This document discusses various programming paradigms including procedural programming, object-based programming, and object-oriented programming. It provides details on key concepts of OOP like data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. The document also lists advantages of OOP like reusability and ease of maintenance, as well as disadvantages like potential overgeneralization of classes.

1. Name : Sandeep Kumar Singh Class : XII Roll no. : 33

2. Various Programming Paradigms
 A Programming Paradigm defines the methodology of
designing and implementing programs using the key
features and building blocks of a programming
language.
 Different Programming Paradigms
 Procedural Programming
 Object Based Programming
 Object Oriented Programming

3. Procedural Programming
 Procedural Programming lays more emphasis on
procedure than data.
 Whenever the definition of a type changes, the
functions referring to this type must also be changed
to reflect the change.
 Procedural Programming leads to increased time and
cost overheads during design changes.

4. Object Based Programming
 In Object Based Programming, data and its associated
meaningful functions are enclosed in one single entity
a class.
 Whenever there is any change in definition of type,
user’s interface remains unaffected generally.
 It hides implementation details from user.
 It does not supports inheritance and polymorphism

5. Object Oriented Programming
 It is same as of object based programming.
 It supports inheritance and polymorphism.

6. OOP Concepts
 Object is an identifiable entity with some
characteristics and behaviour.
 A class is a group of objects that share common
properties and relationships.

7. Basic Concepts of OOP
 Data Abstraction
 It refers to the act of representing essential features
without including the background details.
 Data Encapsulation
 Wrapping up of data and operations into a single unit.
 It is a way to implement data abstraction.

8.  Modularity
 Property of a system that has been decomposed into a
set of cohesive and loosely coupled modules.
 Inheritance
 It is the property of one class of things to inherit the
capabilities or properties from another class.
 It implements idea of reusability.

9.  Polymorphism
 Ability of a message or data to be processed in more
than one form.
 It is a property by which same message can be sent to
objects of several different classes, and each object can
respond in a different way depending in its class.

10. Advantages of OOP
 Re-use of code.
 Ease of comprehension
 Closely represent the generic application concepts and
processes.
 More near to real-world models
 Ease of fabrication and maintenance.
 Easy redesign and extension.

11. Disadvantages of OOP
 Classes tend to be over generalised.
 Relation among classes becomes artificial at times.
 OOP programs design is tricky.
 One needs to do proper planning and proper design
for OOP Programming.
 Programmer need proper skills such as design skills,
programming skills, thinking skills.