.
• Superclass – inherit its attributes & methods to the subclass(es).
• Subclass – can inherit all its superclass attributes & methods besides having
• its own unique attributes & methods.
•Inheritance allows child classes to inherit the characteristics of existing parent class
•Attributes (fields and properties)
•Operations (methods)
•Child class can extend the parent class
•Add new fields and methods
•Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
•A class can implement an interface by providing implementation for all its methods
Expresses commonality among classes/objects
Allows code reusability
Highlights relationships
Helps in code organization
22. 22
TYPES OF INHERITANCE
• Single Inheritance
One class inherits from
another.
• Multiple Inheritance
One class inherits from two or more other classes.
Account
- balance
- name
- number
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()
Savings
FlyingThing Animal
HorseWolfBirdHelicopterAirplane
23. 23
• Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Abstraction concepts are very related to Polymorphism.
• Polymorphisms is a generic term that means 'many shapes'. More precisely Polymorphisms means the ability to
request that the same methods be performed by a wide range of different types of things.
• In OOP, polymorphisms is a technical issue and principle.
• It is achieved by using many different techniques named method overloading, operator overloading, and method
overriding.
• An object has “multiple identities”, based on its class inheritance tree
• It can be used in different ways
• It is the ability to look at a class in its parent image.
• Lets see the robot example throughout the following few slides
Polymorphism
24. 24
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OOP
ADVANTAGES
• Code reuse & recycling.
• Improved software-development
productivity.
• Improved software maintainability.
• Faster development.
• Lower cost of development.
• Higher-quality software.
• Encapsulation.
DISADVANTAGES
• Steep learning curve.
• Could lead to larger program sizes.
• Could produce slower programs.
• The oop programs, design is stricky.
• Also one needs to do proper planning and
proper design for OOP programming.
• The relations among classes become
artificial at times.
25. 25
OOP Suitability
Object oriented programming is good in
complex projects or modular type of systems. It
allows simultaneous system development teams and
also could aid in agile system development
environments like extreme Programming.
Together with Ole-Johan Dahl he developed SIMULA I (1961–1965) and SIMULA-67 - the first object-oriented programming languages, introducing the concepts upon which all later object-oriented programming languages are built: objects, classes, inheritance, virtual quantities and multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution.
Together with Ole-Johan Dahl he developed SIMULA I (1961–1965) and SIMULA-67 - the first object-oriented programming languages, introducing the concepts upon which all later object-oriented programming languages are built: objects, classes, inheritance, virtual quantities and multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution.
Which we will later discuss
Object is a class in the runtime
In programming languages, an abstract type is a type in a nominative type system which cannot be instantiated directly. Abstract types are also known as existential types.[1] An abstract type may provide no implementation, or an incomplete implementation. Often, abstract types will have one or more implementations provided separately, for example, in the form of concrete subclasses which can be instantiated. It may include abstract methods or abstract properties that are shared by its subtypes.
Abstract types are useful in that they can be used to define and enforce a protocol; a set of operations which all objects that implement the protocol must support.
Useful in big software projects with several programmers, as the programming leader can set and define some set of protocols for others to start working with.